北京地区表层土壤中饱和烃类化合物分布特征及污染源分析

对北京地区具代表性的环境功能区表层土壤饱和烃的组成与分布特征进行分析,并讨论了饱和烃污染物的来源。研究结果表明,在不同环境功能区表层土壤样品中均检测到了正构烷烃、类异戊间二烯烷烃、烷基环己烷和甾、萜烷烃等饱和烃化合物,其中正构烷烃和类异戊间二烯烷烃占优势。不同环境功能区和土壤类型的表层土壤样品中饱和烃的组成、分布特征和来源均存在明显差异,其中城区土壤受人为污染最为严重。表层土中饱和烃类化合物的来源比较复杂,既有人为污染源,又有天然来源。其中,中-低碳数正构烷烃主要是人为来源,高碳数正构烷烃主要为生物来源;类异戊间二烯烷烃、烷基环己烷和甾、萜类化合物则主要来源于矿物油、化石燃料和生物质不完全燃烧的产物等。     

Changes in Hydrocarbon Composition and Autochthonous Microorganism Growth of Contaminated Mining Soil During Bioremediation

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of high Tween 80 concentrations on hydrocarbon contaminants and hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms present in contaminated mining soil during a bioremediation process. The independent variables included Tween 80 concentration and process time. The elected response variables included concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), the chemical composition of contaminants, viable microbial count, and CO₂ production. These were measured at various time points during the bioremediation process, which was conducted at room temperature. Higher removal of pollutants occurred at low Tween 80 concentrations. An analysis of the normalized variables shows that the rate of TPH degradation depended on microbial growth rate, which depended on Tween 80 concentration. The addition of Tween 80 changed the concentration and type of the residual hydrocarbon contaminants present, as well as the count and genus of the hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms that grew during the bioremediation process. Higher concentrations of Tween 80 increased the levels of the chemical compounds present in the bioremediated soil while reducing the viable count and microbial diversity during the bioremediation process. Conversely, low Tween 80 concentrations produced only monoethylhexyl phthalate, which is not a petroleum hydrocarbon derivative. Overall, these results prove that the removal of TPH is dependent on the count and genus of active indigenous hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms in soil, and these conditions may be controlled by modulating the concentration of Tween 80 that is applied.     

Modeling of Solute Transport with Bioremediation Processes using Sawdust as a Matrix

Hg and As are widespread contaminants globally and particularly in Asia. We conducted a field study in Baiyangdian Lake, the largest lake in the North China Plain, to investigate bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of potentially toxic metals (total mercury and arsenic) in sites differing in proximity from the major point sources of nutrients and metals. Hg concentrations in fish and As concentrations in water are above critical threshold levels (US Environmental Protection Agency based) considered to pose some risk to humans and wildlife. Hg concentrations in biota are within the range of concentrations in lakes in the Northeast US despite the high levels of Hg emission and deposition in China whereas As concentrations are much higher. Dissolved concentrations of both Hg and As decrease with increasing chlorophyll concentrations suggesting that there is significant uptake of metal from water by algae. These results provide evidence for algal blooms controlling dissolved metal concentrations and potentially mitigating the trophic transfer of Hg to fish. This study also underscores the need for further investigation into this contaminated ecosystem and others like it in China that are an important source of fish and drinking water for consumption by local human populations.     

南方风化花岗岩坡地产流过程与侵蚀率模拟研究

采用室内人工降雨模拟方法研究了不同坡度(5°,8°,15°,25°)和降雨强度(1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 mm/min)对南方风化花岗岩坡地土壤侵蚀特征的影响。结果表明,径流量和径流率均随降雨强度的增大而增大,但随坡度的增大而减小。径流入渗率与坡度呈极显著正相关(r=0.660,p<0.01),而随着降雨时间的延长呈现出3个不同阶段的变化:初始全渗阶段、快速下降阶段和相对稳定阶段。降雨强度对径流量的影响比坡度更明显。平均产沙浓度与坡度呈极显著正相关(r=0.694,p<0.01),而其与降雨强度之间的关系取决于坡度条件。土壤侵蚀率随降雨延长呈先增后减趋势,整体上与坡度和降雨强度呈正相关(r>0.580,p<0.05)。土壤侵蚀率和径流率在陡坡上呈线性关系(R^2>0.861),在缓坡上呈幂函数关系(R^2>0.966)。最后采用修正的典型土壤流失方程模型来预测土壤侵蚀率,发现模拟值的变化趋势与实际测量值接近,表明该修正模型在研究区具有一定的适用性。研究结果可以为风化花岗岩地区的土壤侵蚀率研究提供数据支撑,对进一步理解土壤侵蚀过程有着重要的意义。     

Behaviors of Organic and Heavy Metallic Pollutants during Supercritical Water Oxidation of Oil-Based Drill Cuttings

Oil-based drill cuttings (OBDCs), which contain various petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and alkaline salts, will significantly affect the local ecosystem if left untreated. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is regarded as a potential end-of-pipe technology that is able to degrade organic compounds, stabilize heavy metals, and neutralize alkaline salts simultaneously. In this paper, SCWO of OBDCs was carried out using a batch reactor. Six organic compounds and eight elements were selected as representatives of the petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals, respectively, in OBDCs. The effects of the oxygen coefficient (OC), temperature (T), and reaction time (t) on the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons and the stabilization of heavy metals were evaluated in detail. The results indicated that nearly 100% of naphthalenes and more than 97% of alkanes could be destroyed when T?>?475 °C, t?>?2 min, and OC?>?2.5. The elements Ba, Cr, and Pb were almost completely stabilized in the solid products, and small amounts of Zn and Cu were detected in the liquid products. More than the original contents of Fe, Cr, and Ni were found in the solid products due to the corrosion of the SCWO reactor. The content of alkaline salt in the feed was too low to affect the pH of the liquid products. The results of X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses suggested that SCWO can efficiently remove organic pollutants from OBDCs but does not obviously affect the microstructure and composition of the inorganic compounds.     

根-土界面的微生态过程与有机污染物的环境行为研究

土壤-植物系统是地球生态系统中与人类生存与健康关系最为密切的亚系统。该系统中有机污染物的运移必须历经根-土界面多层次的微生态过程的控制。这些微生态过程涉及到系统中许多生物、生物化学和物理化学反应机理,与土壤中污染物迁移转化及其归宿等环境行为具有密切的关系。理解这些微生态过程及其对有机污染物环境行为的影响,对提高作物生长、改善土壤环境质量和提高农产品品质安全具有直接的理论和实践指导意义。     

Sequential Application of Soil Vapor Extraction and Bioremediation Processes for the Remediation of Ethylbenzene-Contaminated Soils

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is an efficient, well-known and widely applied soil remediation technology. However, under certain conditions it cannot achieve the defined cleanup goals, requiring further treatment, for example, through bioremediation (BR). The sequential application of these technologies is presented as a valid option but is not yet entirely studied. This work presents the study of the remediation of ethylbenzene (EB)-contaminated soils, with different soil water and natural organic matter (NOMC) contents, using sequential SVE and BR. The obtained results allow the conclusion that: (1) SVE was sufficient to reach the cleanup goals in 63% of the experiments (all the soils with NOMC below 4%), (2) higher NOMCs led to longer SVE remediation times, (3) BR showed to be a possible and cost-effective option when EB concentrations were lower than 335?mg?kg _soil ^?1 , and (4) concentrations of EB above 438?mg?kg _soil ^?1 showed to be inhibitory for microbial activity.     

风化煤玉米秸配施熟化土壤的生物学效应研究

以黄土母质生土为材料,通过盆钵试验,研究了腐殖酸类物质风化煤与玉米秸配施在土壤熟化培肥过程中对土壤微生物量及生物活性的综合影响。结果表明,施用风化煤,特别是与玉米秸配施,对土壤生物量C和土壤呼吸强度、纤维分解强度等表征土壤生物学性状的指标均有不同程度的促进作用,互作激发效应较明显,有较好的实际应用价值。经统计优选,在本试验条件下,对土壤微生物及其活性具有较佳效应的方案为风化煤施用量24150～32400kg/hm2,同时配施玉米秸35550～41550kg/hm2,尿素1080～1290kg/hm2。     

稻田上覆水中光致活性组分形成过程及其环境效应研究进展

稻田上覆水中富含有机质、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐等光敏活性物质,在太阳光作用下会产生三重激发态有机质(3CDOM*)、单线态氧(1O2)和羟基自由基(?OH)等活性组分,其对稻田污染物转化和碳氮等元素循环具有重要意义。基于此,综述了稻田上覆水中光致活性组分产生过程和机制,重点介绍了水稻不同生长周期内光活性组分的类型、通量变化趋势;探讨了不同环境因素对自由基产生的影响;阐述了上覆水光致活性组分对稻田中砷和不同有机污染物的非生物转化贡献与机制,并展望了稻田上覆水光化学过程的未来研究方向。     

Soil Bioremediation: Combination of Earthworms and Compost for the Ecological Remediation of a Hydrocarbon Polluted Soil

A three-dimensional (3D) off-line chemical transport model (CTM) has been used to study an Arctic ozone minihole event in early December 2002, when the meteorological conditon were severely colder than in recent years. The minimum temperatures were below 188 K on 6 December 2002 and remained below 195 K for the entire month. Such temperatures are low enough for the formation of PSCs (polar stratospheric clouds) which were observed by a visible/near infrared solar occultation instrument by the Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III experiment. The SLIMCAT model compares well with the depth and evolution of the ozone distribution as observed by the second European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-2) Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME). The combined effect of a very strong and large intrusion of sub-tropical air, and uplifting of air masses of low ozone concentrations from the troposphere plays important role in the fomation of the ozone minihole. The modelled chemical ozone loss rate was relatively fast in the lower stratosphere in the region of frequent PSCs and higher levels of ClO and BrO. The observed PSCs in the vicinity of the minihole supports the model-predicted location of PSCs and chlorine activation. However, ozone miniholes have been attributed almost entirely to dynamical effects due to its short duration.     

Effluents from Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Wastes: Treatment by Chemical and Electrochemical Processes

The treatment of effluent from anaerobic digestion of organic wastes was carried out using chemical and electrochemical processes, namely, chemical coagulation (CC) with lime, electrocoagulation (EC) with iron consumable electrodes, and electrochemical oxidation (EO) with a boron-doped diamond anode, at different experimental conditions. In the CC assays, the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, 50%, was achieved for a lime concentration of 70 g L^?1 after 2 h experiment. Under the experimental conditions studied, EC promoted COD removals of 80% after 5 h and EO led to COD removals of 43% after 6 h electrolysis, being this last removal increased to 60% when chloride was added to the effluent. A combined EC+EO treatment was also performed, utilizing the most favorable experimental conditions obtained in the individual processes, and global removals of 95% in COD and 44% in ammonia nitrogen were attained after 5 h of EC followed by 6 h of EO. These results proved that the combined process can be an efficient alternative in the treatment of effluents from anaerobic digestion of organic wastes with the characteristics of the studied effluent.     

Bioremediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Acidic Soil and Organic Wastes for Promoting Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria Activity on a Column Reactor

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a serious environmental problem resulting from extensive sulphide mining activities. The old copper mine of S. Domingos in Southeast Portugal is an example of such a situation. The abandoned open-pit from the mining operations resulted in the creation of a large pit lake with acidic water (pH～2) and high contents of sulphate and heavy metals. Sulphate-reducing biological processes have been studied as a remediation technology for this problem. A new application based on a simple and semi-continuous process for the treatment of S. Domingos AMD has been presented herein. Experiments using bench scale fixed-bed column bioreactors were carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the process. Sewage, anaerobic sludge and soil from the mining area were tested as solid matrices and/or inocula, as well as sources of complex organic substrates. The addition of lactose as a supplementary carbon source, easily available at zero cost or at negative cost in the effluents of the local cheese industries, was also tested. The data obtained indicate that it is possible to use the matrices tested for the production of sulphide by sulphate reduction, and that the regular addition of lactose is effective. Results showed that the process is efficient for the precipitation of the main dissolved metals, for the reduction in the sulphate content and, most importantly, for the neutralization of the AMD. Moreover, the use of soil as solid support also showed the possibility of using this process for the decontamination of both waters and soils.     

Evaluation of Different Approaches for Respiratory Quotient Calculation and Effects of Nitrogen Sources on Respiratory Quotient Values of Hydrocarbon Bioremediation

Blechnum orientale L. is a traditional, medicinal fern found in China. To assess the characteristics of heavy metals and As accumulation, the fronds, roots, and the rooting soils of this fern were sampled from urban, suburban, and rural woodlands across Guangdong Province in southern China. The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in both the fern and its rooting soils were separately detected by ICP-MS. Contamination levels of woodland rooting soils were also assessed using both a single pollution index and the Nemerow pollution index. Both the metal concentrations and the pollution index showed that soils from urban, suburban, and even rural woodlands were adversely contaminated by As, Cd, Hg, and Pb. Based on transfer factor, B. orientale had good translocation of As, Hg, and Mn, but poor translocation of Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn from the roots to the fronds. This result suggests that this fern could be an excluder to latter metals. Despite the significantly higher levels of metals in the roots as compared with the fronds, the low bioaccumulation factor suggests that this fern has a weak capacity for metal accumulation.

     

Bioremediation of Oil Sludge in Shengli Oilfield

Large quantity of dehydrated oil sludge, generated in the disposal process of oil-containing sewage in Shengli oilfield, needs to be rendered harmless to human and to the environment. Bioremediation has been accepted as an important method for the treatment of oil sludge by employing indigenous or extraneous microbial flora. The bioremediation of a dehydrated oil sludge of 960 m³ in volume was carried out in a prepared bed in Binyi oil-containing sewage disposal station, Shengli oil fields, China. Four different treatments were made to study the impact of certain process parameters on the bioremediation efficiency. Of the oil contaminants, 52.75% was degraded within 160 days when treated in a greenhouse, while the oil contaminations decreased by only 15.46% in the untreated sludge. The variations of the physical and chemical properties of oil sludge, the amount and the functional diversity of microorganisms in sludge were characterized. The results indicated that the water-holding capacity of oil sludge, the amount and the metabolism functional diversity of microorganisms in sludge in the three treatments increased markedly compared with the control.     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究进展

对于石油污染土壤的修复,其生物修复具有环境友好、费用较低等特点,是最具应用前景的土壤修复技术。本文较全面地介绍了石油污染土壤生物修复的影响因素、石油污染土壤的生物修复技术,并对该领域今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

风化煤对农田土壤重金属汞的钝化修复

风化煤钝化修复土壤主要是其活性官能团与重金属发生络合、鳌合等一系列反应,进而降低重金属在土壤中的可迁移性和生物有效性,以达到修复土壤的目的。本文系统研究了风化煤对重金属汞(Hg)的吸附特性及其对Hg在土壤中径向迁移和生物可利用性的影响。结果显示:风化煤对酸碱有一定的缓冲作用,pH对Hg的平衡吸附量影响不大,最大吸附量为8.19 mg/g,该吸附为吸热反应。风化煤对Hg的吸附作用采用Freundlich方程描述较好,为多分子层吸附,吸附动力可用拟二级速率方程描述。土柱试验中风化煤用量为1、2、4、8 g时,淋溶液中Hg含量分别下降2.62、1.66、1.10、0.70μg/g,风化煤的使用可以降低Hg从土壤向溶液的迁移。盆栽试验进一步验证了风化煤对土壤中Hg迁移的阻控作用,其中添加风化煤黄壤中移栽30 d和70 d收获的白菜叶中Hg含量较未添加风化煤黄壤中下降了0.14μg/kg和0.09μg/kg;添加风化煤和外源Hg黄壤中Hg含量是未添加风化煤黄壤的2.4倍,而收获的30、70d小白菜叶中Hg含量前者分别为0.53、0.82μg/kg,后者分别为0.35、0.48μg/kg,理论上可认为前者较后者分别下降了0.31、0.33g/kg。可见,风化煤实现了对土壤中Hg的吸附、钝化,减缓了其生物可利用性,是一种廉价高效的环境友好型钝化剂。     

冻土环境下泄漏油污的微生物修复

Oil spills have become a serious problem in cold environments with the ever-increasing resource exploitation, transportation, storage, and accidental leakage of oil. Several techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, are used to recover spilled oil from the environment. Bioremediation is a promising option for remediation since it is effective and economic in removing oil with less undue environmental damages. However, it is a relatively slow process in cold regions and the degree of success depends on a number of factors, including the properties and fate of oil spilled in cold environments, and the major microbial and environmental limitations of bioremediation. The microbial factors include bioavailability of hydrocarbons, mass transfer through the cell membrane, and metabolic limitations. As for the environmental limitations in the cold regions, the emphasis is on soil temperatures, freeze-thaw processes, oxygen and nutrients availability, toxicity, and electron acceptors. There have been several cases of success in the polar regions, particularly in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. However, the challenges and constraints for bioremediation in cold environments remain large.     

侵蚀性风化花岗岩坡地壤中流携氮磷流失动态模拟

[目的]探究侵蚀环境下,风化花岗岩残积坡地土壤氮磷流失特征以及坡面径流和壤中流携带氮磷流失的强度和贡献率,为不同侵蚀环境及生态环境脆弱条件下,坡地氮磷流失规律的试验研究及防治提供理论依据。[方法]采用原状土搬迁,室内人工模拟降雨的方法,设计2个坡度(8°和25°),5个降雨强度(30,60,90,120,150mm/min),通过坡度与雨强的多重组合试验,在测试浓度与径流量分析的基础上,研究氮磷流失强度及在坡面径流和壤中流中的分配。[结果](1)在强烈侵蚀的坡地,土壤结构性较差,漏水漏肥现象严重,壤中流随携带的氮磷流失比重很大,壤中流携带的TN流失量均占到总流失量的90%以上,TP稍次之;(2)TN随径流的流失量远大于TP的流失量,径流中TN与TP总流失量的比值最高能达到160倍;(3)雨强对氮磷流失量的影响大于坡度的影响,径流量的影响大于浓度的影响。(4)雨强对氮磷流失的影响存在2个转折,在60mm/min附近存在一个蓄满产流和超渗产流的雨强分界,在90mm/min左右,出现一个侵蚀性雨强的转折。[结论]强烈的侵蚀影响土壤养分的流失方式及流失通道的比配,壤中流所携带氮磷流失所占比重很大,进而会影响到地下水的污染问题,加强残积土母质坡地土壤的侵蚀防治,是地表水和地下水面源污染控制及土壤养分流失减少的根本。     

Mineralisation of Weathered Crude Oil by a Hydrocarbonoclastic Consortia in Marine Mesocosms

Marine waters are most vulnerable to crude oil pollution due to increased sea-based oil-related activities. Successful remediation of such polluted environments is normally carried out in a laboratory with suitable physical and environmental alterations. However, it is challenging to alter the physical and environmental conditions in crude oil-contaminated natural environments. In a previous study, six hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria were isolated from an oil-contaminated site. Here we report on their ability to mineralise weathered crude oil as a carbon source in seawater mesocosms, in order to construct a hydrocarbonoclastic consortia for the effective mineralisation of hydrocarbons present in the weathered crude oil at seawater-based environment. This was completed without altering the physical and environmental parameters (salinity, pH and temperature) and followed by the detection of microbial community changes. The total amount of oil mineralised by these six isolates individually over 28-day incubation ranged from 4.7 to 10?%. The bacterial consortia composed of these six strains showed a greater mineralisation rate (18.5?%). Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that the functionally dominant species were present after the first week (week 2 to week 4) following the addition of the consortia, which were represented in dendrogram by cluster 2 and also these weeks representing a distinct point on the Pareto?CLorenz curve; no community could be identified in controls in which no consortia were added. This shows that the addition of consortia potentially dealt with changing environmental conditions and preserved its functionality followed by effective mineralisation of weathered crude oil.     

日本城市垃圾资源化技术的进展

本文介绍了日本城市垃圾回收利用及作为能源利用的有关技术措施和发展方向。