韭菜迟眼蕈蚊室内毒力测定方法

采用毛笔挑取均匀一致的末龄韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫10～20头 ,应用浸渍法将供试幼虫在药剂中浸渍 30s后 ,移到葱白上20～22℃培养 48h ,以毛笔触虫体 ,幼虫不动为死亡 ,作为该虫室内毒力测定方法。此法简便实用 ,稳定性和重复性好。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊发生动态及其防治研究

韭菜迟蕈蚊(Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang)在山东年重叠6代,田间种群呈春、秋两个高峰。发育适温为13—28℃,全世代发育起点温度为4.2±0.4℃、有效积温为514.7±3.7日度。种群生殖力受季节影响;土壤温湿度是影响种群数量的主导因素,温度高于30℃、含水量低于5％或高于20％,存活率显著下降。药剂防治以50％辛硫磷乳油和40.7％乐斯本乳油效果较好,残留量也较低,药效受土壤类型的影响。     

生物农药对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的毒杀作用及田间药效

采用室内毒力测定与田间试验相结合的方法,研究了几种生物农药对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊(韭蛆)的防治效果.室内试验表明,4种生物农药对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊均有毒杀作用,24 h内1.5%天然除虫菊素的毒力显著高于对照化学农药48%毒死蟀,48 h后两者毒力无显著差异.田间试验表明1.5%天然除虫菊素、0.6%氧苦·内酯和1.8%阿维菌素与48%毒死蜱的药效差异不显著.初步表明前三者可用于韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的田间防治.     

40%毒死蜱乳油防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊效果显著

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊 (ＢｒａｄｙｓｉａｏｄｏｒｉｐｈａｇａＹａｎｇｅｔＺｈａｎｇ) ,俗称韭菜根蛆 ,是危害韭菜较重的一种地下害虫 ,在阜宁地区常年大面积发生 ,严重影响韭菜产量和品质 ,常用药剂防效不理想 ,防治较难。毒死蜱具有触杀、胃毒和熏蒸作用 ,对土壤害虫有防效。为明确     

杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊毒力与药效相关性研究

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga 以幼虫蛀食韭菜根茎造成危害,为使毒力测定方法与田间幼虫受药方式具有较高程度的一致性,建立了胃毒触杀联合毒力测定法,利用该方法测定了分属三个类别的4种杀虫剂即毒死蜱、辛硫磷、丙硫克百威、吡虫啉对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3龄幼虫的毒力,以辛硫磷为标准药剂,毒死蜱、吡虫啉和丙硫克百威的相对毒力倍数分别为10.36、2.61和2.30。田间达到50%防效所需药剂浓度以辛硫磷为最高,毒死蜱、吡虫啉和丙硫克百威对辛硫磷的防效比值分别为9.58、1.88和2.05。胃毒触杀联合毒力法测得的药剂毒力高低排序及相对毒力倍数与田间小区试验结果基本一致,与常规的单一触杀法比较,该法测定结果的重现性好,并且与田间药效试验结果相关性高。同时讨论了不同操作方法对室内毒力测定结果的影响。     

河北省不同地区韭蛆(韭菜迟眼蕈蚊)对杀虫剂的敏感性

韭蛆——韭菜迟眼蕈蚊 ( Bradysia odoriphaga)是为害韭菜、葱、蒜等经济作物的重要地下害虫之一 [1～ 4]。各地防治韭蛆均以灌施化学农药为主 ,使用的品种主要为有机磷农药 ,如辛硫磷、毒死蜱等。在河北省不同韭菜主产区 ,同种药剂使用量相差很大 ,可能是由于不同地区韭蛆对药剂的敏感性不同 ,然而尚未见有关不同地区韭蛆对各种药剂敏感性的研究报道。为了探明河北省不同地区韭菜田韭蛆对几种杀虫剂的敏感性 ,作者于 2 0 0 0年 4月对保定市郊区、定州市、肃宁县和永年县韭菜田韭蛆对几种杀虫剂的敏感性进行了测定 ,同时测定比较了韭菜田和…     

臭氧对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的室内毒力及其安全性评价

为明确臭氧对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga的毒力及对韭菜和土壤环境安全性的影响采用室内生测法测定了臭氧对3龄幼虫、蛹和成虫的毒力,并测定了臭氧水对韭菜种子的影响及对土壤环境的安全性。结果显示,臭氧对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3龄幼虫和蛹均有较高的毒力,LC_(50)分别为3.79 mg/L和4.95 mg/L;对其成虫的毒力稍弱,LC_(50)为61.52 mg/m~3。臭氧水浓度为4.50 mg/L时对韭菜种子萌发和幼苗生长促进效果最显著,发芽率、根长和芽长较对照分别显著增加了22.29%、14.11%和4.75%。4.50 mg/L臭氧水处理土壤后,细菌、真菌和放线菌数量较对照分别显著下降了91.91%、85.71%和59.99%;土壤pH提高了2.07%,速效钾含量显著上升了313.19%,有效磷、氨态氮、有机质的含量分别下降了4.69%、18.75%、35.44%。表明臭氧对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3种虫态均有杀伤作用,且对韭菜种子萌发和幼苗生长有良好的安全性,但对土壤环境有一定影响。     

10种杀虫剂防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊综合药效试验评价

为筛选防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的药剂,健全韭蛆防治登记药剂信息,山东省农药检定所组织国内农业院校、科研机构和农药企业成立“特色作物联合试验协作组(山东)”,进行了10种杀虫剂防治迟眼蕈蚊的室内活性、安全性和田间药效试验.结果表明,几丁质合成抑制剂氟铃脲、虱螨脲和氟啶脲对幼虫毒性极高,LC50值为0.333 7~0.468 3 mg/L,新烟碱药剂噻虫嗪、呋虫胺和吡虫啉也有较高毒性,LC50值为3.163 2~4.475 5 mg/L.安全性试验表明供试药剂对韭菜较为安全,仅氟铃脲、虱螨脲和氟啶脲在使用4倍大田推荐量后对韭菜生长有轻微的抑制作用,实际使用过程中严格控制剂量,勿过量使用.田间药效结果表明,噻虫嗪、呋虫胺和吡虫啉的杀虫速效性和持效性优异,药后7d和21d防效分别为65.70%~95.13%和53.70%~88.44%.氟铃脲、虱螨脲、氟啶脲和灭蝇胺杀虫速效性不突出,但持续控制效果显著,药后21d防效为71.33%~97.89%,保株效果为68.52%~96.86%.印楝素和苦参碱对幼虫也有一定控制作用,防效果达到60%~80%.成虫期喷施高效氯氰菊酯,能有效的控制后代幼虫为害,防效为45%~80%.因此,供试的10种药剂可作为韭蛆防治的登记药剂在生产中推广应用.     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在生菜上的为害及鉴定

近年在北京郊区多个生菜基地发现根蛆为害,严重威胁生菜生产。本文对北京地区生菜根蛆的为害情况进行了调查,并利用mtDNA COⅠ分子标记和成虫形态比对对其种类进行了鉴定。结果表明:生菜根蛆在生菜苗期为害可造成死苗或植株生长矮小,在生菜成熟期亦可为害根茎外表皮,但损失不明显;分子标记鉴定结果显示生菜根蛆mtDNA COⅠ基因序列与韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的一致性为100%,生菜根蛆成虫形态特征与韭菜迟眼蕈蚊形态特征一致,可基本确定北京地区生菜根蛆为韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫。本研究明确了近年在北京郊区生菜上暴发为害的根蛆为韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga,为生菜根蛆的绿色防控提供了科学依据。     

灭幼脲对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的活性及其应用技术研究

作者测定了灭幼脲对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia adoriphaga Yang et Zhang 不同龄期幼虫及预蛹和蛹毒力，结果表明：低龄幼虫对灭幼脲最敏感，随着龄期的增加敏感性降低，4龄幼虫的LC50是2龄幼虫的2．13倍，预蛹对灭幼脲的敏感性强，蛹对灭幼脲的敏感性低，田间试验结果表明：20％灭幼脲悬浮剂667^m2用量600—800mL加水灌根，可较好地控制该虫危害，且持效期可长达90d。明显优于常规农药辛硫磷和乐斯本的防治效果。     

不同温度下韭菜迟眼蕈蚊年龄-阶段两性实验种群生命表的构建

为了明确温度对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊生长发育和繁殖的影响,本文利用年龄-阶段两性种群生命表研究了该虫北京种群在4种温度(15、20、25和30℃)下的发育历期、存活率、繁殖力以及其他的种群参数。结果表明,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊各虫态发育历期以及产卵前期均随温度升高而缩短。在25℃条件下的单雌产卵量为85.34粒,显著高于其他3个温度。内禀增长率(r)和周限增长率(λ)随温度的升高而升高,平均世代周期(T)则出现相反的趋势,在25℃下净增殖率(R_0)最大,为45.77。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在15～30℃范围内都能完成生长发育和繁殖,但25℃下种群存活率高、繁殖力大、世代周期较短,更适合种群暴发。     

鸡粪沼液“新壮态”对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防控效果

为明确鸡粪沼液"新壮态"对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防控效果,于室内测定了其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵和不同龄期幼虫的毒力,研究了其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌成虫产卵和幼虫取食的驱避效果,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,"新壮态"0倍稀释液对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵有杀灭作用,死亡率达54.76%;对2~4龄幼虫均无直接毒杀作用;对雌成虫产卵和幼虫取食均有明显的驱避活性,对雌成虫产卵驱避率为74.75%,处理5 min后对幼虫的选择性和非选择性驱避率分别为78.62%和45.60%。田间药效试验表明,鸡粪沼液"新壮态"对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊有一定的控制作用,并明显增加韭菜产量。     

Evaluation of medium treatments for management of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) and Bradysia coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae)

Two greenhouse experiments, each comprising two trials, were conducted to evaluate medium drenches of insect growth regulators and conventional insecticides to reduce emergence of adult western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and fungus gnats, Bradysia coprophila (Lintner) from the medium. In the insect growth regulator trials, diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen provided the greatest reduction in thrips emergence, and fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and azadirachtin resulted in the most significant reduction of fungus gnat emergence. Treatments with the contact insecticides, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos, resulted in the greatest reduction of thrips and fungus gnat populations. These data suggest that fungus gnats are susceptible to many compounds used in commercial greenhouse production. Even though medium drenches are not currently used for thrips management, drenches with diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos could aid in reducing thrips populations in greenhouse management programs. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

新烟碱类杀虫剂在韭菜中的内吸性及其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫的毒力比较

通过药剂水培法,研究比较了不同培养条件对7种新烟碱类杀虫剂在韭菜中的内吸性及其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga(Diptera:Sciaridae)4龄幼虫的毒力。结果表明:随着水培时间的延长,韭菜中7种杀虫剂对供试幼虫的毒力均呈增强的趋势,其中在100 mg/L下,噻虫胺和吡虫啉产生毒力作用较快,水培72 h时对幼虫的致死率分别为32.38%和36.50%,168 h时,呋虫胺的致死率最高,达96.35%;同一药剂在相同浓度下处理,内吸至韭菜叶部产生的致死作用快于内吸至假茎所产生的作用,并且致死率更高;水培温度及药液浓度越高,内吸后毒力产生越快,且致死率越高。表明新烟碱类杀虫剂可以通过韭菜根部处理防治咀嚼式口器害虫韭菜迟眼蕈蚊。     

Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and neonicotinoid insecticides on the fungus gnat Bradysia sp nr. coprophila (Lintner) (Diptera: Sciaridae)

The soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. israelensis (Bti), the neonicotinoid insecticides dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen were evaluated to determine their efficacy against the larval stages of the fungus gnat Bradysia sp nr. coprophila (Lintner) in the laboratory. Treatments were applied as a drench to the growing medium in polypropylene deli containers. The Bti treatments had no effect on either instar tested, whereas all the other compounds negatively affected both the second and third instars. This study demonstrates that the soil bacterium B. thuringiensis var. israelensis may not be active on these larval stages, whereas the neonicotinoid insecticides and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen are effective on these stages. The fact that Bti is not effective on the second and third instars of the fungus gnat means that greenhouse producers using this insecticide must make applications before fungus gnat populations build up and before overlapping generations develop.     

Effect of compost and casing treatments of insecticides against the sciarid Bradysia ocellaris (Diptera: Sciaridae) and on the total yield of cultivated mushrooms,Agaricus bisporus

BACKGROUND: Bradysia ocellaris (Comstock) is one of the major pests of cultivated mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. The feeding of sciarid fly larvae causes damage to the cultivation substrates, compost and casing. A comparative study of insecticidal treatments incorporated into compost and casing against B. ocellaris was conducted during 2003–2004. Treatments with an organophosphate, diazinon, a pyrazole, fipronil, and an insect growth regulator (IGR), triflumuron, were incorporated into casing. Another IGR, cyromazine, was incorporated into compost. Insecticidal incorporation into compost and casing has been associated with reductions in mushroom yield. Therefore, the effect of these insecticidal treatments on the overall yield was evaluated. RESULTS: A combined treatment, incorporation of cyromazine at 10 mg kg^?1 into compost and of triflumuron at 20 mg kg^?1 into casing, provided 100% control against B. ocellaris. There was no apparent reduction in yield as a result of incorporation of the tested chemicals into either compost or casing. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study suggest that incorporation of insecticides into both compost and casing is required to control a moderate to high pressure of insect pests. There were no significant yield reductions as a result of the incorporation of pesticides in the Australian mushroom‐growing system. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

An integrated approach to the control of Lycoriella solani (Diptera:Sciaridae) during production of the cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

Individual and combined effects of light‐trapping, biological and chemical control on Lycoriella solani (Winnertz) populations in experimental mushroom production cubicles were examined. During three weeks following the introduction of recorded numbers of adult L solani into experimental cubicles, light‐traps caught a maximum 74% of flies initially released. However, light‐trapping stimulated adult fly activity and immature stages in the growing substrate throughout the experiment. Consequently, no yield improvements, independently or in combination with biological control agents, were recorded. Incorporation of diazinon (25 mg AI kg⁻¹) to compost following pasteurisation did not significantly reduce subsequent emergence of adult sciarids. Additional drench application of diflubenzuron (1 g AI m⁻²) to the casing layer reduced the number of immature sciarids during the first cropping period by 99% (P < 0.001). However, inclusion of chemical insecticides reduced the mushroom yield during this period by 14% (P < 0.001). Introduction of the predatory mite Hypoaspis miles (Berlese) to the compost during its colonisation by mycelium of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) reduced emergence of adult sciarids by 87% (P < 0.05). Later introduction of H miles at the beginning of the case‐run period was less effective. Application of the parasitic nematode, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev (=S bibionis Bovien, after Poinar, 1990)) to the compost during its colonisation by mycelium of A bisporus had no immediate effect on sciarid emergence and provided only limited reduction at later crop stages. Similar application immediately after casing reduced sciarid emergence at first flush by 82% (P < 0.05). Irrespective of application time, a formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) var israeliensis had no significant effect on sciarid emergence or mushroom yields at any production stage. © Crown copyright 2000. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Biological control of Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae) in commercial mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation: a comparison between Hypoaspis miles and Steinernema feltiae

BACKGROUND: Mushroom cultivation may be adversely affected by insect pests, including sciarids (Lycoriella spp.), which were previously controlled by application of chemical pesticides. However, owing to food safety and environmental concerns, availability of pesticides for use during mushroom cultivation has diminished. Consequently, it is imperative to investigate alternative control strategies, not reliant on chemical pesticides, which may be used in an integrated pest management system. RESULTS: Application of the predatory mite Hypoaspis miles Berlese to commercial mushroom‐growing beds at the beginning of spawn run or just prior to casing (830 mites m^?2) significantly reduced immature sciarids, Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour), in the growing substrate and also adult activity towards the conclusion of cropping. A trend towards lower sciarid emergence from substrates and reduced adult sciarid activity was observed following the application of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (1.5 × 10⁶ nematodes m^?2) at casing. No significant treatment effects on mushroom yield were observed. However, contamination of the mushroom crop by adult sciarids increased in untreated controls. Application of H. miles required a 12‐fold increase in labour when compared with application of S. feltiae. CONCLUSION: Contingent upon the development of an effective application system, H. miles has potential for the biological control of sciarids in commercial mushroom production. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Insecticide toxic effects on Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

BACKGROUND: The parasitoid Trichogramma ostriniae (Pang and Chen) is a major natural enemy of many lepidopterans, but only a few studies have been conducted on the compatibility of biological and chemical controls. In this study, the selectivity of 30 insecticides to T. ostriniae adults was evaluated. RESULTS: Among the seven classes of chemicals tested, organophosphates and carbamates had the highest intrinsic toxicity to the wasp, with LC₅₀ values ranging from 0.032 (0.029–0.038) to 2.38 (1.91–3.15) mg AI L^?1. They are followed by phenylpyrazoles, avermectins, neonicotinoids and pyrethroids, which induce variable toxicity responses, with LC₅₀ values ranging from 0.14 (0.11–0.21) to 56.67 (48.94–67.24) mg AI L^?1, from 2.57 (1.85–4.28) to 4.48 (3.34–6.83) mg AI L^?1, from 2.48 (1.80–4.03) to 503.6 (457.6–557.5) mg AI L^?1 and from 5.44 (3.95–8.84) to 104.2 (92.48–119.7) mg AI L^?1 respectively. The insect growth regulators (IGRs) exhibited least toxicity to the parasitoid. CONCLUSION: Risk quotient analysis classifies neonicotinoids, avermectins, pyrethroids, IGRs and phenylpyrazoles (with the exception of butane‐fipronil and fipronil) as safe agents to the parasitoid, but categorises organophosphates and carbamates as slightly to moderately toxic or dangerous to T. ostriniae. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry