天鹅湖泻湖表层沉积物中各形态磷的空间分布特征

以山东半岛天然泻湖—荣成天鹅湖为研究对象,研究了表层沉积物中总磷、各形态无机磷、有机磷的含量水平及空间分布特征,明确了不同湖区沉积物磷的潜在生物可利用性,并对各形态磷与磷酸酶的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,天鹅湖表层沉积物总磷含量变化在236.9~689.7 mg kg-1之间;在大多数样点,无机磷含量高于有机磷,钙结合态磷是无机磷的主要存在形式。有机磷含量变幅为40.57~198.7 mg kg-1,中等活性和非活性有机磷之和占有机磷总量的90%以上。相关性分析表明,有机磷与无机磷、铁铝结合态磷、总磷呈极显著相关关系,碱性磷酸酶与总磷、有机磷、铁铝结合态磷等呈极显著相关(P0.01)。天鹅湖沉积物的总磷及各形态磷含量存在较大的空间差异性,其中西北部和东北部铁铝结合态磷、生物可利用磷和活性有机磷含量均较高,说明此湖区沉积物中的磷具有较大生物可利用性。     

荣成天鹅湖沉积物磷的赋存形态和时空分布特征

采集了荣成天鹅湖表层和柱状沉积物,研究了沉积物中磷的赋存形态、空间及垂向变化特征,并对沉积物的理化性质与磷形态间的关系进行了初步分析。结果表明,天鹅湖表层沉积物中总磷水平不高,变化在79.15～565.12mg/kg之间。不同区域沉积物中总磷和各形态磷的含量差异较大,从西北至东南呈高-低-高-最低的变化趋势,外源污染和沉积物颗粒组成是影响其分布的主要因子。垂向分布上,总磷和各形态磷的含量均表现为自表层向下递减,8-10cm深度含量最低。相关性分析表明,总磷与各形态磷之间均呈较好的正相关关系,其中与无机磷的相关性最好,无机磷是总磷的主要赋存形态,占总磷含量的42.24%～82.04%;钙结合态磷是无机磷的优势组分,其含量远高于铁铝结合态磷;铁铝结合态磷在表层有明显的富集,与近几十年来入湖污染的增加有关。在天鹅湖湖水碱性条件下,湖区西北部及西端沉积物具有较大的释磷潜力。     

长江口潮滩植物根际沉积物磷的累积及其生物有效性

通过对长江口潮滩植物生物量及根际沉积物中磷的赋存形态和含量的研究,结果表明各个采样点的海三棱草从春季开始生长并一直延续到初夏,到7月其生物量基本上都达到一个峰值。海三棱草根际沉积物中磷的赋存形态包括弱吸附态磷(Ad-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、自生磷灰石及钙结合态磷[(Ap+Ca)-P]、碎屑态磷(De-P)和有机磷(OP),它们都具有较好的季节性变化,在一定程度上都受到氧化还原状态的控制。文中还研究了根际沉积物孔隙水中的磷酸盐含量,发现其有效性受到了氧化还原状态及沉积物中铁的影响。     

普者黑流域畜禽养殖型农村沟渠底泥磷形态分布特征及风险评价

为揭示普者黑流域畜禽养殖型农村沟渠底泥磷形态的分布特征以及磷污染风险,以云南省丘北县八道哨村为研究对象,分析其沟渠底泥磷形态的含量。结果表明,全磷(TP)含量为973.04~3195.50 mg kg-1,空间分布呈沟渠污水汇集处(集合点)>各家各户排污口(分散点);各形态无机磷(IP)含量大小依次表现为钙结合态磷(Ca-P)>铁铝氧化态磷(Fe/Al-P)>可还原态磷(RSP)>弱吸附态磷(labile-P),其生物可利用性依次增强;对生态环境磷污染风险贡献由大到小依次为Fe/Al-P>labile-P>RSP>Ca-P。方差分析结果表明,w(TP)在集合点和分散点间存在显著差异性;不同分散点之间各形态磷含量的空间分布均存在显著性差异。磷污染风险评价结果表明,畜禽养殖型农村集合点底泥的磷污染风险比分散点高;沟渠底泥整体磷污染风险属于中度污染。研究结果可为畜禽养殖型农村环境污染综合整治和污染风险评价提供理论依据。     

天鹅湖沉积物对磷的吸附动力学及等温吸附特征

以荣成天鹅湖这一天然泻湖为研究对象,研究了6个样点沉积物对磷的吸附动力学曲线和等温吸附方程,并分析了沉积物理化性质与磷吸附参数间的关系.结果表明,天鹅湖不同区域沉积物对磷的吸附动力学均符合二级动力学方程,吸附反应主要在前10h内完成,且0～2h内反应迅速.根据Langmuir模型,6个样点沉积物对磷的理论吸附容量(Qmax)的范围为294.12～1 111.11 mg/kg,其中湖区北部和中部沉积物的吸附能力高于南部.沉积物对水体中磷的吸附解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)的变幅为0.002 ～ 0.033 mg/L,其与沉积物本底吸附态磷(NAP)呈较弱的正相关关系.本研究条件下,大部分样点的EPC0小于上覆水中磷的浓度,其中湖区西北部和东南部沉积物中磷具有向上覆水体释放的趋势.沉积物的NAP与总氮、有机质、活性铝和黏粒间均呈显著正相关,Qmax与铁铝结合态磷、有机质、活性铝和粉粒间呈显著的正相关关系.活性铝、有机质和粒度是影响沉积物磷吸附的主要因素.     

海河干流柱芯不同粒径沉积物中有机质和磷形态分布研究

采用欧洲标准测试委员会制定的SMT法（标准测试方法）对海河干流不同粒径级柱芯沉积物中各种形态的磷进行分级提取和测定,并在此基础上讨论不同深度、不同粒径沉积物中磷形态分布特征。结果表明,在邢家圈和张家嘴两采样点,海河沉积物颗粒组成以细砂、极细砂为主,占总量的40%～60%。沉积物中总磷含量在560～1100μgP·g-1之间。在所有不同粒径沉积物中钙结合态磷（HCl-P）含量最高,占总磷的60%～80%,可交换态磷（Ex-P）含量极微,占总磷的2%～3%,不同粒径下各形态磷含量的高低顺序为：钙结合态磷（HCl-P）〉有机磷（OP）〉铁铝氧化物结合态磷（NaOH-P）〉可交换态磷（Ex-P）;张家嘴采样点表层沉积物中磷形态含量高于其他沉积深度磷含量,表明近年来,沉积的磷主要以人为输入为主;钙磷含量随粒径变化复杂,其他各形态磷的含量均随沉积物粒径变小而增高。此外,对各形态磷之间以及各形态磷与沉积物理化性质之间的相关性进行了讨论。     

紫色土泥沙沉积物对磷的吸附-解吸动力学特征

在紫色土集中分布的四川盆地丘陵区,选择不同土地利用方式（林地、水田、旱坡地、村镇）产生的沟渠泥沙为实验材料,采用平衡法研究了紫色土泥沙沉积物对磷的吸附-解吸动力学特征。结果表明,泥沙对磷的吸附和解吸过程按速率均分为快、慢、动态平衡3个阶段,0～0.75h内泥沙对磷的吸附速率与活性铁铝氧化物含量和粘粒含量之间呈显著正相关,较高的OlsenP水平和砂粒含量是泥沙磷解吸速率高的重要因素。泥沙磷的吸附量和解吸量与反应时间之间均呈幂函数关系（Qt=k·ta,0〈a〈1）。磷吸附量与泥沙中活性铁铝氧化物含量呈极显著正相关。磷解吸量与泥沙中砂粒含量显著正相关,与细颗粒物质（粘粒和粉粒）含量呈显著负相关。村镇沟渠泥沙磷的解吸量显著高于其他沟渠泥沙,其释放风险值得重视。本研究结果为川中丘陵区紫色土泥沙磷的释放风险评价提供了科学依据。     

酸化与富磷影响农田土壤硅的移动性

硅是水稻等禾本科作物生长发育不可或缺的营养元素,pH影响着土壤中硅的有效性和形态转化,而土壤磷与硅之间存在明显的竞争吸附效应。以常年水稻-瓜/菜轮作农田土壤为研究对象,进行等摩尔硅磷竞争吸附试验、土壤培养试验和硅分组试验,模拟探究土壤酸化和磷富集对土壤硅的有效性及移动性的影响,以期为农田硅、磷养分管理提供一定的理论依据。结果表明,在pH 3.5～6.4范围内,同时加入等摩尔浓度的硅和磷时,磷的存在会抑制土壤吸附硅,使土壤对硅的吸附量降低78%～350%。土壤对硅的吸附小于对磷的吸附,磷的添加导致了土壤中硅的解吸。土壤酸化和磷添加均降低了土壤对硅的吸附,且在pH较高时添加磷对降低土壤吸硅的效果更为显著。土壤酸化降低了可移动态硅、吸附态硅、有机结合态硅和铁铝锰（氢）氧化物结合态硅的含量,但增加无定形态硅含量。与pH 6.4相比,酸化使可移动态硅和吸附态硅含量分别降低了22.47%～54.32%、10.72%～33.40%;磷添加使可移动态硅含量增加了4.07%～9.40%,吸附态硅含量降低了1.19%～3.53%。pH可调控土壤硅的溶解与吸附-解吸过程,从而影响土壤硅的移动性;磷富集促进土...     

白洋淀柱状沉积物磷形态及其分布特征研究

应用淡水沉积物磷形态的标准测试方法（SMT）,调查了白洋淀6个典型湖区柱状沉积物中的磷形态分布、垂向及在两种沉积物粒级（砂土和粉砂/粘土）上的变化特征,分析了各形态磷之间的相关性。结果表明,白洋淀各湖区柱状沉积物总磷（TP）的平均含量为531~1223mg.kg-1DW,无机磷（IP）是白洋淀沉积物中磷的主要成分,占TP的72~83。湖区水体的污染及富营养化程度影响着生物可利用的铁/铝结合态磷（Fe/Al-P）在白洋淀不同湖区沉积物中的分布,从各形态磷含量和百分含量的变化幅度来看,均是Fe/Al-P〉有机磷（OP）〉钙结合态磷（Ca-P）。在垂向分布和两种粒级沉积物颗粒上,白洋淀沉积物各形态磷都有一定的变化规律,但不同磷形态的变化趋势不同,差异性也不一致。各形态磷相关性分析表明,在平均含量、垂向及粒级分布上,IP和Ca-P之间呈较好相关性,说明稳定的Ca-P是IP的主体;而在平均含量和垂向分布上,TP与IP和Ca-P之间都存在着较好的相关性,说明沉积物中TP的含量主要来自IP中的Ca-P。研究结果对于探讨白洋淀水污染沉积历史及内源磷释放对水体富营养化的贡献具有重要意义。     

不同施肥条件下红壤旱地磷素形态及有效性分析

磷素是红壤地区农业生产的最重要的限制因素，因此红壤磷素形态与转化问题的研究，对红壤地区农业生产具有重要意义。用Hedley方法对不同施肥条件下红壤旱地土壤磷素形态进行了研究，结果表明：施磷肥能明显增加红壤各形态无机磷含量和大多数形态有机磷含量；红壤中，对植物最有效的树脂磷和碳酸氢钠磷含量很少，铁铝结合态磷和残留磷含量很多；对有效磷（Bray磷）贡献最大的磷素形态是碳酸氢钠无机磷、铁铝结合态无机磷和存在于土壤团聚体内表面的有机磷。这对于了解不同施肥条件对红壤旱地磷素有效性的影响、探索磷素消长规律、指导红壤旱地磷素管理等都有一定的理论和实践意义。     

Phosphorus fractions and release potential of ditch sediments from different land uses in a small catchment of the upper Yangtze River

Purpose  

Drainage ditches act as a major conduit of phosphorus (P) from contributing land to receiving waters. The aims of this study were to characterize the phosphorus fractions of ditch sediments from different land uses and to evaluate their potential for P release to provide management strategies for ditch sediment.     

沟渠及塘堰湿地系统对稻田氮磷污染的去除试验

为研究原位状态下灌区沟渠及塘堰湿地系统对稻田氮磷污染的去除效应和规律,在湖北省漳河灌区选取农沟-斗沟尺度的3段典型排水沟渠和一处塘堰,分别于2009-2010年5—9月水稻生育期在沟渠和塘堰进出水口采集水样进行氮磷浓度化验分析。结果表明,灌区农沟-斗沟尺度典型排水沟渠对总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、总磷整体去除率分别为44．6％、9．9％、37．3％、35．1％;塘堰对总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、总磷的平均去除率分别为15．2％、15．6％、30．2％、-6．5％。典型沟渠和塘堰对氮磷污染的去除表现出一定的抗冲击自修复性。原位条件下,由于排水沟中水力停留时间都不长,使得种植不同植被的沟段之间对氮磷的去除效应差异性不明显。塘堰湿地系统中植被的选育及其管理对去除稻田排水氮磷污染具有重要意义。     

Physicochemical assessment and phosphorus storage of canal sediments within the Everglades Agricultural Area, Florida

Purpose

Excess nutrients such as phosphorus (P) transported from the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) in South Florida, USA, to downstream water bodies have been identified as contributing to trophic imbalances within the Florida Everglades. Decades of farming drainage from the EAA has led to accumulation of sediments in regional canals which may be transported to downstream ecosystems and act as potential internal source of P.

Materials and methods

Intact sediment cores were collected from three main conveyance and three farm canals within the EAA. Physicochemical assessment, mineralogy, P speciation, and storage were determined for surface and subsurface layers.

Results and discussion

The main conveyance canal sediments had higher total P (TP) concentrations (1,280?±?360?mg?kg^-1) than the farm canals (960?±?540?mg?kg^-1), while farm canal sediments showed higher organic matter content (28?C53?%) compared to the main canal (24?C27?%) sediments. The minerals found in main conveyance canal sediments were similar to those found in Lake Okeechobee. The labile KCl?CP fraction comprised <2?% of TP from all canal sediments, while NaOH?CPi (i?=?inorganic) fraction consisted of 1?C14?% of TP. The majority of P in the canal sediments was contained in the HCl?CP fraction (Ca?CP and Mg?CP), comprising >50?% of TP in the main and farm canal sediments. An estimated 73 metric tons (mt) of P was stored in the 0?C10-cm layer of the three main conveyance canals within the EAA boundary of which 57-mt P is reactive and potentially available for release at different time scales.

Conclusions

The EAA canal sediments are highly organic with low bulk density and susceptible of being transported to downstream ecosystems. Many factors can impact the potential release of the reactive stored P, including redox potential of sediments as well as the overlying water column P concentration. Further investigation of potential P release from these sediments is warranted.     

农田排水沟水体与底泥中盐分迁移研究

基于陕西卤泊滩农田排水沟底泥盐分年内跟踪监测数据,探讨试验区排水沟底泥盐分的迁移特性和分布情况。研究结果表明:当前条件下研究区排水沟底泥盐分沿着水流汇集的方向和底泥层深度方向均有一定的累积,对流和水动力弥散是排水沟底泥盐分运动的主要机制;沟底泥盐分含量与水体水量呈负相关关系,而与水体盐分含量呈良好的正相关关系,且相关系数达到0.93;水体水量的变化是引起其本身和底泥盐分含量变化的主要因素。     

夏灌对内蒙古河套灌区土壤中磷元素迁移的影响

磷作为植物生长必需的元素之一,是引起水体富营养化的重要因素。通过对内蒙古河套灌区2008年夏灌前后农田灌、排水和地下水以及土壤中不同形态磷含量和土壤含水率的分析测定,借助SPSS13.0软件对监测结果进行统计分析,研究夏灌期间灌区土壤中磷元素的迁移规律及其影响因素。结果表明：夏灌后,土壤含水率仅表层有明显增加,且夏灌前后土壤含水率与土层深度显著相关（相关系数分别为0.751和0.770）,土壤中有效磷含量和土壤含水率显著相关（Sig.为0.009）;夏灌期间,不同土层深度处的磷元素含量差异显著,作物类型和种植方式对磷元素在土壤中的分布无显著影响;夏灌会造成土壤中磷元素向地下水迁移,且流失形态主要为可溶性磷。该文可为灌区科学合理的水肥管理以及控制磷流失提供依据。     

Phosphorus Release and Equilibrium Dynamics of Canal Sediments within the Everglades Agricultural Area, Florida

High phosphorus (P) in surface drainage water from agricultural and urban runoff is the main cause of eutrophication within aquatic systems in South Florida, including the Everglades. While primary sources of P in drainage canals in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) are from land use application of agricultural chemicals and oxidation of the organic soils, internal sources from canal sediments can also affect overall P status in the water column. In this paper, we evaluate P release and equilibrium dynamics from three conveyance canals within the EAA. Incubation and flux experiments were conducted on intact sediment cores collected from four locations within the Miami, West Palm Beach (WPB), and Ocean canal. After three continuous exchanges, Miami canal sediments reported the highest P release (66?±?37 mg m^?2) compared to WPB (13?±?10 mg m^?2) and Ocean (17?±?11 mg m^?2) canal over 84 days. Overall, the P flux from all three canal sediments was highest during the first exchange. Miami canal sediments showed the highest P flux (2.4?±?1.3 mg m^?2 day^?1) compared to WPB (0.83?±?0.39 mg m^?2?d^?1) and Ocean canal sediments (0.98?±?0.38 mg m^?2 day^?1). Low P release from WPB canal sediments despite having high TP content could be due to carbonate layers distributed throughout the sediment column inhibiting P release. Equilibrium P concentrations estimated from the sediment core experiment corresponded to 0.12?±?0.04 mg L^?1, 0.06?±?0.03 mg L^?1, and 0.08?±?0.03 mg L^?1 for Miami, WPB, and Ocean canal sediments, respectively, indicating Miami canal sediments behave as a source of P, while Ocean and WPB canal sediments are in equilibrium with the water column. Overall, the sediments showed a significant positive correlation between P release and total P (r?=?0.42), Fe_ox (r?=?0.65), and Al_ox (r?=?0.64) content of sediments. The contribution of P from the three main canals sediments within the EAA boundary corresponded to a very small portion of the total P load exiting the EAA. These estimates, however, only take into consideration diffusive fluxes from sediments and no other factors such as canal flow, bioturbation, resuspension, and anaerobic conditions.     

Bottom sediments in a humic lake with artificially increased calcium content: sink or source for phosphorus?

Lake Flosek (north-eastern part of Poland) is a small shallow and without outflow lake which has been limed in 1970. The concentration of Ca was increased from 3-4 mg L-1 to 17 mg L-1 in the water and from 0.2-0.3% dry weight to 0.9-1.7% dry weight in sediments (5 cm upper layer) due to CaCO3 addition to the lake. In the spring-summer seasons of 1992 and 1993, an experimental study was conducted in Lake Flosek to assess the capacity of bottom sediments to uptake and release mineral phosphorus. The rate of phosphorus exchange between sediments and near-bottom water was experimentally measured under conditions of high (100%), and of reduced (10%) oxygen saturation in near-bottom water. To determine the component of sediments responsible for the uptake of most phosphorus, the proportions of phosphorus forms in sediments were analysed. Sediments of Lake Flosek showed a slight tendency to release phosphates. The rate of this process was similar under high (100%) and low (10%) oxygen saturations ranging from - 0.161 to + 0.200 mg P m-2 d-1. This is much lower (by 1-2 orders of magnitude) than reported from other harmonic, non-humic lakes. In the total phosphorus pool, the highest content of phosphorus was found in the organic and residual phosphorus fractions (over 70% of the total phosphorus in sediments). The largest part of the readily extractable phosphorus was found in the fraction bound to Al and humic substances (41%). Both these fractions determine a weak exchange of phosphorus between sediments and water. No difference in P-release related to P-fraction compound was found in the cores taken from three sites in the lake.     

滇池沉积物的功能: 磷源还是磷库?

Dianchi Lake is a highly eutrophic lake in southwestern China where phosphorus (P) is the limiting element for eutrophication and where lake sediments play an important role in the P cycle. One hundred and eighteen sites were sampled throughout Dianchi Lake in 2002 to investigate the P loading of the lake sediments, while fresh surface sediments were studied in the laboratory to clarify its role for phosphorus. The results showed that concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in sediments were very high, with a maximum value of 6.66 g kg^-1, and decreased with sediment depth. P adsorption on surface sediments was rapid with adsorption amounts higher in acidic than in alkaline conditions. The release experiments showed that P release increased as pH rose from 7.0 to 10.5. Additionally, compared with aerobic conditions, P release was much higher under anaerobic: conditions, especially with low P content in the lake water. At present, the sediments in Dianchi Lake still function as a sink for phosphorus at high P levels in lake water. However, if the external P load was reduced and P content in lake water became low, the sediment would have a large potential for P release under anaerobic conditions.     

改进灰色模式识别模型评价洱海雨季灌排沟渠水质

为揭示洱海流域农田生产与农村生活单元交替分布对灌排沟渠水质的综合影响及污染物贡献率,选取流域典型灌排沟渠不同断面进行连续取样观测,在分析化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、总磷(total phosphorus,TP)及铵态氮(ammonium nitrogen,NH_4~+-N)浓度变化特征基础上,采用"中心化"灰色模式识别模型和综合平均污染指数对沟渠农田入口-农田出口-村落出口-农田出口-村落出口-农田出口断面水质进行综合评价。结果表明:沟渠断面TP和总可溶磷(totaldissolved phosphate,TDP)浓度沿水流方向持续增加,TN和硝态氮(nitrate nitrogen,NO_3~--N)浓度先增加随后稳定,沟渠农田出口段NH_4~+-N和COD浓度分别削减13.43%～57.88%和2.88%～19.33%,而流经村落段浓度相应增加。灰色模式识别模型分析发现沿水流方向沟渠断面水质类别分别为Ⅲ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅳ类、Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类和Ⅴ类,综合平均污染指数法表明沟渠中TN和COD是水体主要污染因子,而NO3--N是水体TN的最主要形态。该研究可揭示洱海流域氮磷污染来源与贡献,为明确面源污染防治的主要污染因子提供科技支撑。