枯草芽孢杆菌TR21在香蕉体内及根际的定殖动态

通过浓度梯度诱导法,获得了抗链霉素300 μg/ml、菌落形态及对香蕉枯萎病菌拮抗活性保持不变的枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）TR21标记菌株,并采用伤根、灌根和叶腋接种法,研究了其在香蕉体内及根际的定殖情况。结果表明,采用伤根和灌根法接种,标记菌株均能够在香蕉体内定殖和传导,伤根接种定殖总量最大,接种后1 d,球茎中菌量达3.33×106 cfu?g-1,且标记菌株在香蕉根表和根际土壤中也显示出很好的定殖能力,接种后15 d,根表菌量分别为6.18×103 cfu?g-1、5.53×103 cfu?g-1,根际土壤中菌量分别为1.13×104 cfu?g-1、1.04×104 cfu?g-1;2种接种方法中,标记菌株在香蕉体内及根际的定殖动态总体呈下降趋势。采用叶腋法接种,标记菌株仅能在叶片中定殖,其定殖动态表现为“由升到降”趋势。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对马铃薯晚疫病菌的抑制作用

为了明确地衣芽孢杆菌对马铃薯晚疫病菌的抑制作用,研究了地衣芽孢杆菌对马铃薯晚疫病菌菌丝生长、游动孢子释放、游动孢子萌发、孢子囊萌发产生芽管的抑制作用.结果表明:地衣芽孢杆菌对马铃薯晚疫病菌的菌丝生长、游动孢子释放和游动孢子萌发有明显的抑制作用,对菌丝生长的抑制作用,抑菌带平均宽度达到5.58 mm,在稀释度为101时地衣芽孢杆菌对游动孢子释放的抑制率高达86.11%,对游动孢子萌发的抑制率也达到了78.1%.但地衣芽孢杆菌对马铃薯晚疫病菌的孢子囊萌发产生芽管抑制作用较弱.     

内生细菌TY-6对樱桃采后灰霉病菌的抑菌效果和定殖特性研究

为明确内生细菌对樱桃采后灰霉病菌的抑菌活性和定殖特性,本研究采用研磨法对樱桃果实内生细菌进行分离,并采用平板对峙法、针刺接种法、利福平抗性标记法和分子生物学手段对其离体抑菌活性、活体伤口定殖特性和系统发育树进行研究。结果表明,樱桃内生细菌TY-6对灰霉病菌具有良好抑菌活性,离体和活体抑菌效果分别为89.08%和79.18%,且在20℃和0℃下均可在樱桃果实伤口处稳定定殖,形成保护,稳定定殖后伤口处菌株数量分别为2.22×105CFU/g和1.15×105CFU/g;拮抗细菌TY-6经16S rRNA序列鉴定为Bacillus tequilensis。因此,拮抗细菌TY-6对樱桃采后灰霉病的防治具有良好的效果,可为樱桃采后病害微生物防治提供参考依据。     

芽孢杆菌GSBM05对葡萄白腐病菌的抑菌活性及其鉴定

旨在从土壤中分离筛选出对葡萄白腐病菌有强烈抑制作用的芽孢杆菌,检测其抑菌活性并进行鉴定。采用稀释平板法从土壤中分离芽孢杆菌,利用对峙培养和菌丝生长速率等方法对抑菌活性较好的芽孢杆菌GSBM05进行初步研究。结果表明,在土壤样品中共分离出40株芽孢杆菌,经初筛、复筛后得到1株具有强烈抑制效果的芽孢杆菌GSBM05。该菌株稀释20倍的无菌发酵液对孢子萌发和菌丝生长抑制率均在90%以上,发酵液不同组分对葡萄离体果实、叶片的防治效果均可达80%以上。该菌株对葡萄白腐病菌等11种植物病原菌具有良好的拮抗作用。通过形态观察、生理生化鉴定以及16S r DNA序列分析,确定该菌株为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)。实验结果表明,甲基营养型芽孢杆菌GSBM05具有良好的抑菌活性,抑菌谱较广,可为葡萄白腐病生物防治提供新资源。     

抗FOC4内生放线菌NJQG-3A1的定殖与防效研究

为明确生防菌NJQG-3A1菌株在香蕉植株根、球茎、假茎、叶和根际土壤中的定殖情况和对香蕉枯萎病的生防作用,为香蕉枯萎病的生防治理提供理论依据,采用抗生素标记法测定菌株NJQG-3A1的定殖能力,以盆栽试验测定其对香蕉枯萎病的防控效果。定殖测定结果表明：以重铬酸钾（100μg/mL）-氨苄青霉素（100μg/mL）标记的NJQG-3A1菌株,可在香蕉根际土壤和植株的根、球茎、假茎中定殖,定殖量表现为：根际土壤＞根＞球茎＞假茎＞叶;在土壤中的定殖量可达1×10⁵ cfu/g;在香蕉植株内定殖量为1×10²~1×10³ cfu/g。盆栽试验结果表明：经NJQG-3A1菌株的发酵液处理后,香蕉植株的株高、茎围、鲜重比对照（接种病原菌,只施用清水）分别提高了99.22%,44.60%,218.67%,与对照差异显著（P＞0.05）;同时,菌株NJQG-3A1对香蕉枯萎病的防控效果显著,叶部与根茎部的病情指数分别为15、10;病情防效为81.82%,88.98%。NJQG-3A1菌株可以在香蕉植株和根际土壤中定殖,且该菌株的发酵液对香蕉枯萎病具有良好的防控效果,对香蕉植株的生长具有促进作用。     

绿色荧光蛋白标记的枯草芽胞杆菌R31在西芹根际定殖研究

为了更直观地了解植物内生枯草芽胞杆菌R31在西芹根际定殖情况,评估其定殖能力,为西芹黄萎病生物防治提供依据。通过原生质体转化法将携带绿色荧光蛋白基因的质粒pHT315-gfp导入枯草芽胞杆菌R31细胞中,对菌株进行gfp标记,然后利用gfp标记菌株灌根处理西芹苗,研究其在西芹根际的定殖形式和能力。结果获得了携带pHT315-gfp质粒的R31-gfp菌株,该质粒可以在R31细胞中稳定表达,标记菌R31-gfp在蓝光激发下可以稳定发出强的绿色荧光。利用标记菌接种西芹幼苗后,可以在根系表皮检测到绿色荧光膜。对其定殖量的检测发现,接种3天后标记菌在根表和根际土中稳定定殖,定殖量分别达到1.4×10⁴ cfu/g和7.6×10⁴ cfu/g,并长期以该水平稳定定殖,到第65天仍可在根表和根际土检测到9.1×10⁴ cfu/g和3.17×10⁵ cfu/g的R31-gfp。由此得出,R31可以在西芹根表形成菌膜,并在根际长期稳定定殖。     

烟草内生细菌YN2014042对烟草、玉米的定殖和促生作用研究

为了开发利用烟草内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌YN2014042(YN42),对其在植物上的定殖和促生作用进行了研究。用自然转化法将携带绿色荧光蛋白基因的质粒pHAPII成功导入YN42细胞中,获得质粒稳定遗传和对烟草黑胫病菌、玉米穗腐病禾谷镰刀菌等13种病原真菌的拮抗能力与野生型YN42相同的GFP标记菌株YN42-GFP。用1.00×10⁷ CFU/g的YN42-GFP分别浇灌烟草和玉米幼苗,在第50天时烟草根、茎和叶组织中仍回收到1.89×10⁶ CFU/g、1.07×10⁴ CFU/g和0.93×10³ CFU/g的菌落;到第25天时玉米叶片中可回收到6.67×10³ CFU/g的菌落;说明YN42在来源寄主和非来源寄主植物中都能稳定地定殖。将YN42添加到烟草育苗基质中制成微生物功能基质,与普通基质对比,1.00×10⁷ CFU/g的菌株基质上的45天烟苗型高、地上部鲜重分别增长450.58%、756.52%;对玉米灌根30天处理,YN42处理的玉米苗型高和地上部鲜重分别增加19.37%和61.42%。研究结果表明YN42对多种病原菌有抑制作用,能在烟草和玉米上稳定定殖,对烟草和玉米的促生作用显著,在农业上具有良好的应用前景。     

野生茄托鲁巴姆叶片提取物对园艺作物病原真菌的抑菌活性

为了探讨野生茄托鲁巴姆（Solanum torvum）叶片提取物（粗提物）用于防治园艺作物病害的可能性,分别采用生长速率法和悬滴法,研究托鲁巴姆叶片提取物对8种园艺作物病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的室内抑菌活性。结果表明,野生茄托鲁巴姆叶片提取物对供试病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发（大葱菌核病菌未测孢子萌发）均有一定的抑制作用。随着提取物浓度的提高,抑菌作用增强。当供试质量浓度为5 g/L时,提取物对各供试菌种菌丝生长和孢子萌发均表现出一定的抑制作用（抑制率均高于8.8%）;当供试质量浓度为40 g/L时,提取物对各供试菌种菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制率均高于60%。同一浓度提取物对不同病原真菌的抑制作用强度差异较大。毒力分析表明,提取物对大葱菌核病菌和茄子黄萎病菌菌丝生长的EC50均低于10 g/L,分别为5.7577和7.6089 g/L。总体看,提取物对茄子黄萎病菌和辣椒炭疽病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用均较强,对大葱菌核病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果尤为突出。托鲁巴姆叶片提取物对几种园艺作物病原真菌具有较好的抑制效果,具有作为植物源杀菌剂进一步研究和开发的价值。     

甘草内生菌Z4菌株对灰霉病菌的作用机制初探

为探究甘草内生菌Z4 菌株的发酵上清液对灰霉病菌的抑菌机制,采用抑制菌丝生长速率法及抑制孢子萌发法,结合扫描电镜和透射电镜,观察Z4 菌株发酵上清液处理前后灰霉病菌菌丝形态结构的变化情况。采用盆栽试验测试活性物质在活体黄瓜内的传导性。通过扫描电镜、透射电镜及光镜观察发现,Z4 菌株的发酵上清液使番茄灰霉病菌菌丝扭曲变形、表面皱缩、部分菌丝断裂;细胞壁溶解破裂,细胞内液泡出现空腔;孢子萌发率低及芽管生长缓慢。盆栽黄瓜灌根和涂叶处理前后,黄瓜的病指分别由82.3 降至28.05 以及83.11 降至30.60,防治效果分别为63.12%和60.28%。表明Z4 菌株发酵上清液对灰霉病菌菌丝细胞的细胞壁具有破坏作用,且活性物质在活体黄瓜内有一定传导性。     

除虫菊内生镰孢菌Y2菌株对植物病原菌的抑制作用及其生物学特性

从除虫菊叶中分离到1株内生镰孢菌。该菌发酵液的10倍稀释液对苹果炭疽病菌(Glomerella cingulata)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cirerea)、玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilum turcicum)等6种病原真菌的抑制作用在80.4％～93.3％之间,其5倍稀释液对番茄灰霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌、苹果炭疽病菌的孢子萌发抑制率在65.6～81.3％之间。环境和营养因子对该菌的生长繁殖和抑菌活性影响较大: 1.在4～40 ℃时,菌丝能生长并形成孢子,最适生长繁殖温度为30℃,孢子的致死温度为60℃;2.在pH 4.0～9.5 时,菌丝生长、孢子形成和萌发均良好,最适pH 值为5.5 ;3.氮源以有机态氮为佳;4.分别以D-木糖,山梨糖,甘露醇为碳源,以硝酸钠,甘氨酸,硫酸铵,牛肉膏,蛋白胨为氮源培养时,该菌株发酵液抑菌活性较高。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Some physiological and photosynthetic characters of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids

Summary Some photosynthetic characters as-leaf anatomy, leaf photosynthetic rate and CO₂ compensation pointdistinguishing C₃ and C₄ plants and physiological characters as leaf area ratio, nitrogen content, leaf stem ratio and total shoot-to-root and deep root-to-shoot ratios have been studied in rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids. Rice × sorghum 1. has lower values of photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen, total root and deep root-to-shoot ratio and CO₂ compensation point as of rice parent where as, rice × sorghym 2. is superior in all these characters. Both hybrids lack kranz anatomy. Though both rice × sorghum hybrids show characters of C₃ rice plant but rice × sorghum 2. has improved drought tolerance and leaf characters in relation to yield. Rice × wheat hybrid have higher assimilatory area and higher total root-to-shoot ratio. Grains of rice × wheat hybrids are identical to rice grain. However, as grains of rice × wheat hybrid does not contain seed coat, it could be exploited as novel rice germplasm after improvement.Abbreviations T CO₂ compensation point - T21 CO₂ compensation point at 21% O₂ - T2 CO₂ compensation point at 2% O₂ - dR/sR deep Root-to-shoot Ratio - LAR Leaf Area Ratio - CER photosynthetic rate - TR/SR Total Root-to-Shoot Ratio