黄芪多糖对内毒素诱发奶牛实验性乳腺炎影响初探

选择同处于泌乳后期、日均产奶量相当的荷斯坦奶牛3头.每天早上挤奶后,于右后乳区经过乳头管灌注黄芪多糖20mL,左后乳区注入20mL生理盐水作为对照,连续10d.第11d早上挤奶后,两侧乳区均灌注含有100μg大肠杆菌内毒素的生理盐水10mL.分别于灌注黄芪多糖前、灌注内毒素前1h及灌注后3、6、9、12、24h采集两个乳区的乳样进行指标测定.试验结果表明,与灌注内毒素前相比,灌注PSS的对照乳区乳中的N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)活力在注入内毒素后9h时达到峰值(12.65U/mg protein),24h时乳中NAGase活力下降到灌注内毒素前的水平(P＞0.05);而施用了APS的试验乳区,在注入内毒素后,乳中的NAGase活力6h时达到峰值(16.79U/mg protein),9h时乳中NAGase活力已下降到灌注内毒素以前的水平(P＞0.05).总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)的测定结果表明,奶牛乳导管注入内毒素后,两种处理的乳区乳中的总抗氧化能力显著下降(P＜0.05),两种处理的乳区乳之间比较无显著差异(P＞0.05).     

黄芪多糖对内毒素诱发奶牛实验性乳腺炎影响初探

选择同处于泌乳后期、日均产奶量相当的荷斯坦奶牛3头。每天早上挤奶后．于右后乳区经过乳头管灌注黄芪多糖（APS）20mL，左后乳区注入20mL生理盐水（PSS）作为对照，连续10d。第11天早上挤奶后，两侧乳区均灌注含有100μg大肠杆菌内毒素的生理盐水10mL。分别于灌注黄芪多糖前、灌注内毒素前1h及灌注后3、6、9、12、2dh采集两个乳区的乳样进行指标测定。实验结果表明。与灌注内毒素前相比，灌注PSS的对照乳区乳中的N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAGase）活力在注入内毒素后9h时达到峰值（12．65U／mgprotein），24h时乳中NAGase活力下降到灌注内毒素前的水平（P〉0．051；而施用了APS的实验乳区，在注入内毒素后，乳中的NAGase活力6h时达到峰值（16．79U／mgprotein），9h时乳中NAGase活力已下降到灌注内毒素以前的水平（P〉0．05）。总抗氧化能力（T—AOC）的测定结果表明。奶牛乳导管注入内毒素后。两种处理的乳区乳中的总抗氧化能力显著下降（P〈0．05），两种处理的乳区乳之间比较无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结果表明．通过乳头管连续灌注APS，可使乳中多形核嗜中性白细胞fPMN）快速聚集到感染部位消灭抗原．有助于奶牛乳腺炎的预后良好。     

内毒素诱发睢宁白山羊实验性乳腺炎模型的建立及黄芪多糖对其的影响

选择同处于泌乳初期的睢宁白山羊6头,体质量30~40 kg,C.M.T.法检测每头山羊2个乳区乳的体细胞数(SCC)均低于5×105/mL。每头山羊每天早上挤奶后,于右乳区经乳头管灌注黄芪多糖(APS)5 mL,左乳区则通过乳头管灌注等量生理盐水(PSS)作为对照,连续灌注5 d。第6天早上挤奶后,按50μg/kg剂量于左、右乳区通过乳头管注入大肠杆菌内毒素,分别于内毒素处理前1 h及处理后1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、24 h观察乳房的变化并记录直肠温度;并于内毒素处理前1 h、处理后3、6、9、24 h取颈静脉血和采集左、右2个乳区的乳样,采用放射免疫法测定乳汁及血清中TNF-α和IL-2的水平;内毒素处理后24 h,处死动物,取乳腺组织,Bouin氏液固定,H.E.染色进行病理组织学观察。临床症状与病理切片观察均显示,通过乳导管将50μg/kg的内毒素灌注到山羊的乳腺内迅速诱导出典型的急性乳腺炎症状。灌注APS的乳区,乳中TNF-α的水平内毒素处理后3 h显著高于灌注PSS的乳区,92、4 h显著低于灌注PSS的乳区(P<0.05)。与内毒素处理前相比,灌注APS的乳区在内毒素处理后,乳中IL-2...     

CpG-ODN对S.aureus诱导的山羊实验性乳腺炎乳腺的保护作用研究

选择同处于泌乳初期的睢宁白山羊6头，于右乳区经过乳导管灌注10μg／kgCpG—ODN，左乳区则灌入等体积的灭菌100μL0．0lmol／LpH7．2磷酸盐缓冲液（PBs）作为对照，灌注后第3d按同等剂量进行二次灌注；次灌注后第2d，分别于左右乳区经乳导管灌注3mL（2×10^9CFU／mL）金黄色葡萄球菌（S．aurcus），于灌注细菌前（0h），灌注后8h，16h，24h，48h和72h分别收集左右乳区乳汁进行检测。临床症状观察显示，乳腺内灌注3mL（2×10^9CFU／mL）的S．aureus能迅速诱导山羊典型的急性乳腺炎症状。组织学观察显示感染S．aureus后72h乳腺腺泡内仍有嗜中性粒细胞（PMN）浸润，但实验乳区明显减少。乳汁S．aureus数同在感染后24h上升至最高，CpG—ODN能显著降低各个时间点乳汁细菌数。乳汁白细胞介素-6（IL-6）水平同在感染后24h上升至最高，CpG-ODN能显著提高感染后24h乳汁IL．6水平。对照和CpG—ODN处理乳区乳汁肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平分别在感染后24h和16h上升至最高，其中在感染后24h实验乳区比对照下降40．63％（P〈0．051。乳汁N-乙酰-β—D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAGase）水平同在感染后16h达最高（P〈0．01），CpG—ODN能显著提高感染后8h乳汁NAGase水平。上述结果表明CpG—ODN可通过提高乳汁IL-6水平、加速并促进乳汁TNF-α的释放，从而减少了乳汁中S．aureus数量，减轻了炎症介质对细胞的损伤，对缩短炎症过程也有一定的作用，实验结果证实了CpG—ODN对S．aureus感染诱发的山羊乳腺炎的乳腺有保护作用。     

止血芳酸治疗奶牛血乳症

由奶牛乳腺部毛细血管损伤所致,挤出的乳汁呈粉红色或混有血丝、凝血块等,称为奶牛血乳症。奶牛血乳症多发生于产后1周以内的奶牛。多年来,笔者采用止血芳酸(氨甲苯酸)注射液治疗奶牛血乳症,均一次性治愈,现介绍如下。产后1周内的奶牛在乳房水肿全部消失之前,挤奶时应小心谨慎操作,当发现血乳时,挤奶后严格消毒乳头及注射用具,用1 0 %止血芳酸1 0mL ,加生理盐水1 0mL等量稀释,经乳头管注入乳池,注入药物后可轻轻捏一下乳头,防止药物溢出。多个乳区同时发生血乳时,同样剂量逐个注入。当乳汁中混有絮状物或凝乳块等炎性产物时,可加入适量抗生…     

硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂对泌乳期奶牛的安全性研究

为研究硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂对泌乳期奶牛的安全性,试验选用12头健康泌乳奶牛(6头初产、6头经产),间隔12 h对每头奶牛的4个乳区分别注入硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂(规格:8 g:75 mg/支)1支,连续给药3次,比较观察给药前后奶牛的临床症状、体细胞数、日产奶量及乳区病原菌变化情况。结果显示,与给药前相比,给药期间及停药后奶牛的临床症状、体细胞数、日产奶量、乳区病原菌检测结果均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。表明硫酸头孢喹肟乳房注入剂对泌乳期奶牛是安全的。     

头孢洛宁乳房注入剂防治干乳期奶牛乳腺炎的药效学研究

为了探讨头孢洛宁乳房注入剂对干乳期乳腺炎的防治作用,本研究采用微量稀释法测定比较了头孢洛宁、头孢匹林、阿莫西林和氯唑西林对乳腺炎病原菌(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、乳房链球菌、停乳链球菌、无乳链球菌)的体外抗菌活性;并且,随机选择60头进入干乳期的临床健康奶牛,在最后一次挤奶后每头牛的每个乳区分别灌注一管受试药物或对照药物(氨苄西林-苄星氯唑西林乳房注入剂)。对入选的每头奶牛分别在干奶前、以及产后1、3、5 d,采集每个乳区的乳样进行体细胞计数和细菌学检查。在药物处理后至产后14 d内,每天对受试动物进行临床型乳腺炎检查。结果显示,头孢洛宁、头孢匹林、阿莫西林、氯唑西林对分离自奶牛乳腺炎的大肠杆菌MIC_(50)分别为4、8、8μg/mL128μg/mL;对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC_(50)分别为0.125、0.25、2、1μg/mL;对乳房链球菌的MIC_(50)分别为4、8、16、128μg/mL;对停乳链球菌的MIC_(50)分别为8、8、8、128μg/mL;对无乳链球菌MIC_(50)分别为0.25、4、0.25、32μg/mL。临床药学研究显示,头孢洛宁乳房注入剂对干乳期奶牛乳腺炎具有良好的防治效果,对不同细菌感染治愈率介于66.6%～100%之间,新感染发生率低于8.3%。在治愈率、新感染率及细菌学清除率方面和对照药物(氨苄西林-苄星氯唑西林乳房注入剂)相比均无显著性差异。表明头孢洛宁对引起奶牛乳腺炎的主要病原菌均具有良好的抗菌活性,干乳期奶牛每乳区灌注一管250 mg的头孢洛宁干乳期乳房注入剂能有效治疗干乳期隐性乳腺炎和预防新的乳腺炎感染。     

移植骨髓间充质干细胞对乳腺炎模型大鼠乳腺组织及血清中酶活性变化的影响

旨在研究乳腺基部移植骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)对试验性乳腺炎大鼠模型血清中N-乙酰基-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的影响,70只产后SD雌性大鼠,其中5只于产后72h(试验前1d)处死,作为空白对照组;另外65只大鼠乳头管灌注内毒素制作乳腺炎动物模型。造模处理1d后(试验0d),随机选取5只模型大鼠处死,作为试验对照组;其余60只随机分为生理盐水组,抗生素组和BMSC移植组,每组20只,并于试验1、3、5、7d各组分别处死5只,所有屠宰大鼠心脏采血,制备血清,检测血清中NAGase、ALP、LDH、MPO水平;同时采集乳腺组织,制作石蜡切片,进行病理组织学检测。结果表明,空白对照大鼠乳腺组织无异常,腺泡上皮细胞排列整齐;灌注内毒素的试验对照大鼠,在注射内毒素24h后乳腺腺泡结构破坏严重,腺上皮细胞脱落、坏死,腺泡腔内有大量中性粒细胞和脱落上皮细胞浸润,间隔增宽。血清中ALP、LDH、NAGase、MPO活性与灌注前相比显著升高(P0.05)。治疗后各组乳腺组织逐渐恢复;试验7d时移植BMSC组已恢复到正常水平;灌注内毒素后血清中NAGase、ALP、LDH、MPO活性与灌注前相比显著升高(P0.05),治疗后,移植BMSC组血清中ALP、NAGase活性于1、3、7d时、MPO活性于1、3、5、7d时、LDH活性于7d时与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。研究结果说明,BMSC能修复受损乳腺组织,降低血清中ALP、LDH、NAGase、MPO等乳腺炎相关酶的活性。     

奶牛乳房炎发病规律的调研

通过对446头奶牛全年乳房炎发病规律的研究表明,奶牛乳房炎的发病率会随着年龄、胎次的增加发生规律性的变化,7～8岁及3～6胎达到高峰,以后有下降的趋势;泌乳时间的增加,发病率也会提高;前乳区的发病率比后乳区高,但差异不显著(P>0.05),前后乳区同时发病的牛较少(P<0.01);机械挤奶的发病率有所提高,但与手工挤奶差异不显著(P>0.05);炎热的夏季,气温过高会导致发病率增加(P<0.05);环境卫生条件差也会提高发病率(P<0.05)。     

乳酸链球菌素治疗奶牛乳房炎效果观察

乳酸链球菌素（Nisin）是由乳酸链球菌产生的合有34个氨基酸的抗菌肽,对人体无害。本研究将患临床型乳房炎奶牛92头（107个乳区）和隐性乳房炎奶牛90头（90个乳区）随机分成试验组和对照组。试验组的治疗方法是在患病乳区灌注Nisin;临床型乳房炎以庆大霉素乳房内灌注作对照,隐性乳房炎的对照组不作任何处理。临床型乳房炎的Nisin治疗组细菌学治愈率和临床治愈率分别为60．8％和90．2％,而庆大霉素治疗组则分别为44.6％和91．2％,两者无统计学差异。隐性乳房炎经Nisin治疗后,高体细胞数奶牛的数量和牛奶中NAGase的活性均显著下降,细菌转阴率提高。乳酸菌发酵试验表明,经Nisin乳房内灌注治疗临床型乳房炎后,牛奶在第36小时恢复正常发酵,而庆大霉素治疗则需要72h。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.