饲料添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群、Toll受体及溶菌酶基因表达及抗感染的影响

以初体重为(7.20±1.38)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,在室内养殖箱进行3周的养殖实验和2周的哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)人工感染实验,其中对照组每日投喂普通商品饲料,实验组每日投喂在普通商品饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)1.0×10~8 CFU/m L配制成的实验饲料。目的是研究饲料中添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群、Toll受体及溶菌酶基因表达量和抗哈维氏弧菌能力的影响。实验结果表明,在饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌可显著提高对虾抗哈维氏弧菌感染的能力,其相对免疫保护率为22.22%。与对照组相比,实验组可显著降低对虾肠道内弧菌数量(P0.05)。感染哈维氏弧菌后,实验组溶菌酶(lysozyme,LZM)m RNA的相对表达量在12 h、18 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、72 h均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验组感染哈维氏弧菌后在6 h、12 h、18 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、72 h、7 d的Toll受体(Toll receptor)m RNA的相对表达量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验结果提示:饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌可有效提高对虾抗哈维氏弧菌感染的能力,这种能力的提高可能是通过降低对虾肠道内的弧菌量,并提高抗病相关基因的表达量实现的。     

一种复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾抗副溶血弧菌感染能力的影响

本研究选择1株地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)BL-9、1株枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)BS-12、1株金丽假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra)CDM8,以1∶1∶1将其组成复合益生菌,各益生菌水体添加浓度为107 CFU/ml,进行为期30 d的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖实验。实验分为暂养期(7d)、益生菌处理期(15d)、副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)攻毒期(10 d)。结果显示,养殖水体中添加复合益生菌能显著增加水体和对虾肠道可培养细菌总数(P<0.05),攻毒实验结束时,实验组对虾累积存活率为(73.33±6.83)%,显著高于阳性对照组(25.33±15.43)%。对虾抗病基因热激蛋白70(Heat shock proteins 70,Hsp70)、β-1,3-葡聚糖结合蛋白-脂蛋白(Beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein-lipoprotein,βGBP-HDL)、脂多糖-β-1,3-葡聚糖结合蛋白(Lipopolysaccharide-β-1,3-glucan binding protein,LGBP)、抗菌肽Crustin在益生菌处理阶段均出现不同程度的上调,在攻毒阶段虽呈现各自不同的表达情况,但所有基因都经历了更大幅度上调。研究表明,水体中添加芽孢杆菌和假交替单胞菌组成的复合益生菌可提高凡纳滨对虾抗副溶血弧菌感染能力,对虾抗病力的提高可能与益生菌增加对虾肠道可培养细菌数量、抗病相关基因表达水平及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性有关。     

亚硝酸氮和副溶血弧菌对凡纳滨对虾部分免疫指标的影响

在养殖水体中含不同浓度亚硝酸氮的情况下,用副溶血弧菌浸泡感染的方式对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamzei)进行毒性实验;并检测了凡纳滨对虾在亚硝酸氮和弧菌胁迫下的部分免疫指标的变化,研究亚硝酸氮和副溶血弧菌对凡纳滨对虾免疫力的影响.结果表明,实验Ⅰ:亚硝酸氮浓度为0.75、1.50、3.00 mg/L组分别胁迫健康凡纳滨对虾,对虾的血细胞数、血清酚氧化酶活力、酸性磷酸酶活力、超氧化物歧化酶活力和过氧化氢酶活力均显著低于对照组(0.005 mg/L)(P<0.05);10 d时,0.005、0.75、1.50、3.00 mg/L组的对虾死亡率分别达到0%、16.7%、20.0%、26.7%.实验Ⅱ:亚硝酸氮胁迫同时,用副溶血弧菌感染对虾,与实验Ⅰ相比,对虾的各项免疫指标受到的影响更大,其各项免疫指标与相应的实验Ⅰ相比,均有显著的差异(P<0.05);第10天时,0.005、0.75、1.50、3.00 mg/L对虾死亡率分别达到33.3%、40.0%、46.7%、50.0%.可见亚硝酸氮浓度越高,弧菌对对虾免疫力的破坏性越大,对虾的死亡率也越高.     

几株肠道益生菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异免疫力和抗病力的影响

以基础饲料为对照组,在基础饲料中分别添加坚强芽孢杆菌活菌(Bacillus firmus)、坚强芽孢杆菌活菌(1.0×108 CFU/g)+美人鱼发光杆菌(Photobacterium damsela)灭活菌(1％)、坚强芽孢杆菌活菌(1.0×108 CFU/g)+溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)灭活菌(1％)配制3种免疫饲料.每组3个重复,对个体质量为(3.2±0.26)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)进行了为期30d的养殖实验.每5d取样,以血清中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了肠道益生菌及其灭活菌体作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第16天,按0.9 g/10尾剂量,直接投喂感染白斑综合征病毒(wssV)对虾病料,计算各实验组每天的累计死亡率,分析肠道益生菌及其灭活菌体作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾病毒感染能力的影响.结果显示:添加益生菌的实验组对虾血清中SOD、ACP、AKP和NOS活性明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),特别是显著提高了对虾抗WSSV感染的能力.其中坚强芽孢杆菌活菌(1.0× 108 CFU/g)和美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌(1％)实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,感染WSSV 14 d后累计死亡率为10.71％;而对照组为64.28％.结论认为,饲料中添加肠道益生菌及其灭活菌体能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平和抵抗疾病的能力,有望作为新型对虾免疫增强剂应用于对虾养殖业.     

饲料中添加潜在益生菌对凡纳滨对虾肠道消化酶活性和菌群组成的影响

在基础饲料中添加不同配伍的坚强芽孢杆菌Bacillus firmus活菌（1.0×108CFU/g）、美人鱼发光杆菌Photobacterium damsela灭活菌（1%）和溶藻弧菌Vibrio alginolyticus灭活菌（1%）作为实验饲料,基础饲料为对照组。实验所用凡纳滨对虾初始质量为3.2±0.26 g,投喂15d后进行WSSV感染实验并继续观察14d。实验期间定期取样测定对虾肠道胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的活性变化,并分析可培养肠道细菌总数和优势菌数量。结果表明,实验组对虾肠道中胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性整体水平均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,肠道细菌数量较对照组有显著增加。其中,坚强芽孢杆菌与美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌复合菌组具有最高的淀粉酶活性,坚强芽孢杆菌与溶藻弧菌灭活菌复合组具有最高的脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活性,而坚强芽孢杆菌单一组具有最大的肠道细菌总数和优势菌数。本研究表明,饲料中添加潜在益生菌可以提高凡纳滨对虾肠道消化酶活性并调节肠道菌群变化,利于养分的消化吸收。其中以坚强芽孢杆菌与美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌复合组的整体效果较佳。     

副溶血弧菌对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺抗氧化酶活性和基因表达的影响

为了研究致病性副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopanaeus vannamei)肝胰腺抗氧化酶活性及相关基因表达的影响,本研究选取始体重(2.20±0.24)g的健康凡纳滨对虾初270尾,将其随机分为2组,分别以0 CFU/m L和5×107 CFU/m L剂量的致病性副溶血弧菌对凡纳滨对虾进行浸浴攻毒实验。在实验第6小时、12小时、24小时和36小时取肝胰腺,进行抗氧化酶活性及免疫相关基因表达测定。结果显示,感染副溶血弧菌后,实验组对虾肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),而过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(GST)活性随感染时间的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,CAT活性于第12小时达到最大值,而GSH-PX和GST分别在第6小时和第24小时达到最大值,此结果表明副溶血弧菌感染对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺抗氧化酶活性有显著影响,对其机体免疫防御系统有明显的破坏作用。Rab蛋白基因(Rab)和干扰素-维甲酸联合应用诱导细胞凋亡相关基因(Grim-19)表达水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),抗菌肽crustin和酚氧化酶原基因(Pro PO)的表达水平呈现先升高后降低趋势,分别在第12小时和第24小时达到最大值,分别为11.4倍和28.2倍,而GST基因表达水平在第12~36小时显著低于对照组(P0.05)。m TOR信号通路中真核细胞始动因子4E结合蛋白(4EBP)基因的表达水产显著高于对照组(P0.05),真核细胞翻译启动因子1(e IF4E1A)和真核细胞翻译启动因子2(e IF4E2)基因的表达水平呈现先升高后降低的趋势,分别在第12小时和第6小时达到最大值,分别为2.6倍和1.6倍,核糖体S6蛋白激酶基因(P70s6k)的表达水平显著低于对照组(P0.05)。上述结果表明,凡纳滨对虾感染致病性副溶血弧菌后,肝胰腺抗氧化酶活性及免疫相关基因的表达均受到显著影响。     

饲料中添加芽孢杆菌Z5株对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫指标和抗病力的影响

摘要研究了在配合饲料中添加108CFU／g芽孢杆菌z5株对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫指标和抗病力的影响。结果显示：芽孢杆菌组对虾生长速度较快,成活率显著提高,产量比对照组提高了24％。饲喂21天后,芽孢杆菌组对虾血清酚氧化酶活力显著升高;42天后,芽孢杆菌组对虾血清酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活力均显著升高。攻毒结果表明,芽孢杆菌组对虾半数致死时间比对照组延长了35％。表明饲料添加芽孢杆菌能够提高对虾成活率,增强机体免疫功能,提高对虾抗病能力。     

饲料添加益生菌对多病原阳性的凡纳滨对虾生长与存活的影响

采用假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.) KL-3 2010和微小杆菌(Exiguobacterium sp.) KL-C2 2014作为益生菌,进行凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)投喂实验,研究上述菌株对带毒对虾的生长与存活的影响。假交替单胞菌KL-3 2010对致急性肝胰腺坏死副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahemolyticus) (VPAHPND 20130629002S01)有拮抗作用和胞外蛋白酶活性,微小杆菌KL-C2 2014有胞外蛋白酶活性。待试对虾经检测为白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)、致急性肝胰腺坏死病副溶血弧菌(VPAHPND)和虾肝肠胞虫(EHP)弱阳性。经过为期60 d的养殖实验,结果显示,与投喂普通颗粒饲料的对照组相比,投喂假交替单胞菌KL-3 2010的对虾存活率提高了213%±43% (P<0.01);投喂微小杆菌KL-C2 2014的对虾平均生长率提高了105.5%±28.1% (P<0.05);交替投喂2株菌的对虾存活率提高了184%±52% (P<0.05),平均生长率提高了70.6%±32.8%。肠道可培养优势菌研究表明,2株益生菌的投喂显著影响了对虾肠道优势菌群的种类。本研究为带毒虾苗的养殖提供一种有效的病害防控和促生长的手段。     

饲料中添加凹土对凡纳滨对虾存活和生长的影响

研究了饲料中添加凹土(0.0%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、4.0%和8.0%)对凡纳滨对虾(1.04～1.06 g)存活和生长的影响.实验在淮海工学院江苏省海洋生物技术重点建设实验室进行,凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾购白海南某育苗场;实验采用单因子6水平设计,每个水族箱放养10尾对虾,每个水平设3个重复.实验前停食24 h,称其初始体重.日投饵2次,过量投饵;投饵2.5 h后从每个水族箱收集残饵、粪便和虾壳.实验周期30 d.所得数据用单因素方差分析和Turkey's多重比较进行处理.结果表明,饲料中添加凹土显著地影响对虾的特定生长率,而对存活率、摄食量、饲料系数和吸收效率的影响不显著;在2.0%凹土水平,凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率显著高于0.0%凹土水平,但与其它处理差异不显著;总的看来,2.0%凹土添加组对虾的饲料系数低于其它处理,而摄食量高于其它处理.     

饲料中添加凹土对凡纳滨对虾存活和生长的影响

研究了饲料中添加凹土（０．０％、０．５％、１．０％、２．０％、４．０％和８．０％）对凡纳滨对虾（１．０４～１．０６ｇ）存活和生长的影响。实验在淮海工学院江苏省海洋生物技术重点建设实验室进行,凡纳滨对虾（Ｌｉｔｏｐｅｎａｅｕｓｖａｎｎａｍｅｉ）幼虾购自海南某育苗场;实验采用单因子６水平设计,每个水族箱放养１０尾对虾,每个水平设３个重复。实验前停食２４ｈ,称其初始体重。日投饵２次,过量投饵;投饵２．５ｈ后从每个水族箱收集残饵、粪便和虾壳。实验周期３０ｄ。所得数据用单因素方差分析和Ｔｕｒｋｅｙ′ｓ多重比较进行处理。结果表明,饲料中添加凹土显著地影响对虾的特定生长率,而对存活率、摄食量、饲料系数和吸收效率的影响不显著;在２．０％凹土水平,凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率显著高于０．０％凹土水平,但与其它处理差异不显著;总的看来,２．０％凹土添加组对虾的饲料系数低于其它处理,而摄食量高于其它处理。     

凡纳滨对虾细胞因子信号转导负调控因子 基因(Lv-SOCS)的克隆及特征分析

为了探讨凡纳滨对虾细胞因子信号转导负调控因子(SOCS)在病毒引发的免疫应答过程中的潜在作用,本实验根据前期的转录组和表达谱结果提示信息,首次克隆了凡纳滨对虾的SOCS基因(Lv-SOCS,GenBank注册号:KJ000426),利用在线软件进行了生物信息学分析,运用半定量的方法进行了组织表达分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术分析了该基因在白斑杆状病毒(WSSV)侵染过程中的表达变化特征。结果显示,Lv-SOCS的ORF区1 191 bp,编码397个氨基酸,预测分析显示该基因编码的蛋白质含有1个SH2结构域和1个SOCS-box结构域,组织表达分析表明该基因主要在凡纳滨对虾血细胞、肠道和肝胰腺中表达。在WSSV感染后中晚期(6~48 hpi),Lv-SOCS可以被显著诱导,在血细胞中呈明显上调表达趋势,表明该基因在一定程度上参与了凡纳滨对虾体内由WSSV引发的先天免疫应答过程,上述结果为进一步研究Lv-SOCS基因在对虾应答病毒侵染过程中的功能和作用机制奠定了基础。     

凡纳滨对虾AP-1基因的克隆和表达特征分析

为了探讨凡纳滨对虾转录因子AP-1在病毒引发的免疫应答过程中的潜在作用,实验根据前期的转录组和表达谱结果提示信息,首次克隆了凡纳滨对虾AP-1基因(LvAP-1,GenBank注册号:KF999956),利用在线软件进行了生物信息学分析,运用半定量的方法进行了组织表达分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术分析了该基因在白斑杆状病毒(WSSV)侵染过程中的表达变化特征。结果显示,AP-1基因ORF区全长882 bp,编码293个氨基酸。预测分析显示该基因编码的蛋白质含有1个Jun结构域和1个高度保守的亮氨酸拉链结构域(bZIP),其中Jun结构域在非脊椎动物中保守性不高。组织表达分析表明,该基因在凡纳滨对虾各组织中广泛表达,其中在血细胞中表达量最高。在WSSV感染早期(0.5 hpi),该基因表达没有显著改变,感染后5 h(5 hpi),AP-1基因开始显著上调表达,在人工感染后24 h,该基因的表达量达到最高(P0.01)。研究表明,该基因在一定程度上参与了凡纳滨对虾体内由WSSV引发的先天免疫应答过程,为进一步研究LvAP-1在对虾应答病毒侵染过程中的功能和作用机制奠定了基础。     

Chilled storage of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) spermatophores

Chilled storage of spermatophores from white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is needed to generate a consistent and reliable supply of spermatozoa for domestication purposes. The objective of this study was to develop a protocol for the chilled storage of white shrimp spermatophores and to evaluate bacterial propagation during such storage. In the first experiment, spermatophores were immersed in four extenders, mineral oil, Ringer's solution, phosphate buffer and 0.85% NaCl, and stored at low temperature (2-4 °C) for 35 days. Characteristics of preserved spermatophores changed the least and viable sperm was highest when spermatophores were stored in mineral oil. Spermatophores preserved with mineral oil appeared morphologically normal. Bacillus circulans, Staphylococcus hominis and S. lugdunensis, S. sciuri, S. xylosus and Micrococcus spp. were identified as the predominant bacteria during chilled storage, and total bacterial counts gradually increased during the experiment. A second experiment investigated the effect of antibiotic on chilled storage. Spermatophores were preserved in only mineral oil or mineral oil with 0.1% penicillin-streptomycin. These were evaluated for changes in external morphology of spermatophores, sperm viability and total bacteria count every week during a 35-day experimental period. Percentages of viable sperm (69.5 ± 3.9%) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) among spermatophores preserved in mineral oil with 0.1% antibiotic compared with those preserved only in mineral oil (57.7 ± 3.4%) over 35 days. The number of total bacteria in the treatment with mineral oil ranged between 28.3 ± 4.8 and 2416.7 ± 299.4 CFU/g, but in mineral oil containing antibiotic bacteria were undetectable. This study suggests that chilled storage of spermatophores is a feasible approach for the management and spawning of white shrimp broodstock.     

小球藻藻渣替代豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和氮磷排放的影响

为探究小球藻藻渣替代凡纳滨对虾饲料中的豆粕对其生长性能及氮磷排放的影响,实验设计6种等氮等能饲料:使用6%、11%、16%、21%(A1、A2、A3、A4组)的藻渣分别替代饲料中5.5%、10.0%、14.5%、19.0%的豆粕,使用8%的藻渣替代饲料中5.1%的鱼粉(B组)和不使用藻渣的对照组。用上述6种饲料饲喂初始体质量为(5.02±0.73)g的凡纳滨对虾45 d。结果发现,存活率A3组显著低于对照组;增重率和特定生长率A2组和A4组与对照组差异不显著,其他各组显著低于对照组;饲料系数A3组显著高于对照组,其他各组无显著性差异;蛋白质效率A3组最低,B组其次,其他四组无显著性差异。肌肉鲜样中蛋白质含量组间无显著性差异;对照组总磷含量最低,A4组最高。肌肉总氨基酸和总必需氨基酸呈现先上升后下降的趋势,A2组含量最高;总非必需氨基酸A1、A2和A4组显著高于对照组,其他组与对照组无显著性差异。肠道中,除A1组外,其他各组蛋白酶活力显著低于对照组;脂肪酶A2组显著高于对照组;淀粉酶A4组显著低于对照组。肝胰脏中,蛋白酶活力A1组最低,其他组与对照组差异不显著;5个实验组脂肪酶活力均显著高于对照组,且A3组最高;淀粉酶除A3组外,其他各组显著低于对照组。耗氧率各组间差异不显著;排氨率呈先上升后下降的趋势,A3组最高。各替代组排放率均不高于对照组;氮排放率A3最高,其他组均不高于对照组。研究表明,小球藻藻渣可以部分替代凡纳滨对虾饲料中的豆粕,当其用量为11%时,可使豆粕的用量从19.0%降至10.0%而不影响凡纳滨对虾的生长和氮排放,并降低磷排放。     

2株消化道优势菌对凡纳滨对虾免疫酶活性和抗白斑综合征病毒感染力的影响

以凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,在基础饲料中分别添加从健康对虾消化道中分离纯化的优势菌菌株——美人鱼发光杆菌PC463和坚强芽孢杆菌PC465(菌含量≥1011CFU/g)的活菌和破碎菌各1 g/kg,观察其对凡纳滨对虾血淋巴免疫酶活性和抗WSSV感染保护率的影响。经过20 d养殖实验后发现,与对照组相比,饲料中添加坚强芽孢杆菌活菌的免疫组和添加美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌的免疫实验,其凡纳滨对虾血淋巴中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在不同程度上有所提高,并显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。WSSV感染后饲料中添加坚强芽孢杆菌活菌的免疫组存活率(53%±12%)和添加美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌的免疫组存活率(49%±15%)显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明:饲料中添加坚强芽孢杆菌活菌和美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌可以在一定程度上提高凡纳滨对虾免疫酶活性和抗WSSV感染能力,上述有防病作用的益生菌株以饲料添加剂的方式应用于对虾养殖生产,可望成为对虾白斑病生物防治的有效途径之一。     

温度胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺氧代谢及能量代谢的影响

为探究温度胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺氧代谢和能量代谢的影响,本研究采用生物化学方法分析了低温及高温胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中超氧阴离子(O2-·)产生,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力及谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力及其催化的一氧化氮(NO)生成量,以及对三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量的影响.结果表明,15℃低温及31与35℃的高温胁迫均会导致O2-·显著增加,在15 ～31℃内,SOD活力与O2-·含量变化趋势相似,低温胁迫导致CAT活力升高更为显著,低温与高温胁迫后,GSH含量均显著增加;高温胁迫会引起NOS活力及其催化的NO生成量显著增加;低温与高温胁迫均会引起ATP含量显著增加,但是随着温度回复至对照水平,ATP含量也回复至对照水平.结论:低温和高温胁迫均会引起凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺组织中氧代谢失衡,SOD、CAT及GSH在机体应对低温及高温胁迫导致的氧化损伤中可能扮演不同角色,NO介导的信号传导可能在应对高温胁迫中起着重要作用;低温及高温均会导致ATP含量增加,提示对虾在应对温度胁迫的过程中可能需要更多能量.推测环境温度过低或者过高时,可能由于超出凡纳滨对虾氧-温度忍受极限(OCLTT)而导致氧代谢失衡,并对凡纳滨对虾的能量代谢及其他生理活动产生重要影响.     

Successful culture of larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei fed a microbound formulated diet exclusively from either stage PZ2 or M1 to PL1

In three separate experiments, harpaticoid copepods Tisbe monozota (alive and dead) and a microparticulate microbound diet were evaluated as alternatives to live Artemia nauplii as food, beginning at either stage PZ2 or M1, in the larval culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Larvae were cultured in 2 L round bottom flasks at a density of 150 L^− 1 (Experiment 1) and 100 L^− 1 ( 3.2 and 3.3) at 28 °C, 35‰ salinity and 12:12 LD photoperiod, and fed 4×/day^- 1. Larvae were initially fed a mixture of phytoplankton to stages PZ2 or M1 and then fed either live Artemia, live or dead copepods, or a microparticulate microbound diet. The experiments were terminated and all larvae were harvested when more than 80% of larvae had molted to postlarvae 1 (PL1) within any flask representing any of the treatments. The comparative value of the different diets and feeding regimes was determined by mean survival, mean dry weight and total length of individual larva, and percentage of surviving larvae that were PL1. Trypsin activity of samples of larvae from each treatment was also determined. The microparticulate microbound diet effectively served as a complete substitute for Artemia nauplii when fed beginning at stage M1. When fed at the beginning of the PZ2 stage, survival was comparable to that of larvae fed Artemia, but mean dry weight, mean total length, and percent of surviving larvae that were PL1 generally were significantly less. Responses to the feeding of copepods, whether fed dead or live, as a substitute were generally significantly less than those of larvae fed either the Artemia nauplii or the microparticulate diet. Values of trypsin activity (10^− 5 IU/μg^- 1 dry weight) corresponded to the relative proportions of the different larval stages within a treatment, with higher activity being characteristic of early stages. Previously demonstrated successful results with another species of crustacean suggest that the microparticulate microbound diet has characteristics that should be effective in the culture of the carnivorous stages of other crustacean and fish larvae that are currently fed live Artemia nauplii.     

凡纳滨对虾肠道内产消化酶益生菌的分离与筛选

为获得具有消化酶活性且安全的益生菌,从凡纳滨对虾肠道中初步分离得到576株细菌,对菌株进行产蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶能力的定性及定量测试,筛选出产酶种类多且产酶能力强的菌株11株。对筛选出的11株菌进行了幼虾浸浴实验、药敏性实验和溶血性实验,以评价其生物安全性。将11株菌的菌悬液添加到凡纳滨对虾幼虾的养殖水体中进行浸浴实验,浸浴结束后用鳗弧菌进行刺激,测定不同浸浴组幼虾相关免疫基因的相对表达量,以确定其对幼虾的保护效果。综合消化酶活性、菌株对幼虾的保护效果及生物安全性,筛选得到4株效果较好的菌株。菌株的16S r DNA分子鉴定结果表明,细菌1号、2号和4号分别与芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.PCSAS2-38,GQ284495.1)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(B.cereus strain N419,JN400121.1)及苏云金芽孢杆菌(B.thuringiensis strain EA26.1,KC758847.1)的相似性均为100%,9号菌株与荚膜红细菌(Rhodobacter capsulatus strain PSB-03,FJ866782.1)相似性达到99%,为后续益生菌制剂的开发奠定了前期基础。     

Effects of salinity and pH on ion-transport enzyme activities, survival and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae

Effects of the salinity and pH on ion-transport enzyme activities, survival and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae were investigated. Shrimp were transferred from salinity 31‰ and pH 8.1 to different salinity levels of 22, 25, 28, 31 (control), and to different pH levels of 7.1, 7.6, 8.1 (control), 8.6 and 9.1. The results showed ion-transport enzyme activities and weight gains of postlarvae were significantly affected by salinity and pH variation, which had no obvious effect on survival rate. The changing salinity affected the activities of total ATPase and Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase notably (F > F_0.05), meanwhile, non-significantly to the activities of V-ATPase, HCO₃⁻-ATPase. Within 48 h of salinity changing, the activities of ATPase, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase in each treatment group gradually increased with the sampling time and reached their climax at 48 h, and then stabilized, showing negative correlation with salinity. The changing of pH affected greatly the activities of ATPase, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, V-ATPase and HCO₃⁻-ATPase (F > F_0.05), the activities of ATPase, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase in each treatment group (pH = 7.1, 7.6, 8.6, 9.1) showed peak change within 72 h and stabilized afterwards, and the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities came back to the level of the control group; Meanwhile the changing extent of V-ATPase and HCO₃⁻-ATPase activity corresponded with the grads of pH, and these ATPase activities showed negative correlation with pH changing, the activities of V-ATPase, HCO₃⁻-ATPase in postlarvae of each treatment group came to stable level after 24 h. The experiment also indicated the strength order of these ion-transport enzyme activities were as follows: Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase > V-ATPase > HCO₃⁻-ATPase. Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase was the chief undertaker of osmoregulation under the salinity effects, while V-ATPase and HCO₃⁻-ATPase were the chief osmoregulation undertakers under pH changing. In different salinity environment, the contributions of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, V-ATPase and HCO₃⁻-ATPase of L. vannamei postlarvae approximately accounted for 62.0-78.0%, 15.9-29.0% and 2.03-4.12% of ATPase activities in total, respectively. Meanwhile, in different pH medium, the contributions of these ATPases approximately accounted for 50.7-67.4%, 21.3-31.8% and 2.15-7.90% of total ATPase activities, respectively. Weight gain of shrimp transferred to salinity 31 (control) and 28‰ was significantly higher than that of shrimp reared at 25 and 22‰, and weight gain of shrimp transferred to pH 8.1 (control) and 8.6 was significantly higher that that of shrimp transferred to pH 7.1, 7.6 and 9.1. It was suggested that during the process of desalting and culturing of postlarvae, the salinity changing should not exceed 3 and pH variety not more than 0.5.