牛轮状病毒研究进展

牛轮状病毒(Bovine rotavirus,BRV)是导致新生犊牛腹泻的主要病原之一,给养牛业造成一定的损失。本文从BRV感染机制、流行情况、预防措施、种间传播及人畜共患病的影响几方面加以综述,为BRV感染犊牛的研究提供有效的依据。     

一起奶牛腹泻病的病原学诊断

辽宁省某奶牛养殖场10～30日龄犊牛发生腹泻,为查明病因,我们对送检的18份犊牛腹泻样本分别进行牛轮状病毒(BRV)、牛冠状病毒(BCoV)、牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)、产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella)和安氏隐孢子虫(C. andersoni)的PCR检测。结果显示:18份犊牛腹泻样本中,BRV、BCoV、BVDV的检出率分别为83.3%(15/18)、88.9%(16/18)、61.1%(11/18),这3种病原的混合感染率较高,其他病原均未检出,说明该奶牛场的犊牛腹泻主要由BRV、BCoV、BVDV混合感染引起。     

河北省唐山市奶犊牛病毒性腹泻流行病学调查

试验旨在掌握河北省唐山市13个县（市、区）奶牛场奶犊牛病毒性腹泻病原的流行状况,有效防控奶犊牛腹泻。采集唐山市不同地区38个奶牛场腹泻犊牛粪便样品788份,提取腹泻粪便样品中的基因组RNA。根据GenBank公布的牛病毒性腹泻病毒（Bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV）E2基因、牛轮状病毒（Bovine rotavirus,BRV）VP6基因、牛冠状病毒（Bovine coronavirus,BCV）N基因序列,利用Primer Premier 5.0软件分别设计特异性引物,采用PCR方法检测粪便样品中这3种基因,利用Excel 2007对不同地区、不同季节和混合感染病原检测结果进行汇总分析。在采样范围内的788份犊牛腹泻粪便样品中,BVDV、BRV和BCV阳性检出率分别为29.82%（235/788）、29.44%（232/788）和18.02%（142/788）;在所有被检地区,滦南县BVDV感染率最高,阳性检出率为45.38%（59/130）,汉沽区BRV和BCV感染率最高,阳性检出率分别为55.00%（22/40）和37.50%（15/40）;从采样季节来看,春季、夏季和秋季BRV感染率最高,阳性检出率分别为27.71%（46/166）、39.58%（114/288）和19.89%（39/196）,冬季则以BVDV感染为主,阳性检出率为52.17%（72/138）;从混合感染情况来看,以BRV＋BCV二重混合感染为主,感染率为8.37%（66/788）。河北省唐山市各地区腹泻犊牛群中均存在BVDV、BRV和BCV感染,以BVDV、BRV单一感染为主。     

Characterization of bovine ileal epithelial cell line for lectin binding,susceptibility to enteric pathogens,and TLR mediated immune responses

In this study, primary and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs) were characterized for the expression of surface carbohydrate moieties. Primary BIEC-c4 cells showed staining greater than 90 % for 16 lectins but less than 50 % staining for four lectins. Immortalized BIECs showed significantly different lectin binding profile for few lectins compared to BIEC-c4 cells. BIEC-c4 cells were studied for infectivity to E. coli, Salmonella enterica, bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Bovine strain E. coli B41 adhered to BIEC-c4 cells and Salmonella strains S. Dublin and S. Mbandaka showed strong cell invasion. BIEC-c4 cells were susceptible to bovine rotavirus. LPS stimulation upregulated IL-10, IL-8, and IL-6 expression and Poly I:C upregulated TLR 8 and TLR 9 expression. This study provides important knowledge on the glycoconjugate expression profile of primary and immortalized BIECs and infectivity and immune responses of primary BIECs to bacterial and viral pathogens or ligands.     

牛病毒性腹泻/粘膜病研究进展

牛病毒性腹泻(BVD)是由牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)引起的一种传染病。被感染后,会导致牛群腹泻、发热、黏膜糜烂溃疡、先天性免疫等症状。本文通过对牛病毒性腹泻流行情况、检测方法、临床类型以及预防与防控等进行论述,为我国的牛病毒性腹泻防治研究提供参考。     

牛轮状病毒性腹泻的研究

从安徽、河南两地黄牛犊腹泻粪样中分离出了３株能在ＭＡ－１０４细胞上稳定繁殖、继代的轮状病毒（标号为ＢＲＶ００７、ＢＲＶ０１４及ＨＮ－７）。中和试验表明,该３株黄牛分离毒与北京奶牛毒ＢＲＶ６５５５及国外参考毒株ＮＣＤＶ之间抗原性无差异,同属轮状病毒血清６型（或牛轮状病毒血清１型）,在亚组抗原特异性上均为第Ⅰ亚组。用ＢＲＶ０１４高代次（５０代以上）细胞培养物（ＴＣＩＤ５０＝１０－６．５）于孕母牛产前３个月和１个月经肌肉免疫注射２次,可明显提高母牛初乳中的轮状病毒抗体,在产后２０ｄ,抗体滴度仍能维持在１∶６４;临床观察,免疫母牛所产犊牛的腹泻发生率较对照组降低８３．８％。     

Ketoconazole in the treatment of dermatomycosis in cats and dogs

Ketoconazole (Nizoral^®, Janssen Pharmaceutica) a new systemic antimycotic was tested in dermatomycosis in cats and dogs. The daily dose (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered for 10 or 20 days without any other measures being taken. After the 20‐day treatments new hair growth was observed in 96.7 per cent of the cats and 89.9 percent of the dogs. Clinical cure was complete in 96.8 per cent of the cats and 90.5 per cent of the dogs.

Particularly the good tolerance in the cat was appreciated. There were practically no side‐effects in dogs (except vomiting in two pups) or in cats.     

Molecular characterization of bovine rotavirus strains circulating in northern Italy, 2003-2005

A total of 232 stools collected from calves with rotavirus infection in herds located in northern Italy from 2003 to 2005 was investigated. Determination of the rotavirus G and P types was carried out using nested RT-PCR. G6 was the most prevalent genotype, accounting for 78.5% of samples, G10 accounted for 9.9% of samples and viruses of G8 type were found in 4.7% of samples. In 3% of samples, viruses were not classified due to concomitant infection with more G type strains, whereas viruses in 3.9% of samples could not be characterized with any of the G-specific primers used in this study. Most common P types were P[11] and P[5], accounting for 65.1% and 25%, respectively. In 2.6% of cases, samples reacted with multiple P-specific primers; no P[1] serotype was identified. The G6P[11] combination was predominant throughout the study period, i.e. 52.5% in 2003, 50% in 2004 and 40% in 2005. The incidence of G6P[5] increased from 13.1% in 2003 to 27% in 2004 and 25.5% in 2005. The G10P[11] combination decreased markedly from 18% in 2003 to 2.6% in 2004, rising again to 7.3% in 2005. G8P[11] viruses were similarly present in 2003 (5%) and 2004 (4.3%), declining slightly in 2005 (1.8%).     

轮状病毒疫苗的研究进展

轮状病毒（RV）是引起全球婴幼儿腹泻的主要病源之一,它不仅在发展中国家流行,也在发达国家流行。有研究表明改变卫生条件并不能有效制止轮状病毒的传播。疫苗接种是唯一可行的预防控制轮状病毒较高发病率和死亡率的方法,因此轮状病毒疫苗的研发具有非常重要的现实意义。论文针对近几年来研发的轮状病毒疫苗作一综述。     

一起犊牛冠状病毒、轮状病毒与大肠埃希氏菌混合感染的实验室诊断

陕西省某规模化奶牛场发生一起新生犊牛腹泻病例,为了确定发病原因,通过临床剖检,无菌采集病料进行细菌分离鉴定、PCR检测病毒等技术,最终确诊这起疫病为牛冠状病毒(BCoV)、牛轮状病毒(BRV)和大肠埃希氏菌混合感染所致的犊牛腹泻.对分离到的大肠埃希氏菌进行药敏试验,结果显示分离菌对左氟沙星和诺氟沙星敏感,对四环素、复方...     

Detection and characterisation of bovine rotavirus in Ireland from 2006–2008

Background

Worldwide, Group A bovine rotavirus (RVA boRV) is one of the main causes of neonatal calf diarrhoea. Currently, limited epidemiological and sequence data exists on the RVA disease in bovines in Southern Ireland only. The aim of the study was to generate epidemiological and sequence data of RVA boRV distributed over a wide geographical area in Ireland.

Findings

272 stool samples were obtained from symptomatic calves and analysed to identify the prevalent G and P genotypes. Viral type combinations including G6P[5], G6P[11] and G10P[11] genotype were the most frequently identified. The G6P[5] combination was predominant throughtout the study, accounting for 70% (n = 191). Sequence analysis of the VP7 gene revealed that Irish G6 strains fell within Lineage IV, similiar to previous reports in Ireland.

Conclusion

The detection of unusual G and P combinations may have an impact on rotavirus control programmes and current vaccines may need to incorporate new strains, as the current vaccine available may not offer protection against all of these circulating types.     

奶牛四种流产性疾病的流行现状及疫苗研究进展

奶牛布氏杆菌病、传染性鼻气管炎、病毒性腹泻-黏膜病及新孢子虫病是导致我国奶牛流产发病比例升高的主要疾病,有效防控这四种疾病一直是世界关注的重点之一。本文对上述四种疾病的流行现状及疫苗研究进展进行了综述。     

Viral diarrhea of young animals: A review

A brief presentation is given of the enteric viral infections of young animals. The general characteristics of rotaviruses, coronaviruses and parvoviruses are reported, and the different aspects of the diseases associated with these viruses are discussed. Certain suggestions are made regarding the prevention of these diseases.     

牛诺如病毒及牛嵴病毒双重PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

本研究根据BNoV和BKoV基因组的保守区域设计2对特异性引物,建立了能同时检测牛诺如病毒(Bovine norovirus,BNo V)和牛嵴病毒(Bovine kobuvirus,BKo V)的双重PCR检测方法。该方法能特异性扩增BNo V和BKo V的目的条带,且未扩增出其他犊牛腹泻病毒性病原;BNoV和BKoV的最低检测限分别为5.39×105 copies/μL和2.23×106 copies/μL;对临床采集的127份犊牛腹泻样品检测结果显示,BNoV的阳性率为6.30%(8/127),BKoV的阳性率为4.72%(6/127),两者与单一PCR检测结果相一致,符合率为100%。本研究建立的双重PCR方法具有良好的敏感性、特异性、重复性,可用于BNoV和BKoV的快速检测和流行病学调查。     

Natural transplacental infection of dairy calves with bovine immunodeficiency virus and estimation of effect on neonatal health

Many experimental infection studies with bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) have been conducted, but neither virus transmission under natural conditions nor longitudinal clinical effects of naturally occurring infections in non-experimental populations are well explored. We tested the hypotheses that BIV is transmitted across the placenta during gestation and that intragestionally infected calves are at increased risk of neonatal disease. A cohort of 59 dairy cows on one farm were enrolled at parturition and the BIV serostatus of the cows and their pre-colostral calves determined with an indirect fluorescent-antibody assay. Moreover, the enrolled calves were monitored thrice weekly for specific clinical signs through the duration of the 30 day neonatal period and the occurrence of clinical signs analyzed for association with calf pre-colostral BIV serostatus and dam BIV serostatus. Confounding due to calf passive immunity and season of birth were also explored. Forty percent of seropositive cows (14/35) gave birth to seropositive calves but no seropositive calves (0/19) were born to seronegative dams (estimated relative risk 16, 95% exact confidence interval 2.6–5.8×10²⁹). Calf pre-colostral BIV serostatus was not associated with the occurrence or frequency of clinical signs — but dam BIV serostatus was associated with the odds of occurrence of calf hyperthermia and with the frequency of occurrence of calf hyperthermia and hyperventilatory events. This study is inconclusive about the effects of prenatal BIV infection on neonatal health — but it does provide evidence for the natural occurrence of transplacental BIV infection.     

内蒙古地区牛病毒性腹泻－粘膜病流行病学调查

采用微量细胞中和试验，对呼和浩特市、包头市、巴盟和伊盟地区部分牛场及旗县进行了牛病毒性腹泻－粘膜病血清抗体检测。共测２１６份血清，阳性１３５份，阳性率６２．５％，个别牛场阳性率高达１００％，证明内蒙古西部地区普遍存在本病。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒及其进化研究进展

牛病毒性腹泻病毒（Bovine viral diarrhoea virus，BVDV）在我国发现有20多年，而在世界范珏来讲已有近100年的历史。由于牛病毒性腹泻病毒造成奶牛生产性能下降、繁殖障碍、持续感染等，是导劐集约化奶牛场严重亏损的重要原因。且牛病毒性腹泻导致的黏膜病致死率几乎1000A，已经严重阻碍养斗业的发展，但目前我国对牛病毒性腹泻还没有好的防控措施。文章对牛病毒性腹泻的发生历史总结，便于石牛病毒性腹泻病毒的诊断和预防中参考。     

Recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI21) for treatment of parvovirus enteritis: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial

We evaluated the ability of an antimicrobial and endotoxin-neutralizing agent, the recombinant amino terminal fragment of bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (rBPI21), to decrease plasma endotoxin concentration and severity of clinical signs of canine parvovirus and to improve survival. This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial included 40 client-owned dogs and 9 normal puppies from a closed research colony. Dogs weighing >5 kg (11 lb) with fecal antigen-confirmed parvovirus and clinical signs of vomiting and diarrhea were randomly assigned to receive placebo or rBPI21 infusion over 6 hours. Plasma endotoxin concentration was measured at 0, 3, and 6 hours of infusion. Owners chose continued medical care with either the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Internal Medicine Service or a local veterinarian. Telephone follow-up was conducted at 14 days. Surviving dogs were reevaluated at >30 days (recovered group), at which time plasma samples for measurement of endotoxin concentration were obtained. Plasma endotoxin concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with parvovirus than in normal or recovered dogs. Despite 90% survival, the rBPI21 treatment did not have a significant effect on outcome, duration of hospitalization, or plasma endotoxin concentrations. Treatment in a tertiary care hospital, however, significantly improved survival but resulted in a significantly increased duration of hospitalization. Endotoxemia occurs in dogs with parvovirus enteritis, but rBPI21 is not associated with improved survival.     

2006年福建省牛病毒性腹泻病的血清学调查

对福建省9个地区的6个非免疫牛场和15个散养户采集的共计216份血清样品进行了牛病毒性腹泻病毒抗体的检测.结果规模场检出阳性血清147份,平均阳性率为92.5%,其中有3个规模场的血清阳性率高达100%;从散养户中检出阳性血清7份,平均阳性率为12.3%.另外,奶牛血清阳性率为88.8%,肉牛/黄牛血清阳性率为29.8%.调查表明,福建省规模牛场感染牛病毒性腹泻病毒较为严重.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒RT-PCR诊断方法的建立

根据已发表的牛病毒性腹泻病毒株的基因序列,分析合成了一对扩增跨幅为190bp左右的引物,对牛病毒性腹泻病基因I型或基因II型的毒株进行RT-PCR扩增,结果是取得了与预期大小一致的RT-PCR产物,而对照样品的扩增全为阴性;该方法最低可检测到0.10ng的牛病毒性腹泻病毒RNA。