基于碳、氮稳定同位素的黄海北部口虾蛄食性分析

2018年定点用张网采集黄海北部(122°14’～122°15’E,39°17’～39°18’N)1龄[体长(8.37±0.59)cm，体质量8.77±1.75)g]和3龄口虾蛄Oratosqilla oratoria[体长(14.28±0.55)cm，体质量(48.08±2.84)g]12次，取肌肉组织进行稳定同位素测定，探究黄海北部口虾蛄的食物组成，及其可能摄食生物的碳、氮稳定同位素比值，研究不同饵料生物在口虾蛄食物中的贡献比率。结果表明，黄海北部口虾蛄的δ¹³C值在-17.27‰～-16.22‰，δ¹⁵N值在13.95‰～15.34‰，平均值分别为(-16.57±0.37)‰和(14.68±0.39)‰，均高于本次采集的其他生物样本；黄海北部口虾蛄的营养级为3.58±0.12，主要饵料生物为蟹类和虾类，其营养级分别为3.02±0.30和3.13±0.19，其中蟹类在口虾蛄食物中的平均贡献率为53%；虾类的平均贡献率为47%。     

基于生物标志物和胃含物分析法的马鞍列岛海域大黄鱼摄食习性研究

大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)作为我国近海重要的经济鱼类,曾因不合理的捕捞方式导致资源枯竭,近些年来通过增殖放流等一系列保护措施,大黄鱼资源有恢复的迹象,为了解大黄鱼资源变动后摄食情况,于2021年10—11月,在马鞍列岛海域采集野生大黄鱼样本328尾,应用胃含物、碳氮稳定同位素和脂肪酸手段进行食性分析。结果显示,胃含物饵料生物分为10大类,包括鱼类(Pisces)、长尾类(Natantia)、短尾类(Brachyura)、口足类(Stomatopoda)、磷虾类(Euphausiacea)等,以及少量的海藻,其中口足类中的口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)和小型鱼类为大黄鱼重要的饵料生物。碳氮稳定同位素结果显示δ¹³C值范围是–19.20‰～–15.17‰,平均值为–16.70‰±0.82‰;δ¹⁵N值范围是8.86‰～14.74‰,平均值为10.76‰±0.93‰。稳定同位素分析可得饵料生物类群对大黄鱼的食源贡献率由大到小依次为端足类(Amphipoda)、短尾类、长尾类、口足类、鱼类、磷虾类和糠虾类(...     

基于稳定同位素技术的浙江南部近海主要渔业生物营养级

2016年2月和5月在浙江南部近海拖网采集到33种鱼类和18种无脊椎动物,利用稳定同位素技术测定渔业生物的稳定碳、氮同位素比值(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N),并以此估算其营养级。研究结果表明:(1)浙江南部近海主要渔业生物同位素比值跨度范围大,δ~(13)C值范围为–19.71‰～–14.01‰(跨度5.70‰),δ15N值范围为7.05‰～13.69‰(跨度6.64‰),其中鱼类的碳、氮同位素跨度范围最大;(2)以滤食性双壳类为基线生物估算浙江南部近海鱼类平均营养级范围为2.66～4.21,甲壳类营养级范围为3.08～3.72,头足类营养级范围为2.83～3.49,腹足类营养级范围为3.54～3.62,渔业生物营养级主要处于3.0～4.0营养级,以初级和中级肉食性种类为主;(3)根据聚类和食性文献资料分析浙江南部近海主要渔业生物存在5种食性类型,包括浮游动物食性、杂食性、底栖生物食性、混合食性和游泳动物食性;(4)根据营养结构特征,浙江南部近海食物网营养结构可划分为4个营养群,初级消费者主要为杂食性种类,次级消费者主要为小型鱼类、虾类及头足类,中级消费者主要为底栖蟹类、腹足类和混合食性鱼类,高级消费者为凶猛肉食性鱼类。本研究建立了浙江南部近海主要渔业生物的连续营养谱,为生态系统的食物网能量流动和物质循环研究提供科学参考。     

舟山渔场鮸的摄食习性

为了研究鮸(Miichthys miiuy)在舟山渔场生态系统食物网结构中的地位和作用,本研究于2021年8月至2023年6月在舟山渔场逐月采集鮸样品共计727尾,结合胃含物分析法和碳、氮稳定同位素技术,分析鮸的摄食习性。结果表明,舟山渔场鮸的主要饵料生物类群有鱼类(Pisces)、虾类(Decapoda)、口足类(Stomatopoda)、头足类(Cephalopoda)、双壳类(Lamellibranchia)、蟹类(Brachyura),优势饵料种为龙头鱼(Harpodon nehereus)、棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)、凤鲚(Coilia mystus)、黄鲫(Setipinna taty)和六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)。其δ13C值范围为-19.09‰～-13.04‰,平均值为(-16.74±1.03)‰,与体长呈显著负相关(P<0.01);δ15N值范围为10.72‰～15.96‰,平均值为(12.44±1.36)‰,与体长呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。根据δ15N值计算出舟山渔场鮸的营养级...     

应用稳定同位素技术分析枸杞岛近岸海域褐菖鲉的食性

为获知褐菖鲉的食性,本研究应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术分析了不同季节和发育阶段褐菖鲉的摄食习性,并评估了浮游动物、端足类、虾蟹类和小型鱼类等饵料生物对褐菖鲉的营养贡献。结果显示,枸杞岛近岸海域4个季节褐菖鲉的δ~(13)C值为–18.2‰~–14.7‰,平均值为–15.6‰;δ~(15)N值为3.3‰~9.9‰,平均值为7.9‰;单因素方差分析显示,褐菖鲉的δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值在不同季节之间差异都不显著,说明不同季节之间褐菖鲉的食性差异不大。对褐菖鲉全长和碳、氮稳定同位素比值进行线性回归分析,显示其δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值随全长变化都极显著,表明不同发育阶段褐菖鲉的食性差异极显著。聚类分析将不同全长的褐菖鲉分为3组,其中0~19 mm为一组,20~79和80~109 mm为一组,110~199 mm为一组,ANOSIM分析3组之间的差异极显著。褐菖鲉的δ~(13)C值与虾蟹类和鱼类等饵料类群δ~(13)C值较接近,应用Iso Source软件分析饵料类群的营养贡献时发现,麦秆虫对褐菖鲉的的营养贡献均值最大,为22.3%,鱼类、虾蟹类等饵料类群的营养贡献均值都超过了12%。枸杞岛近岸海域褐菖鲉的平均营养级为3.18,属于低级肉食性鱼类,主要摄食麦秆虫、鱼类和虾蟹类,是底栖动物食性,而非浮游动物食性。     

应用同位素分析黑龙江中游主要鱼类营养层次

2010年5月—2011年10月对黑龙江中游采集的32种鱼类和6种底栖无脊椎动物,运用稳定碳、氮同位素方法进行水生态营养层次的分析。结果显示,鱼类δ13C值为-32.00‰～-17.32‰,相差14.68‰;δ15N值为7.58‰～14.78‰,差值达6.80‰,跨度都很大。底栖无脊椎动物δ13C值和δ15N值的跨度不大,δ13C值为-29.64‰～-26.10‰,相差3.54‰;δ15N值为7.09‰～9.91‰,相差2.82‰。通过δ15N值计算出黑龙江中游32种主要鱼类和6种底栖无脊椎动物食物网营养层次,其中肉食性鱼类鳇(Huso dauricus)占据了黑龙江中游鱼类中最高的营养位置。通过分析初步建立了水体食物网连续营养谱,并结合底栖无脊椎动物同位素数据勾勒出黑龙江中游食物网营养结构图。     

三峡水库小江流域鱼类营养层次研究

应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术对小江流域鱼类的营养层次进行全面量化,以期为基于生态系统的三峡水库渔业与环境的科学管理提供理论支持。2013年5-6月,于三峡水库小江流域渠口、养鹿、高阳、黄石和双江江段设点进行稳定同位素测定样品采集,获取鱼类样品39种121尾,基线生物——颗粒有机物样品15个。小江流域各江段的颗粒有机物δ13C值范围为-28.29‰(养鹿)~-24.19‰(黄石),均值(-25.75±1.98)‰;δ15N值范围为1.40‰(养鹿)~6.97‰(高阳),均值(4.67±2.70)‰。不同江段相同鱼的稳定性同位素值的配对双样本t检验结果显示各江段的δ13C均无显著差异;高阳江段与养鹿、双江和渠口江段δ15N均有显著差异(P0.05),高阳江段与渠口江段的δ15N差异极显著。小江流域位于最低营养级的初级消费者为草鱼,平均相对营养级为2.15;流域以次级消费者的杂食性鱼类种类为主,相对营养级在2.66~3.85;营养级3.85以上的鱼类种类向肉食性鱼类转变,位居最高营养级的为长吻鮠,其相对营养级为5.12。各江段的平均相对营养级范围为2.84(高阳)~4.26(渠口),差值为1.42。基线生物的选择与陆源营养物质的输入为水域生态系统营养层次分析中的关键因素;对鱼类而言,其生活史不同阶段体内稳定同位素的差异也应纳入考量中。     

中华鲎的食物组成及营养位置分析

通过对北部湾海域采集的中华鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)样品及其食物网链中具有食源可能性的种类(虾类、蟹类、双壳类和鱼类)进行碳、氮稳定同位素(δ13C、δ15N)比值测定,采用稳定同位素混合模型(SIAR)分析北部湾中华鲎食物组成及其营养位置.结果显示,中华鲎δ13C均值为(-17.11±0.03...     

基于碳、氮稳定同位素的大亚湾渔业生物群落营养结构

根据2017年夏季和2018年冬季于大亚湾海域进行的底拖网渔业生物调查,该研究采用碳、氮稳定同位素(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N)技术,分析了大亚湾渔业生物的δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N基本特征,构建了连续营养级谱,并探讨了不同季节渔业生物营养结构的差异。结果显示,大亚湾海域渔业生物的δ~(13)C介于-19.66‰～-15.19‰,均值为(-17.26±0.86)‰;δ~(15)N介于11.63‰～16.01‰,均值为(13.59±0.96)‰。以小型浮游动物的δ~(15)N平均值作为基准构建渔业生物营养级谱,发现大亚湾海域渔业生物的营养级介于2.99～4.28,鱼类的营养级跨度最广,食性较复杂。运用SIBER模型计算了渔业生物的7个营养结构量化指标,发现部分生物摄食共同的饵料,存在生态位重叠现象。此外,夏季群落营养冗余度比冬季低。     

大亚湾珊瑚礁生态系统简化食物网的稳定同位素

为了阐明大亚湾珊瑚礁生态系统的简化食物网结构,本研究应用碳(C)、氮(N)稳定同位素技术测定了大亚湾珊瑚礁区样品的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值,计算主要消费者营养级并绘制连续营养谱,构建了大亚湾珊瑚礁的营养结构。结果显示,大亚湾珊瑚礁生态系统食物网δ~(13)C值范围为-23.22‰～-10.76‰,平均值为-16.47‰±2.89‰;δ~(15)N值的范围为4.32‰～15.82‰,平均值为11.46‰±2.37‰。各潜在食源和消费者的碳、氮同位素比值之间均有显著性差异。根据δ~(15)N值计算结果显示,大亚湾珊瑚礁区主要消费者生物种类的营养级范围为1.70～3.64,其中腹足类、双壳类和鱼类的营养级分别为1.84～2.68、1.70～2.49和2.45～3.64。大型底栖动物的碳、氮同位素比值在季节之间无显著性差异。利用SIBER模型计算了大型底栖动物群落的6个营养结构量化指标,发现平均营养级多样性(CD)在各季节变化较小,摄食来源多样性水平(CR)、营养级长度(NR)和生态空间利用程度(SEAc)均在春季最高;物种聚集度密度参数(MNND)和物种聚集度均匀度参数(SDNND)均在冬季最低。研究表明,不同来源的有机物对大亚湾珊瑚礁食物网的贡献各不相同,其中浮游植物和藻类是大亚湾珊瑚礁中重要的初级生产者和驱动食物网的重要碳源。部分消费者摄食共同的饵料生物,存在生态位重叠现象。各消费者类群具有不同的营养位置,头足类的平均营养级最高,其次是鱼类、双壳类,主要与其食性相关。大亚湾珊瑚礁生态系统中的主要消费者呈现两端营养级生物种类少、中间层次种类较多的营养层次分布。大亚湾珊瑚礁底栖群落的碳、氮稳定同位素无显著季节性差异,可能与珊瑚礁生态系统的特点和底栖动物的个体大小有关。底栖动物群落总体上具有相对较为稳定的营养多样性水平和食物网,其中在春季种群内营养层级差别较大、竞争较激烈,冬季群落营养冗余性最高。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.