上海海岸带演变及生态系统服务价值变化研究

为了开展上海海岸带演变及生态系统服务价值（Ecosystem service value ESV）变化研究,实验基于1990、2000、2010和2020年Landsat遥感影像数据,分析上海海岸带岸线长度变化特征;结合Globe Land30的数据,利用空间分析,开展1990—2000年,2000—2010年、2010—2020年三个时期内土地变化和土地转移研究;在此基础上,构建上海海岸带ESV模型,厘清2000—2020年上海海岸带ESV时空变化特征。结果表明：1990—2020年间,受人类活动和自然因素影响,上海大陆岸线呈先增加后缓慢减小到增加的变化趋势,崇明岛岸线减少,长兴岛和横沙岛岸线长度增加。同时,由于人类活动强度和沿海工程力度加大,海岸带土地利用面积变化显著,耕地和建设用地增多。此外,由于土地扩建,研究期间上海海岸带呈ESV增加趋势,但其湿地ESV在2010—2020间下降28.59%。就空间分布而言,上海海岸带ESV从中高值区域逐渐向低和极低区域转变,到2020年,单位面积ESV极高地区已基本消失。城市进程中建设用地的开发和沿海湿地生态系统的减少是造成上海海岸带ESV变化的主要原因。本研究可为服务上海市指导海岸带环境管理以及可持续发展提供科学依据和决策支持。     

黄河流域岸线规划法律制度的反思与重构

流域立法是我国水法治发展的新近趋势，而水生态空间管控也已成为流域治理的一项日益重要的内容，河流岸线治理又是其关键所在。现有各位阶法律中有关岸线的相关规定既不具备可操作性，又落后于实践发展，制约我国河流岸线规划制度的构建和运行。因此，需要重述水法治体系下岸线保护的规范内涵、立足河长制的黄河岸线规划主体选择、重塑黄河岸线规划原则体系。以《黄河法》为文本，在附录部分规定统一而恰当的"岸线"定义，在正文部分确立并细化岸线规划中河长的职权范围，载明岸线规划中的科学规划原则、统筹协调原则、利益衡平原则、公众参与原则四项原则。     

Shoreline forms and shoreline dynamics

Atlantic coast barrier-island shorelines are sinuous in plan view, with curvatures ranging in size from cusps to capes. The orientation of shoreline segments within the larger of these sinuous features (10 to 15 kilometers between apexes) is significantly related to shoreline dynamics.     

渔港水下地形测量方法的改进及其精度

传统的水下地形测量,系垂直于岸线设置断面,船按既定断面航行;测水深时,船必须处于静止状态。 改进后的渔港水下地形测量方法,是采用以锚标设置的平行于岸线的水上断面,并且利用沿断面航行中之动船测定水深。这样既提高一倍的工效,又保证了测量的精度。     

土石坝浸润线至下游坝坡最小距离的确定

土石坝的浸润线位置在坝工建设以及堤岸建设中过去一直重视不够,事实上比较重要：第一,它能为稳定计算和布置观测设备提供依据;第二,它能判断浸润线以下的饱和土料有无被冰冻的可能,从而验证排水设备型式、尺寸的合理性。但是土石坝的浸润线位置以往只是由渗流计算的浸润线方程通过绘图法绘制,工作量大,也没直观性。本文采用数学中点到直线的距离公式,可非常方便、准确地确定出该最小距离及其位置,尤其是土石堤坝在防洪工程方面,它的适用性更为显著。     

Field data and satellite imagery of tsunami effects in Banda Aceh

After the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami, field data on the extent of the inundation in Banda Aceh, Sumatra, were combined with satellite imagery to quantify the tsunami effects. Flow depths along the shores of Banda Aceh exceeded 9 meters, with inundation reaching 3 to 4 kilometers inland. To the southwest, at Lhoknga, flow depths were more than 15 meters at the shoreline and runup exceeded 25 meters. Erosion and subsidence moved the shoreline of Banda Aceh inland up to 1.5 kilometers, and 65 square kilometers of land between Banda Aceh and Lhoknga were flooded.     

Trace fossils from the athabasca oil sands, alberta, Canada

A diverse and well-preserved ichnofossil suite has been identified from surface exposures of the middle and upper parts of the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation. The suite, consisting of representatives of at least ten ichnogenera, is one of the few clues to the original biotic component of the deposit. The distribution and abundance of these biogenic structures present strong evidence that the deep channel complex in which the sediments were deposited was closely associated with a nearby marine shoreline.     

Taxonomic and environmental stability in the paleozoic

Available paleontological data show no relationship between environmental stress (proximity to the ancient shoreline) and duration of marine benthic macroinvertebrate genera in the Paleozoic. This is contrary to inferences from fossil community lineages, but in accord with genetic and physiological data on living taxa.     

Possible ancient oceans on Mars: evidence from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data

High-resolution altimetric data define the detailed topography of the northern lowlands of Mars, and a range of data is consistent with the hypothesis that a lowland-encircling geologic contact represents the ancient shoreline of a large standing body of water present in middle Mars history. The contact altitude is close to an equipotential line, the topography is smoother at all scales below the contact than above it, the volume enclosed by this contact is within the range of estimates of available water on Mars, and a series of extensive terraces parallel the contact in many places.     

Silurian trilete spores and spore tetrads from gotland: their implications for land plant evolution

Land-plant type spores occur in argillaceous limestones and platform graptolitic mudstones of Wenlock-Ludlow age in Sweden. Analysis of the stratal sequence demonstrates that occurrence of abundant spores is a function of depositional ecology, particularly water depth and shoreline proximity. This ecological analysis and the seeming absence of any correlation between the first appearances of abundant spores and megafossils of land-plant type raise the possibility that land plants evolved far earlier than the megafossil record suggests.     

Pleistocene shoreline sediments in coastal georgia: deposition and modification

New evidence invalidates the former concept that Pleistocene shorelines are "terrace" cut and fill structures. Comparison of Pleistocene and Holocene sediments with morpholo gy of the shoreline indicates that Pleisto cene deposits accumulated in barrier island environments and that the "ter races" are former lagoon-salt marshes. Stratigraphic evidence supports six ma jor Pleistocene shorelines below an elevation of 100 feet (30 meters).     

山东半岛海岸带“建设性破坏”的危害及其治理措施

山东省拥有3200多公里海岸线,海岸带生态和景观资源十分丰富独特。但近年来随着经济社会发展和工业化进程加快,建设性破坏的问题日益突出。本文通过分析山东半岛海岸带建设性破坏的含义、表现、危害以及产生原因,结合一些地区的先进经验和惨痛教训,反映山东半岛海岸带开发利用中存在的问题,并指出可持续发展是解决山东半岛海岸带建设性破坏问题的必由之路。     

Destruction of Pacific Corals by the Sea Star Acanthaster planci

Acanthaster planci, a coral predator, is undergoing a population explosion in many areas of the Pacific Ocean. Data on feeding rates, population movements, and stages of infestation were collected along coral reefs of Guam and Palau. Direct observations on destruction of Guam's coral reefs indicate that narrow, fringing reefs may be killed as rapidly as 1 kilometer per month. In a 2(1/2)-year period, 90 percent of the coral was killed along 38 kilometers of Guam's shoreline.     

A large paleolake basin at the head of Ma'adim Vallis,Mars

At 8 to 15 kilometers wide, Ma'adim Vallis is one of the largest valleys in the martian highlands. Although a groundwater source was previously suggested, the channel originates at a spillway in the divide of a approximately 3,000,000-square-kilometer closed drainage basin. The interior morphology of this source basin, including likely shoreline features following topographic contours, suggests that Ma'adim Vallis was created through catastrophic overflow of a approximately 1,100,000-square-kilometer highland lake. The size, constant levels, and interior morphology of three regional paleolake basins require a warmer paleoclimate and a long-term, recharged, stable highland water table more than approximately 3.5 billion years ago.     

长江口滩涂电杆礁生态修复区栖息地含水量分析

近年来长江口浦东机场外进行了滩涂围垦,根据浦东机场围垦区外侧滩涂的特殊性,选用电杆礁生态修复技术进行滩涂生态修复。结果显示在电杆礁修复实施后,其基部可形成小水体,小水体体积与电杆礁地上高度具有相关性(P=0. 035),且修复区内电杆礁基部沉积物的含水量为45. 62%。通过对修复区内外沉积土样含水量的比较分析,显示修复时间影响沉积土样的含水量,修复时间长(180 d)的区域0 m处的含水量(48. 41%)高于修复时间短(90 d)的区域0 m处的含水量(40. 73%);位于修复区近岸侧的含水量(50. 56%)高于远岸侧含水量(38. 22%);垂直于海岸线向修复区外延伸的样点(纵向样点)的含水量(48. 24%)高于平行海岸线向修复区外延伸的样点(横向样点)的含水量(37. 29%)。综上所述,电杆礁生态修复技术能够提升修复区滩涂栖息地含水量。     

某电厂循泵房取水流态及其改善措施的试验研究

本文在某电厂循泵房整体水工模型试验基础上,提出了对于侧向进水布置形式的泵房,应以引河分流比来判别泵房能否正常取水的指标,以及改善前池流态的简易可行的工程措施途径,同时从二维平面淹没自由紊动射流理论出发,绘制前池水流平面图,以作为确定八字型布置导流墩的位置和主要尺寸的依据。     

Eustatic sea level 120,000 years ago on oahu, hawaii

Extensive dating of the fossil corals associated with the Waimanalo shoreline on Oahu has shown that 120,000 years ago the ocean was approximately 7.6 meters above its present level. Corals grown during that time constitute a major portion of the subaerial reef-derived material on the island, with exposures ranging from about 10 meters to near sea level. This evidence corroborates the notion that 120,000 years before the present was the last time during which the sea stood significantly higher than it does today. The reported benches at 3.7, 1.5, and 0.6 meters, if not of Recent origin, could be features created by brief halts of the sea during rapid regression shortly after the Waimanalo high stand.     

发展生态农业旅游——加快新农村建设的希望之路

介绍了生态农业旅游提出的背景、含义及作用,及目前我国生态农业旅游的形式,分析了我国生态农业旅游发展过程中存在问题,并提出相应建议。     

Patagonian glacier response during the late glacial-Holocene transition

Whether cooling occurred in the Southern Hemisphere during the Younger Dryas (YD) is key to understanding mechanisms of millennial climate change. Although Southern Hemisphere records do not reveal a distinct climate reversal during the late glacial period, many mountain glaciers readvanced. We show that the Puerto Bandera moraine (50 degrees S), which records a readvance of the Southern Patagonian Icefield (SPI), formed at, or shortly after, the end of the YD. The exposure age (10.8 +/- 0.5 thousand years ago) is contemporaneous with the highest shoreline of Lago Cardiel (49 degrees S), which records peak precipitation east of the Andes since 13 thousand years ago. Absent similar moraines west of the Andes, these data indicate an SPI response to increased amounts of easterly-sourced precipitation-reflecting changes in the Southern Westerly circulation-rather than regional cooling.     

洞庭湖区滩地不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸动态

土壤呼吸受到多种生物和非生物因素的影响,基于洞庭湖区滩地3种不同土地利用方式和不同时间尺度,分析土壤呼吸动态变化及与环境影响因子的关系,有助于深入了解滩地土壤呼吸变化的机理及精确推算碳的排放。采用LI-8100气体分析仪对洞庭湖区滩地芦苇地、农田、杨树林地土壤呼吸动态进行野外测定,分析不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸速率的日变化和季节变化,并对土壤呼吸速率与近地表温度、0～5 cm土壤含水量、0～5 cm土壤温度、空气湿度等环境因子之间的关系进行相关性分析。结果表明：3种土地利用类型土壤呼吸速率的季节和日变化比较明显,其动态均表现为单峰型,高峰值出现时间存在差异,而最低值大致出现在凌晨5：00;不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸作用强弱表现为芦苇地〉杨树林地〉农田;3种土地利用类型土壤呼吸速率均与近地表温度、0～5 cm土壤含水量、0～5 cm土壤温度极显著相关（P〈0.01）;杨树林地土壤呼吸速率与空气湿度呈极显著相关。总之,土壤呼吸主要受到温度和0～5 cm土壤含水量的协同作用。图2表3参11