辽河河口芦苇湿地沉积物中有机质含量的时空变化

以辽河河口芦苇湿地为研究对象,对湿地土壤沉积物中有机质含量的变化规律进行研究,分别研究了湿地沉积物中有机质(SOM)在时间、空间上的变化规律。结果表明:时间变化上,近河区和远河区的芦苇湿地沉积物中SOM含量受时间影响显著,其中在9月份和10月份SOM含量较高,9月份SOM含量出现最大值。空间变化上,纵向上只有表层0—10cm深度和其他深度(10—20cm,20—30cm,30—40cm,40—50cm)以及10—20cm与40—50cm深度的SOM含量上有显著的差异,其他深度间差异并不明显。远河区湿地沉积物在4月、5月、6月、9月、10月份时,0—10cm和10—20cm深度的沉积物中SOM含量较高,最大值多数在0—10cm深度的沉积物上。在7月份和8月份时,0—10cm深度沉积物的SOM含量最低。近河区湿地沉积物中SOM含量变化与远河区相比有差异,在4月、5月、6月、7月、8月份时受地表径流影响较为明显,SOM含量的最大值并不显著,各深度间SOM含量相差不大,20—40cm深度的SOM含量略高。在9月、10月份,SOM最大值在0—10cm深度的沉积物上,其他深度SOM含量相差不大。并且纵向上各深度间的SOM含量存在着线性相关关系。横向上在S1—3与S2—3位于缓冲区与试验区的交界处,SOM含量较高;S1—6与S2—6和S2—7位于缓冲区与核心区的交界附近且SOM含量较高,这些点的SOM含量均远高于其他各点的SOM含量。通过研究SOM含量的时空变化,更加清楚地认识SOM的变化规律,为合理利用和开发芦苇湿地以及控制湿地污染,探究碳储量提供数据支持。     

美人蕉（Canna indica Linn.）和芦苇（Phragmites australis L.）人工湿地对含铬生活污水的净化效果及植物的生理生态变化

选取美人蕉（CannaindicaLinn.）、芦苇（PhragmitesaustralisL.）为植物材料,以不同浓度K2Cr2O（7分别含0、1、20、50mg.L-1Cr6＋）的生活污水作为Cr6＋污染源,研究了不同浓度Cr6＋及处理时间下两种湿地对污水净化效果、植物体Cr6＋积累量及根系活力（TTC）、叶片超氧化歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、净光合速率（Pn）和丙二醛（MDA）等生理指标的影响。结果表明：（1）在试验的初期30d内,随处理时间的延长,两种人工湿地COD、氨氮去除率均呈逐渐上升的趋势,30d后,随着Cr6＋处理时间的延长及Cr6＋浓度的逐渐升高,两种湿地系统对COD、氨氮去除率均逐渐下降。在20、50mg.L-1Cr6＋处理条件下,两种湿地对COD、氨氮的净化效果显著低于对照及1mg.L-1Cr6＋处理,对照与1mg.L-1Cr6＋处理条件下差异不显著。（2）在不同Cr6＋浓度处理下,两种人工湿地对TP净化效果的能力较为稳定,同时随处理时间的延长,美人蕉、芦苇体内Cr6＋积累量逐渐加大。（3）1mg.L-1Cr6＋处理可提高美人蕉和芦苇的TTC、叶片的SOD、POD、Pn,而20、50mg.L-1Cr6＋处理对以上指标均有不同程度的抑制作用,且抑制效果与处理浓度、时间呈正相关。（4）MDA含量随处理时间的延长和浓度升高呈逐渐增加趋势。可见,低浓度Cr6＋能有效促进美人蕉、芦苇生长,使之能够维持正常的净化功能,因此,利用它们作为人工湿地植物来修复Cr6＋污染具有一定的实用价值。     

The Influence of Pedology and Changes in Soil Moisture Status on Manganese Release from Upland Catchments: Soil Core Laboratory Experiments

Manganese (Mn) contamination of drinking water may cause aesthetic and human health problems when concentrations exceed 50 and 500 μg l^?1, respectively. In the UK, the majority of Mn-related drinking water supply failures originate from unpolluted upland catchments. The source of Mn is therefore soil, but the exact mechanisms by which it is mobilised into surface waters remain unknown. Elevated Mn concentrations in surface waters have been associated with the rewetting of dried upland soils and with conifer afforestation. We investigated these hypotheses in a laboratory experiment involving the drying and rewetting of intact soil cores (1,900 cm³ volume) of horizons of four representative soil type-land use combinations from an upland water supply catchment in southwest Scotland. Although no statistically significant effect of land use or soil type was detected on Mn concentrations in soil water, Mn release occurred from three soil horizons upon rewetting. Soil water Mn concentrations in the moorland histosol H2 (10–30 cm), the histic podzol H and Eh horizons increased from means of 5.8, 6.2 and 0.6 μg l^?1 prior to rewetting to maxima of 90, 76 and 174 μg l^?1 after rewetting, respectively. The properties of these three horizons indicate that Mn release is favoured from soil horizons containing a mixture of organic and mineral material. Mineral material provides a source of Mn, but relatively high soil organic matter content is required to facilitate mobilisation. The results can be used alongside soil information to identify catchments at risk of elevated Mn concentrations in water supplies.     

Effects of Additional Layer(s) on the Mobility of Arsenic from Hydrothermally Altered Rock in Laboratory Column Experiments

Hydrothermally altered rocks are frequently encountered when tunnels are constructed in Hokkaido, Japan. High concentraions of hazardous elements, such as arsenic (As), are often released from these rocks into the surrounding environments. Therefore, the rocks are considered potentially hazardous waste. This article describes the effects of water content and oxygen (O₂) concentration in relation to additional layer(s), i.e., surface covering and bottom adsorption layers, on As leaching by using laboratory columns with water content and O₂ concentration sensors. The results show that the use of additional layer(s) has a significant effect on lowering As migration. This was due not only to the adsorption capacity of As by the adsorption layer but also to the water content and O₂ concentration inside the rock layer. The accumulation of pore water was increased in the rock layer in cases with additional layer(s), which resulted in lower O₂ concentration in the rock layer. Consequently, the leaching of As by the oxidation of As-bearing minerals in the rock layer was reduced. Moreover, a longer water-resident time in the rock layer may induce precipitation of Fe oxy-hydroxide/oxide. These results suggest that the geochemical conditions of the rock layer affect As leaching and migration.     

Rhizosphere-associated nosZII microbial community of Phragmites australis and its influence on nitrous oxide emissions in two different regions

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The recently identified nosZII gene plays a key role in mitigating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, and emergent macrophytes along lakeshores are areas of significant...     

翻耕对冬闲农田CH4和CO2排放通量的影响初探

通过连续观测，比较了冬闲农田翻耕和不翻耕情况下甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(CO2)的排放通量。结果表明：翻耕能显著增加CO2的排放通量，但这种影响只在翻耕后的4d内较明显；翻耕对CH4排放通量的影响在翻耕后的3d内比较明显，表现为翻耕初期导致CH4的峰值排放，而在6～8h后，则对降低CH4的排放有一定的作用。且CH4和CO2排放通量与气温呈显著正相关。     

Electrochemical Production of Ferrate (Iron VI): Application to the Wastewater Treatment on a Laboratory Scale and Comparison with Iron (III) Coagulant

This paper presents a comparative study of the performance of ferrate(VI), FeO ₄ ^2? , and ferric, Fe(III), towards wastewater treatment. The ferrate(VI) was produced by electrochemical synthesis, using steel electrodes in a 16 M NaOH solution. Domestic wastewater collected from Hailsham North Wastewater Treatment Works was treated with ferrate(VI) and ferric sulphate (Fe(III)). Samples were analysed for suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and P removal. Results for low doses of Fe(VI) were validated via a reproducibility study. Removal of phosphorous reached 40% with a Fe(VI) dose as low as 0.01 mg/L compared to 25% removal with 10 mg/L of Fe(III). For lower doses (<1 mg/L as Fe), Fe(VI) can achieve between 60% and 80% removals of SS and COD, but Fe(III) performed even not as well as the control sample where no iron chemical was dosed. The ferrate solution was found to be stable for a maximum of 50 min, beyond which Fe(VI) is reduced to less oxidant species. This provided the maximum allowed storage time of the electrochemically produced ferrate(VI) solution. Results demonstrated that low addition of ferrate(VI) leads to good removal of P, BOD, COD and suspended solids from wastewater compared to ferric addition and further studies could bring an optimisation of the dosage and treatment.     

Heritability Estimates of Winter Hardiness in White Clover Based on Field and Laboratory Experiments

For testing of winter hardiness and to obtain estimates of heritability (h²) for this character, field experiments are the most common method. In order to develop a supplement to the field method, artificial freezing to test for freezing hardiness in the laboratory has been carried out. The purpose of the present study was to compare estimates of broad sense heritability (h² _b) for winter hardiness in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) based on an experiment in the field, and freezing hardiness based on a laboratory test. The plant material consisted of six local populations with origins between ca. 61°- and 70° northern Latitude. The northern related populations Nos. 06 and 22 showed the best winter hardiness in the field, while the more southern related population No. 38 showed the best freezing hardiness in the laboratory. The field data was generally more variable than the laboratory data. In the field, h² _b     

湿地甲烷厌氧氧化机制研究进展

微生物主导的甲烷厌氧氧化（AOM）一直是甲烷（CH₄）氧化研究的前沿热点问题,对控制全球湿地CH4排放具有重要意义。介绍了硫酸盐还原型（SAMO）、反硝化型（DAMO）、金属氧化物驱动型（Metal-AOM）和中间电子直接转移型（DIET）四种AOM途径,其中,SAMO以SO₄^2-作为AOM的最终电子受体,DAMO以 NO₂^-/ NO₃^-作为AOM的最终电子受体,Metal-AOM以铁锰等金属离子/金属氧化物作AOM的最终电子受体,而种间电子转移是一种不需要中间产物的转移方式。详细阐述了途径中主要功能微生物菌群的相关研究,重点讨论了AOM途径中可能发生的反应机理和进展,论述了目前常用的微生物群落结构和丰度检测分析的分子生物学方法。最后,从湿地环境因子对参与AOM微生物的影响机制、功能微生物富集培养以及湿地微生物参与环境污染控制等方面进行展望。这对于进一步研究全球湿地碳、氮循环提供了微生物学方面的参考。     

Emissions of trace gases (CO2, CO,CH4, and N2O) resulting from rice straw burning

Emissions of trace gases (CO₂, CO, CH₄, N₂O) resulting from rice straw burning were measured by using the open chamber method. The carbon contained in rice straw was mainly released to the atmosphere as CO₂. The percentage of CO₂-C emitted in total C in rice straw was in the range of 57–81%, followed by CO-C (5–9%). The percentages of CH₄-C and N₂O-N in total C and N in rice straw were in the range of 0.43–0.90 and 1.16–1.50%, respectively. In the case of the rice straw which had been left in the field for a period of one month after harvest, emission of imperfect combustible gases such as CO and CH₄ during burning increased slightly, while that of perfect combustible gas, CO₂, was reduced. The amount of CH₄ emission from rice straw burning was comparable to that from paddy fields.     

Performance of the Giant Reed (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arundo donax</Emphasis>) in Experimental Wetlands Receiving Variable Loads of Industrial Stormwater

Two emergent macrophytes, Arundo donax and Phragmites australis, were established in experimental subsurface flow, gravel-based constructed wetlands (CWs) and challenged by untreated stormwater collected from the hard-pan and other surfaces of a dairy processing factory in south-west Victoria, Australia. The hydraulic loading rate was tested at two levels, sequentially, 3.75 and 7.5 cm day⁻¹. Some of the monitored variables were removed more efficiently by the planted beds in comparison to unplanted CWs (biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP); p < 0.007) but there was no significant difference between the A. donax and P. australis CWs in removal of BOD, suspended solids (SS) and TN (p > 0.007) at 3.75 cm day⁻¹ or SS and TN at 7.5 cm day⁻¹. At 3.75 cm day⁻¹, BOD, SS, TN and TP removal in the A. donax and P. australis CWs was 71%, 61%, 78% and 75% and 65%, 60%, 73% and 41%, respectively. Nutrient removal at 7.5 cm day⁻¹ in the A. donax and P. australis beds was 87%, 91%, 84% and 71% and 96%, 94%, 87% and 55%, respectively. As expected, the A. donax CWs produced considerably more biomass (10 ± 1.2 kg wet weight) than the P. australis CWs (2.7 ± 1.2 kg wet weight). This equates to approximately 107 and 36 tonnes ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ biomass (dry weight) for A. donax and P. australis, respectively (assuming 250 days of growing season and single-cut harvest). The performance similarity of the A. donax- and P. australis-planted CWs indicates that either may be used in HSSF wetlands treating dairy factory stormwater, although the planting of A. donax provides additional opportunities for secondary income streams through utilisation of the biomass produced.     

Influence of Fertilizer Systems on Soil Organic Carbon Content and Crop Yield: Results of Long-Term Field Experiments at the Geographical Network of Research Stations in Russia

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of long-term experiments (LTEs) performed at the Geographical Network of experimental stations encompassing major soil types in Russia (soddy-podzolic (Retisols,...     

滹沱河岗黄段湿地人类活动影响评价研究

滹沱河岗黄段湿地是北方干旱缺水地区典型的河湖湿地,其影响因子可分为自然因子与人为因子。采用层次分析模型,从生态环境、生产特征、污染物排放、环境管理4个方面,分析评价了人类活动对岗黄湿地的影响状况以及影响的主要途径与方式,并提出了主要的湿地保护措施。     

Influence of forest disturbance on CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes from larch forest soil in the permafrost taiga region of eastern Siberia

Abstract

To evaluate the effect of increasing forest disturbances on greenhouse gas budgets in a taiga forest in eastern Siberia, CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O fluxes from the soils were measured during the growing season in intact, burnt and clear-felled larch forests (4–5 years after the disturbance). Soil temperature and moisture were higher at the two disturbed sites than at the forest site. A 64–72% decrease in the Q ₁₀ value of soil CO₂ flux from the disturbed sites compared with the forest site (5.92) suggested a reduction in root respiration and a dominance of organic matter decomposition at the disturbed sites. However, the cumulative CO₂ emissions (May–August) were not significantly different among the sites (2.81–2.90 Mg C ha^?1 per 3 months). This might be because decreased larch root respiration was compensated for by increased organic matter decomposition resulting from an increase in the temperature and root respiration of invading vegetation at the disturbed sites. The CH₄ uptake (kg C ha^?1 per 4 months [May–September]) at the burnt site was significantly higher (–0.15) than the uptake at the forest (–0.045) and clear-felled sites (0.0027). Although there were no significant differences among the sites, N₂O emission (kg N ha^?1 per 4 months) was slightly lower at the burnt site (0.013) and higher at the clear-felled site (0.068) than at the forest site (0.038). This different influence of burning and tree felling on CH₄ and N₂O fluxes might result from changes in the physical and chemical properties of the soil with respect to forest fire.     

添加生物炭对华南早稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱-气象色谱法研究生物炭添加对华南早稻田甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响.试验设对照(CK),BC1、BC2、BC3(土壤中分别混入5、10、20t·hm-2生物炭)、RS(稻草直接还田)和RI(稻草加腐熟剂还田)6个处理.结果表明,与CK、RS和RI相比,生物炭处理能降低稻田CH4和N2O排放量及排放强度,综合排放强度最低的为BC3处理,值为0.98 kgCO2-eq· kg-1.在本实验的处理范围内,生物炭添加量越高,CH4平均排放通量及其季节排放总量越低,最低值分别为22.11mg·m-2·h-1和93.21kg·hm-2;N2O排放通量和季节排放总量则随生物炭添加量的增加呈上升趋势,最高值分别为285.65 μg·m-2·h-1和1.07kg·hm-2,但依然小于对照处理(368.13μg·m-2 ·h-1和1.13kg·hm-2).此外,试验发现高用量的生物炭(即BC3)处理水稻产量最高,值为7152.58kg·hm-2.综合分析各处理,BC3对减缓温室效应和稳定水稻生产贡献最大.     

Transport of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in freshwater mesocosms from sediment to water and air

With sediment as a source the flux of PCBs to water and air was followed in mesocosms with and without fish for two vegetation seasons. The fish represented the largest lipid pool in the mesocosm, and their presence increased the flux of PCBs across the sediment/water interface. The flow of PCBs from sediment to water followed a seasonal pattern with higher rates during summer than in the winter. The rates were governed by the turbation activity of benthic invertebrates, the extent of gas production in the sediment, the amount and quality of the lipid pools in the water column, and the solubility of the PCBs. The greatest amount of PCBs among the lipid pools was found in the dissolved extractable lipids, which also showed the highest concentration of PCBs calculated on a lipid basis. After about 1.5 yr, >90% of the PCBs added was still in the sediment. The remainder was distributed within the mesocosms to various extents depending on the amount and quality of the lipid pools, or transferred into the air. Transfer into the air was governed by PCB concentrations in the water, and by water temperature. The flow was highest during summer, when the surface microlayer renewed its load of PCBs every 8th day.     

Short-term effect of urea on CH4 flux under the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) on tropical peatland in Sarawak,Malaysia

Abstract

Methane flux was measured monthly from August 2002 to July 2003 at an oil palm plantation on tropical peatland in Sarawak, Malaysia, using a closed chamber technique. Urea was applied twice, once in November 2002 and once in May 2003. The monthly CH₄ flux ranged from ?32.78 to 4.17 µg C m^?2 h^?1. Urea applications increased CH₄ emissions in the month of application and emissions remained slightly higher a month later before the effect disappeared in the third month after application (i.e. back to CH₄ uptake). This effect was the result of increased soil NH⁺ ₄ content that was not immediately absorbed by the oil palm following urea application, which reduced the oxidation of CH₄, resulting in its enhanced emission. By using the Cate–Nelson linear-plateau model, the critical soil NH⁺ ₄ content causing CH₄ emissions in the oil palm ecosystem was 42.75 mg kg^?1 soil. However, the inhibitory effect of NH⁺ ₄ on the oxidation of CH₄ was mitigated by low rainfall and the pyrophosphate solubility index (PSI), where the former might increase oxidation of CH₄ and the latter was a reflection of the low soluble substrate for methane production. Thus, the splitting and timing of urea applications are important not only to optimize oil palm yield, but also to reduce soil NH⁺ ₄ content to minimize CH₄ emissions and, therefore, its potential negative impact on the environment.     

Laboratory Experiments on Phosphorous Release from the Sediments of 9 Lakes in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River Region, China

Phosphorus (P) has been recognized as the most critical nutrient limiting lake productivity. In addition, P release from sediments may have a significant effect on the water quality and may result in continuous eutrophication in eutrophic lakes. In this study, P release kinetics from sediments and their relationship with sediment composition were investigated, eutrophication risk index (ERI) and degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) were used to evaluate the eutrophication risk of the studied sediments, and their influencing factors were also discussed. The results show that total P (TP), organic matter (OM), Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃ and the percentage of sand particles were the most important factors affecting the ability of P sorption. P release process was similar for all studied sediments, consisting of the quick and slow reaction processes. The quick reaction mainly occurred within 0.5 h, and slow reaction after 0.5 h. P release occurred within 20 h and then reached the dynamic equilibrium. P release process was slower than P sorption process. Three models (Power function model, Parabolic diffusion model and Simple Elovich model) can satisfactorily describe the P release kinetics. P release was mainly affected by TP, OM, sorbed total phosphorus (STP), DPS and sand particles, and quick P release was mainly a physical process. For the slightly polluted sediments, Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃ mainly restrained P release. But for the heavily polluted sediment both OM and Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃ promoted P release. Both DPS and ERI can be used to evaluate the P-induced lake eutrophication risk, and their threshold values were 6.6% and 25%, respectively. Based on the assessment by DPS and ERI, most of the studied sediments were in eutrophication risk for the studied sediments. For the heavily polluted sediments, Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃ was significantly correlated with DPS. But for the slightly polluted sediments it was significantly negatively correlated with DPS and OM, and the sand particle percentage was negatively related to ERI.     

黑麦草鲜草翻压还田对双季稻CH4与N2O排放的影响

为了研究黑麦草鲜草翻压还田对稻田温室气体排放的影响,该文利用静态箱-盆栽装置观测了尿素、黑麦草鲜草翻压还田、半量尿素与半量黑麦草鲜草混施和对照4个处理稻田CH4和N2O排放.结果表明:黑麦草鲜草翻压还田、半量尿素与半量黑麦草鲜草混施的CH4排放通量分别比对照增加了371％和210％,比尿素增加了152％和66％:尿素的CH4排放比对照高87％,差异均达到显著水平(P＜0.05).黑麦草鲜草翻压还田的CH4排放在3个时期(早稻移栽前,早稻生长期和晚稻生长期)分布均匀,约60％的CH4排放于早稻移栽前和早稻生长期.尿素的N2O排放分别为黑麦草鲜草翻压还田、半量尿素与半量黑麦草鲜草混施和对照的18倍、6.6倍和25倍.CH4和N2O的全球增温潜势(GWP)依次为黑麦草鲜草翻压还田＞半量尿素与半量黑麦草鲜草混施＞尿素＞对照,差异均显著(P＜0.05).黑麦草鲜草翻压还田虽然增加了稻田CH4排放,但减少了N2O排放,抑制了 尿素对N2O的排放.     

Estimating Foliar Nitrogen Concentration of Heather (Calluna vulgaris) from Field and Laboratory Spectra

Regional botanical surveys supported by field experiments suggest that atmospheric nitrogen deposition threatens the balance between species and causes loss of biodiversity within plant communities. Methods are required to monitor the nitrogen status of vegetation at a landscape scale and therefore the potential for ecological change. Remote sensing has the potential to monitor a number of plant biophysical and chemical variables, but its application to monitor the nitrogen status of native vegetation remains limited and untested. Using field spectroscopy, canopy reflectance measurements were taken from two heathland field sites and heather (Calluna vulgaris) plants grown in a greenhouse. The nitrogen concentration was determined through destructive sampling and chemical analysis. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to identify the wavebands most associated with nitrogen concentration and despite high variation in the selected wavebands between the three datasets, most of these wavebands were associated with nitrogen and protein absorption features within the spectral region 1,990–2,170 nm. Results highlight the potential of remote sensing as a bio-monitoring technique to estimate foliar nitrogen status in native plants.