Effect of Conditioning Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate (ZnSHH) with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Neem Oil on Growth,Productivity, Zinc Biofortification of Grain and Zinc Uptake by Basmati Rice

Commercial grade zinc (Zn) sulfate hepta hydrate (ZnSHH) is the most widely used source of Zn in India and several other countries for amelioration of Zn deficiency in crops. However, it releases water of hydration at temperature above 30°C and forms lumps on storage, which make it difficult to handle it and apply in fields. Therefore, conditioning of ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil reduces the release of water of hydration and prevents lumps formation and can be well stored. Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India during rice growing seasons (July-November) of 2009 and 2010 to study the effect of conditioning ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil on growth, productivity and Zn fortification of rice (Oryza sativa) grain and uptake by Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 3 replications comprised of 9 treatments of Zn fertilization. The present study shows that when conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil ZnSHH improved yield attributes, grain and straw yields, Zn uptake and partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE), recovery efficiency (RE), and physiological efficiency (PE) of Zn in Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. In general, ZnO was inferior to ZnSHH. Application of ZnSHH conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil can be a better source of Zn for transplanted puddled Basmati rice on Zn deficient soils.     

Accumulation of Cadmium and Antioxidant and Hormonal Responses in the Indian Major Carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cirrhinus mrigala</Emphasis> During Acute and Sublethal Exposure

Acute (24 h) and sublethal (35 days) effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) were examined in Cirrhinus mrigala using various endpoints (accumulation pattern, thyroid hormones (THs), and antioxidants). The mean concentrations of CdCl₂ for 24 and 96 h were found to be 35.974 and 22.387 mg L^?l, respectively. LC50 concentration of CdCl₂ for 24 h (35.97 mg L^?l) was used for the acute study. For the sublethal studies, fish were exposed to 3.59 mg L^?1 (Treatment I) and 7.19 mg L^?1 (Treatment II) corresponding to 1/10th and 1/5th of 24 h LC50 of the CdCl₂. During acute exposure, higher accumulation of CdCl₂ was noticed in the gill, liver, and kidney of C. mrigala, which is found in the order gill > liver > kidney tissues. Similarly, in sublethal treatments (Treatment I and II), a concentration and time-dependent increase of CdCl₂ accumulation was noticed in the order of gill > liver > kidney. GSH, GST, and GPx activities were found to be relatively lower from the treated groups in both acute and sublethal treatments. However, LPO activity was significantly increased in CdCl₂-treated fish C. mrigala. Further, plasma T₃ reduction was more pronounced than T₄ in acute study. During sublethal treatments, both T₄ and T₃ levels showed a continuous decrease as the exposure period extended. All the values in this study were statically significant (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05).     

Influence of Ammonium and Nitrate Nutrition on Plant Growth and Zinc Accumulation by Indian Mustard

ABSTRACT

The source of nitrogen (N) used in soil fertility practices affects plant growth, nutrient absorption, and the availability of nutrients. Consequently, the potential of plants to extract zinc (Zn) from soils may be increased by controlling the ratio of NH₄ ⁺ to NO₃ ^? to maximize growth and Zn accumulation. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of Zn supply and different molar ratios of NH₄ ⁺ to NO₃ ^? on growth and Zn accumulation in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea Czern.). In a factorial experiment with solution culture, Indian mustard (accession 182921) was supplied with two concentrations of Zn (0.05 and 4.0 mg L^?1) in combination with six N treatments with different molar percentage ratios of NH₄ ⁺ to NO₃ ^? (0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50) for three weeks. Zinc supplied at 0.05 mg Zn L^?1 represented a common concentration of Zn in solution culture, whereas 4.0 mg Zn L^?1 was excessive for plant nutrition. If the supply of Zn in solution was excessive, plants developed symptoms of foliar chlorosis, which became severe if plants were supplied with 80% of N as NO₃ ^?. Supplying high proportions of NO₃ ^? in the nutrient medium stimulated Zn accumulation, whereas increasing proportions of NH₄ ⁺ (up to 50% of the total N) enhanced shoot growth. The pH of nutrient solutions generally decreased with increasing proportion of NH₄ ⁺ in solutions and with increased Zn supply. The Zn phytoextraction potential of Indian mustard was maximized, at about 15 mg Zn plant^?1, if plants received 10% of the total N as NH₄ ⁺ and 90% as NO₃ ^?.     

Effect of Copper(II), Lead(II), and Zinc(II) on Growth and Sporulation of Halophytophthora from Taiwan Mangroves

This study evaluated the effect of lead (Pb(II)), zinc (Zn(II)) and copper (Cu(II)) on growth and sporulation of four Halophytophthora species (Halophytophthora vesicula, Halophytophthora elongata, Halophytophthora spinosa var. lobata, and an oogonia-producing Halophytophthora sp.) isolated from different mangrove sites in Taiwan. Results show that all isolates grew well or even better at 1 ppm concentration of the heavy metals tested. Growth of all test isolates was totally inhibited at 500 ppm, except for H. spinosa var. lobata exposed to Zn(II). For sporulation, all isolates produced moderate to abundant zoosporangia or oogonia at 1 ppm Pb(II) and Zn(II). Production of zoosporangia by H. vesicula, H. elongata and H. spinosa var. lobata was significantly affected or totally inhibited at 1 ppm Pb(II) and Zn(II) and all concentrations of Cu(II). Abnormal oogonia were produced by Halophytophthora sp. at 10 ppm Cu(II) and 100 ppm of the three heavy metals. In general, Cu(II) and Zn(II) were found to be the most toxic, and the least toxic was Pb(II). H. spinosa var. lobata was the most tolerant to all the heavy metals, while H. vesicula and H. elongata were the most sensitive. Results of this study shows that increased concentrations of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) in the mangrove environment can significantly affect growth and impair normal reproduction of Halophytophthora species.     

利用SSR及EST标记对鲤鱼饲料转化率的QTL分析

利用137个SSR(simplc sequence repeat)及EST(expressed sequence tag)标记,对柏氏鲤(Cyprinus pelle grini)/荷包红鲤(Cyprinus carpio wuyuanensis)抗寒品系的BC1F1群体93个个体进行了基因型检测.利用Windows Map Manager2.0的标记回归法进行了饲料转化率数量性状单标记回归分析.检测结果得到了8个微卫星标记(HLJ133、HLJ360、HLJ380、HLJ562、HLJ740、HLJ852、HLJ930和HLJ1420)和2个EST标记(HLJE318和HLJE417)与鲤鱼饲料转化率相关,对性状的表型贡献率为4%～11%.对同一标记的不同基因型间饲料转化率性状进行了显著性比较,通过ANOVA检验找到了相关基因型,标记HLJ360、HLJ380、HLJ562座位上,分别对应基因型212/212、236/224、220/220与饲料转化率性状正相关.本研究检测出的与鲤鱼饲料转化率性状相关的标记及基因型,为鲤鱼的QTL定位及分子标记辅助育种(MAS)提供了有效的依据.     

Effect of Zinc Application on Growth and Some Biochemical Characteristics of Costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita L.)

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different zinc (Zn) application methods (soil and foliar application) and concentrations (1 and 2 mg kg^?1 in soil application and 1 and 3 g L^?1 in foliar application) on the growth, some biochemical characteristics, and nutrient concentrations of costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita L.). Growth parameters were increased by zinc application regardless of its concentration and application method. Protein and total phenol content, antioxidant capacity, and chlorophyll index were increased by zinc supply. In contrast, proline and soluble sugars content showed a decreasing pattern with zinc application. Zinc application, either through soil or foliar application, increased the zinc content of shoots. Manganese uptake potential of plants was increased by foliar zinc application method but not by soil application of zinc. Zinc application had no significant effect on potassium content of plants.     

早期限饲对肉鸡肌肉生长及肌纤维类型的影响

采用隔日限饲的方式对1～14日龄三黄肉鸡仔鸡进行早期限饲处理,后恢复自由采食直至63日龄试验结束,以分析早期限饲对肉鸡肌肉生长和肌纤维类型的影响。分别于14和63日龄随机选取对照组和早期限饲组肉仔鸡各20羽,屠宰后采样,记录腓肠肌外侧头重量并采用相对定量RT-PCR的方法检测其不同类型肌纤维肌球蛋白重链mRNA基因表达。结果表明,早期限饲组体重及腓肠肌外侧头重均低于对照组(P<0.05,n=20)。14日龄早期限饲组慢肌及快红肌肌球蛋白重链mRNA表达水平显著高于对照组(分别为P<0.01和P<0.05,n=10),快白肌肌球蛋白重链基因表达显著低于对照组(P<0.05,n=10)。63日龄早期限饲组慢肌肌球蛋白重链mRNA基因表达显著低于对照组(P<0.05,n=10),快红肌和快白肌肌球蛋白重链与对照组相比均无差异(P>0.05,n=10)。结果提示:(1)早期限饲阻碍了肌纤维类型的转化,延缓了肌肉的发育及增重,最终引起整体体重的下降;(2)早期限饲对肌肉肌纤维成分具有持久影响,其影响一直持续到63日龄上市。     

铁、锌配施对藿香生长、产量及有效成分的影响

为探究铁、锌不同浓度配施对藿香生长、产量及有效成分的影响,以藿香为试验材料,采用双因素随机区组设计,研究铁锌配施对藿香生长、产量、各部位铁锌分配及挥发油含量的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施铁锌肥能显著影响藿香的生长发育、产量和挥发油成分,显著影响藿香的抗氧化酶活性,显著提高淀粉、还原糖、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,通过影响氮代谢相关酶活性间接影响植株氮代谢过程。叶面施铁对藿香产量的影响大于叶面施锌,铁锌配施的增产效果优于单独施用铁、锌肥;综合考虑藿香的生长和产量指标,认为Fe₁Zn₁(0.2%铁,0.1%锌)为铁锌配施的最优处理组合。施用锌铁肥能够增加藿香各部位的铁锌含量,锌在不同部位的含量呈叶>根>茎的变化趋势,铁在不同部位的含量呈根>叶>茎的变化趋势,锌主要集中在藿香叶片,而铁则主要集中在藿香根部。高浓度的叶面施铁有助于叶片Ca含量的累积。铁锌配施能显著提高藿香挥发油含量,并影响挥发油成分,其中D-柠檬烯含量最高,在Fe₁Zn₂处理时达到最大值(22.99%)。综上,合理配施铁锌肥能提高藿香主要化学成分的含量,但过高浓度的施用增产效果并不明显。本研究结果为铁锌肥在藿香生产中的应用提供了理论依据。     

Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nano Particles and Their Effect on Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.) Plant

In the current literature, the impact of nano-particles (NPs) on growth of higher plants has scantly been reported. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of zinc oxide nano-particles (<100 nm) on growth of maize (Zea mays L.) plant, as one of the major agricultural crops, in a solution culture system. Various concentrations of zinc (Zn) were applied through nano-zinc oxide (ZnO) particles (<100 nm) in suspension form and in ionic form through zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) salt in Hoagland solution culture. Experimental results showed that nano zinc oxide particles could enhance and maintain the growth of maize plant as well as conventional Zn fertilizer (as ZnSO₄). The plant parameters like plant height, root length, root volume, and dry matter weight were all improved due to application of zinc oxide nano-particle. These findings indicate that plant roots might have the unique mechanism of assimilating nano-Zn and using for its growth and development. Different enzymatic activities were also studied and experimental results revealed that nano-ZnO particles (<100 nm) also governed the enzymatic activity of maize plant. A separate laboratory experiment was also carried out to characterize the zinc oxide nano particle for its size, zeta potential, etc.     

锌肥对作物产量、子粒锌及土壤有效锌含量的后效

1 992年～ 1 998年在河南新乡缺锌褐土进行了微区定位试验 ,研究施锌对作物和土壤的长期效应。结果表明 :施锌提高第一茬作物小麦的分蘖数、穗数、穗长和第二茬作物玉米的穗长、穗粒数和粒重 ,从而显著增加小麦和玉米产量。不同用量的锌对作物产量影响未及显著差异水平。施锌对作物产量的后效不明显 ,最多能维持两茬作物。施锌显著提高土壤有效锌含量 ,尽管施用锌肥 ,经过 4茬之后 ,土壤有效锌含量仍维持在临界值之上 ,但作物产量没有多大影响。施锌显著提高前 2茬小麦和前 3茬玉米子粒中锌含量     

Effect of Sources,Methods and Time of Application of Zinc on Productivity,Zinc Uptake and Use Efficiency of Oats (Avena Sativa L.) Under Zinc Defficient Condition

A field experiment conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India showed that oats (Avena sativa L.) responded (grain yield increase) to zinc (Zn) fertilizer and coating of oat seeds with Zn sulfate or Zn oxide is the best practice. Zinc fertilizer applied to soil, deep placement (5 cm below the seed placement) was superior for growth and yield than soil surface (broadcast) application. Delaying Zn application to 25 days after sowing (first irrigation) was inferior to Zn application at sowing. Partial factor productivity (PFP) of applied Zn varied from 700–2,024 kg grain kg Zn^?1, agronomic efficiency (AE) varied from 62–428 kg grain increase kg^?1 Zn (applied) and physiological efficiency (PE) of Zn varied from 1,822–3,221 kg grain kg^?1 Zn (absorbed). The crop recovery efficiency (CRE) varied from 3.1–17.7%. Thus, adequate Zn fertilizer of oats can lead to higher grain yield and higher Zn concentration in grain (improved quality for human nutrition) under Zn deficient soil.     

不同脆化阶段草鱼肠道菌群动态变化、血清酶指标及生长性能

本研究旨在探讨草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)不同脆化阶段的肠道菌群组成结构、血清酶活性及生长性能,进而衡量脆肉鲩形成过程中的生理生化变化,以期为脆肉鲩的健康养殖提供科学数据.脆化不同阶段(30、60、90和120 d)的草鱼,在脆化结束后转投喂人工配合饲料30 d(第150天),鉴定整个过程中草鱼肠道菌群组成、血清酶活性和生长性能的变化.结果表明,60～150 d蚕豆组草鱼体重均低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),90～120 d蚕豆组草鱼头肾体指数(head kidney somatic index,HKBI)和肝体指数(hepatosomatic index,HSI)均低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),150 d时蚕豆组草鱼肝体指数与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05);蚕豆组草鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶和补体C3(第30天除外)活性均低于对照组的,在转投喂饲料后,3种血清酶活性均出现回升趋势;与对照组相比,蚕豆组草鱼肠道菌群多样性降低,芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)和鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium)等有益菌数量减少,维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)、温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)和鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)等条件致病菌数量增多.两组草鱼肠道核心菌群主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria).本研究结果提示,随着脆化时间的增加,摄食蚕豆改变草鱼肠道菌群组成、抑制血清酶活性和生长性能,在转投饲料后其肠道菌群、血清酶活性及生长性能均有所改善.本研究结果对脆肉鲩的健康养殖具有重要的科学指导意义.     

Effect of Acidification Stress on Endocrine and Immune Functions in Carp, Cyprinus Carpio

In this study, we examined the effects of chronic sublethal low pH exposure (pH 4.5) on endocrine and immune functions in carp. Plasma cortisol levels elevated rapidly from 3 hours after acid exposure and kept high until 2 days. Subsequently cortisol levels decreased gradually, but were significantly higher than those of control groups even at 4 weeks after acid exposure. Plasma immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels declined transiently at 1 week after the initiation of acid exposure, and then recovered to control levels at 4 weeks after acid exposure. Phagocytic rates of peripheral blood leukocytes also decreased significantly after 1 week of acid exposure, and was still low at 4 weeks. These results suggest that acidification stress causes a transient depression of the non-specific immune activity by the immunosuppressive effect of cortisol.     

琼胶寡糖对秋葵生长及品质的影响

为探究琼胶寡糖作为叶面肥的效果,本研究以秋葵为试验材料,以复合肥作为基肥(对照),在秋葵的生长过程中分别增施0.2‰琼胶寡糖(0.2‰ OA)、海藻肥基肥(SF),测定秋葵的生长指标、果实参数及营养品质。结果表明,与对照相比,0.2‰ OA显著促进了秋葵植株的生长并提高了果实产量和营养品质(P<0.05)。0.2‰OA组的秋葵产量较对照提高41.56%,果实中营养物质黄酮、果糖、果胶、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和Vc分别增加0.39个百分点、29.33%、93.28%、36.09%、19.75%和18.14%。海藻肥的促进效果虽稍逊于琼胶寡糖,但与对照相比仍有显著改善(P<0.05)。SF组产量较对照提高14.74%,其营养物质黄酮、果胶、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和Vc分别增加0.31个百分点、27.67%、13.26%、6.00%和5.07%。综上,琼胶寡糖能够明显改善果蔬的生长及品质,在高品质果蔬的生产中具有较大应用潜力。本研究结果为琼胶寡糖在高品质农业生产中的应用提供了理论依据。     

草鱼羧肽酶A1基因(CPA1)部分片段的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)多态性及其与生长性状的关联分析

羧肽酶A (EC 3.4.16)是一类水解蛋白和多肽底物C端芳香族氨基酸或脂肪族氨基酸残基的消化酶.在草鱼生长相关的功能基因上研究单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与生长的相关性可为草鱼的分子辅助育种提供依据.本研究根据草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)EST-SNP库的羧肽酶A1基因(CPA1)重叠群的2个Contig扩增该基因的序列片段,采用直接测序法,经过序列比对,共筛到2个颠换SNP位点:C+412A和A36C,分别位于CPA 1基因外显子5的34bp和内含子3的36 bp处,前者为错义突变.然后用一个群体的296尾草鱼对这2个位点用SnaPshot的方法进行检测和分型,统计基因型频率:A36C位点的AA基因型占26.7％,AC基因型占52.0％,CC基因型占21.3％.C+412A位点的AA基因型占15.5％,AC基因型占40.5％,CC基因型占43.9％.利用一般线性模型分析2个SNP位点与草鱼体质量、体长等重要生长性状的关系.关联分析结果显示,C+36A位点不同基因型在体质量、眼间距均值上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).并且AA基因型和CC基因型在体质量、体长、体宽和眼间距上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).AA基因型各项指标均值显著高于CC基因型.C+412A位点在体质量等生长性状上差异不显著(P＞0.05),该位点和生长不相关,但是CC基因型和AC基因型在体重和肛前距上差异显著(P＜0.05),该位点CC基因型的6个生长性状均值都高于AA基因型.由两个位点组成的5种双倍型在体质量上存在显著差异(P＜0.05).双倍型D3和D5在体质量上存在差异显著(P＜0.05).双倍型D3和D8在体质量、体宽、体长、体长/头长等生长性状上都存在显著差异(P＜0.05).D3的各项指标均值最高,D8的各项指标均值最低.本研究结果显示,可以考虑将草鱼CPA1基因作为候选基因,用于草鱼的分子辅助育种.     

外源生长激素对尼罗罗非鱼生长、骨骼肌纤维增生及肥大的影响

生长激素是影响动物生长发育的最重要内分泌激素,为了探讨外源生长激素对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)生长、骨骼肌纤维增生以及肥大的影响,本实验对同一批次尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼进行为期7周的外源重组人生长激素(hGH)肌肉注射,并设置了磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)注射对照组,每周注射1次,测量体重、体长等表型生长指标,同时,隔两周采集背部肌肉,利用石蜡切片技术分析骨骼肌背侧第一肌节中肌纤维数目与面积的变化.结果显示:(1)注射后第1周起,实验组鱼的体重、体长即高于对照组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);第5周起,实验组鱼体重显著高于对照组鱼(P＜0.05),第7周起,实验组鱼体长极显著高于对照组鱼(P＜0.01).(2)注射后第1周起,实验组鱼肌纤维数目、总面积均高于对照组鱼,差异不显著(P＞0.05);第5周起,实验组鱼肌纤维的外源性增生和肥大现象极显著(P＜0.01).研究结果表明,外源生长激素对尼罗罗非鱼的表型生长、骨骼肌肌纤维的增生与肥大均有显著促进作用,肌肉生长中以肥大生长更为明显.     

表皮生长因子（EGF）对牛前脂肪细胞增殖和分化的影响

以分离新生牛腹股沟白色脂肪组织的前脂肪细胞进行原代培养为基础,采用MTT比色法和油红O提取比色法研究表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)对牛前脂肪细胞增殖及分化的影响,同时通过半定量RT-PCR检测不同浓度EGF处理细胞第8天时对分化标志基因脂蛋白酯酶(lipoprotein lipase,LPL)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ,PPARγ)、脂肪细胞脂肪酸结合蛋白(adipocyte fatty-acid-binding protein,A-FABP)mRNA表达的影响.结果表明,10 ng/mL EGF能极显著地促进前脂肪细胞的增殖(P<0.01),在分化诱导后添加不同浓度的EGF在第8天均可促进脂肪细胞的分化,并能促进脂肪细胞分化标志基因LPL、PPARγ和A-FABPmRNA的表达.EGF可以促进牛前脂肪细胞的增殖和分化.     

Mutual Effects of Boron and Zinc on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Growth and Mineral Nutrition

The mutual effects of boron (B) and zinc (Zn) on growth, total chlorophyll (Chl), membrane permeability (MP), and nutrient content were investigated in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The soil was treated with five levels of B (0, 4, 8, 16, 32 mg kg^?1) and three levels of Zn (0, 10, 20 mg kg^?1). Plant growth was progressively depressed with increasing of B. However, Zn addition had an inhibitory effect on B toxicity and decreased growth reduction caused by excess B. In Zn-untreated plants, B and Zn contents were enhanced by increasing of B; moreover, both Zn and B addition enhanced Zn content. The Chl content decreased and MP increased, resulting from B toxicity; however, Zn addition partially ameliorated the adverse effects of B toxicity on Chl and MP. Increasing B enhanced phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), Zn, copper (Cu), and sodium (Na) contents in peanut shoots.