Levels and Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Soils from Red River Delta, Vietnam

Levels and chemical forms of heavy metals in forest, paddy, and upland field soils from the Red River Delta, Vietnam were examined. Forest soils contained high Cr and Cu levels that were higher in subsurface than in surface layers. Levels of Cu, Pb, and Zn that exceeded the limits allowed for Vietnamese agricultural soils were found in the surface layer of a paddy field near the wastewater channel of a copper casting village. High amounts of Zn accumulated in the surface soil of paddy fields close to a fertilizer factory and an industrial zone. In these cases, larger proportions of Cu, Pb, and Zn were found in the exchangeable and acid-soluble fractions compared to the low-metal soils. We conclude that no serious, large-scale heavy metal pollution exists in the Red River Delta. However, there are point pollutions caused by industrial activities and natural sources.     

上海城市中心区不同类型绿地土壤重金属污染特征

对上海城市中心城区公园绿地土壤和道路绿地土壤中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd和Ni的污染特征进行了研究,发现除Cr和Ni外,土壤中重金属均出现富集现象,且公园绿地土壤中重金属含量普遍低于道路绿地土壤;土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价结果表明6种重金属中,Cd污染最严重,其潜在生态危害系数最高,总体上公园绿地土壤重金属污染潜...     

Heavy Metals Analysis of Solid Municipal Wastes in the Western Part of Nigeria

The heavy metal contents of solid municipal wastes produced at various (sites) in Lagos (1), Ibadan (1), Ogbomoso (2), Ilorin (1), Osogbo (1), Ile-Ife (1), Ejigbo (2), Iwo (1) and Oyo (1) were measured. The solid municipal wastes produced in high density towns showed higher levels of iron, zinc, and cadmium (P <0.05). There is no significant difference (P <0.05) between the mean concentrations of other metals in the high and low density towns. The inter-element correlation and significance of some heavy metal levels in Nigerian environment are discussed.     

The Influence of Heavy Metals on Carbon Dioxide Evolution from a Typic Xerochrept Soil

In a laboratory study the effects on soil respiration of trace metals (Ni, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn)added at loading rates ranging from 0 to 1000 µg g-1 were determined. Differences intoxicity with respect to the type of metal salt added were also evaluated. The inhibitory effect onsoil respiration differed considerably among the heavy metals and increased with the increasingloading rate. No linear relationships were found between the degree of inhibition and the levels oftotal and available metals. Toxicity evaluation at 20 and 50% inhibition of soil respiration showedCu as the most toxic and Mn as the most tolerable metal. A ‘metal equivalent’ was calculated asthe sum of the amounts of the available metals weighted to their relative toxicity with respect tothe least toxic one: Mn equivalent = Mn + 1.9Pb + 2.1Ni + 2.5Zn + 6.7Cd + 6.7Cu. The ionicpotential of the heavy metals was found to be positively related to the percent inhibition of soilrespiration. Chlorides and sulphates appeared to depress soil respiration more than nitrates, thelatter counter-balancing the toxic effect of the heavy metals.     

Zinc Sorption in Sandy Soils from Central Vietnam as a Function of Soil Characteristics

Zinc (Zn) sorption curves were established for 11 cultivated sandy soils from central Vietnam. Soil samples (10 g) were equilibrated with 5 mM calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solutions (50 mL) at five zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) concentrations (0 to 80 mg Zn L^–1). The experimental sorption data were fitted with the Freundlich equation. The amounts of Zn sorbed by soil (Q_Zn) at different Zn concentrations in the equilibrium solution (C_Zn) were closely related to cation exchange capacity (CEC) and pH, that is, to the available exchange sites at given pH values. More specifically, an excellent correlation was found between Zn sorption and exchangeable calcium (Ca_ex), which evidently also depends on CEC and pH. A unique equation was proposed to predict Q_Zn from C_Zn and Ca_ex in the range of Zn loading covered in our research, that is, from traces to Q_Zn ≈ 60 mg Zn kg^–1.     

Heavy Metals Removal in a Horizontal Rotating Tubular Bioreactor

Mixed microbial culture was isolated from heavy metal-contaminated ground soils located inside iron, vinyl and cement factory area. Isolated mixed microbial culture was used for the heavy metal ions (Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺) removal process in horizontal rotating tubular bioreactor (HRTB). In this research, the effect of bioreactor process parameters on the bioprocess dynamics in the HRTB was studied. Results of this research have shown that profiles of heavy metals concentration were gradually reduced along HRTB at all combinations of bioreactor process parameters [inflow rates (0.5?C2.0 L?h^-1) and rotation speed (5?C30 min^-1)]. Hydrodynamic conditions and biomass sorption capacity have main impact on the metal ions removal efficiency that was varied in the range of 38.1% to 95.5%. Notable pH gradient (cca 0.7 pH unit) along the HRTB was only observed at the inflow rate of 2.0 L?h^-1. On the basis of obtained results, it is clear that medium inflow rate (F) has higher impact on the heavy metal removal process than bioreactor rotation speed (n) due to the fact that increase of inflow rate was related to the reduction of equilibrium time for all examined metal ions. Furthermore, equilibrium times for all metal ions are significantly shorter than medium residence times at all examined combinations of bioreactor process parameters. The main impact on the biofilm sorption capacity has covalent index of metal ions and biofilm volumetric density. The sorption capacity of suspended microbial biomass is closely related to its concentration. Results of this research have also shown that the removal of heavy metals ion can be successfully conducted in an HRTB as a one-step process.     

巢湖闸口区底泥重金属含量的研究

研究对巢湖地区巢湖闸口水域五个点的底泥重金属含量进行采样并用原子光度吸收测定了样品重金属含量,用潜在危害的方法对底泥重金属污染作了评价,并对各种重金属的毒性作了分析。结果表明重金属的含量最高为大闸口处,而镉含量最高为水泥厂排污口。潜在毒性分析表明闸口处底泥所测重金属中镉含量已经造成很强的生态危害,尽管其他重金属的污染评价均是轻微危害,但仍然需引起足够的重视。     

Minor Elements and Trace Metals in the Shell of Marine Gastropods from a Shore in Tropical East Africa

The concentrations of minor elements (magnesium and strontium)and trace metals (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) in the shellof fifty-nine species of marine gastropod collected from a shorein tropical East Africa are reported. Mean trace metalconcentrations and range of concentrations in the fifty-threespecies having an aragonitic shell were: iron, 17.5 μg g^-1, range 7.2 to 30.6 μg g^-1; manganese 2.4 μgg^-1, range 1.8 to 3.4 μg g^-1; copper, 1.2 μgg^-1, range 0.6 to 2.4 μg g^-1 and zinc, 1.5 μgg^-1, range 0.8 to 2.6 μg g^-1. The six species ofthe Nerita included in the study all had a shell of mixedmineralogy, a high magnesium concentration (2550 to 3407 μgg^-1) and relatively elevated concentrations of the tracemetals, manganese, copper and zinc (mean concentrations, 7.5,3.4 and 5.5 μg g^-1, respectively). Highestconcentrations of all three metals occurred in the shell of N. albicilla. Manganese, copper and zinc concentrations inshells of a population of N. albicilla (n = 20) taken fromthe Kenyan coast were higher than those in a similar populationof shells taken from Aldabra Atoll (Seychelles) by factors of29, 10 and 2.6, respectively. Of the fifty-nine species ofmarine gastropod included in this study the shell of N.albicilla is identified as having the greatest potential as abiomonitoring tissue for trace metals.     

Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils around a chromite mine in Vietnam

Abstract

In Vietnam, the Co Dinh mine is the largest chromite mine in the country. Mining, ore dressing and disposal of the tailings provide obvious sources of heavy metal contamination in the mine area. The present study examined the influence of chromite mining activities on the adjacent lowland paddy field by investigating heavy metal and As levels in the mine tailings, sediments, paddy soils and water. At paddy fields located near the mine tailings, the total contents of Cr, Co and Ni were 5,750, 375 and 5,590?mg?kg^?1, and the contents of their water-extractable form were 12.7, 1.16 and 32.3?mg?kg^?1, respectively. These results revealed severe contamination of lowland paddy soils with Cr, Co and Ni as a result of mining activity, suggesting serious health hazards through agricultural products, including livestock in this area. The principal source of the pollution was sediment inflow owing to the collapse of the dike, which was poorly constructed by heaping up soil. Moreover, water flowing out from the mining area was also polluted with Cr and Ni (15.0–41.0 and 20.0–135?μg?L^?1, respectively). This might raise another problem of heavy metal pollution of watercourses in the area, indicating the need for further investigation and monitoring of fluctuations of water quality with seasonal changes.     

襄阳古城表层土壤重金属污染特征研究

采集到襄阳古城71个表层土壤样品,测定了其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属含量,用反距离加权插值法分析了重金属分布特征,用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数进行了污染评价,并用主成分和聚类分析探讨了重金属污染来源。结果表明:襄阳古城表土样品中Hg的平均含量为1.04±1.10 mg kg~(-1),富集最为显著(可达70倍于背景值),其高浓度分布基本与居民区、污水处理厂、垃圾转运场以及人口密集区重合;Cd、Zn、Pb的平均含量分别为0.46±0.15 mg kg~(-1)、160.5±62.97 mg kg~(-1)和46.8±17.34 mg kg~(-1),也发生富集(可达数倍于背景值),高值总体沿NW-SE向分布,且三者的高值分布区域基本重合,指向交通繁忙地点;其它几种元素未明显富集。Hg总体出现中度至重度污染(I_(geo)平均2.52),达到了极高生态风险级别(潜在生态风险因子E_i平均519);Cd总体出现轻度至中度污染(I_(geo)平均0.77),达到较高生态风险级别(E_i平均80.65);Cu、Pb、Zn无污染至轻度污染(I_(geo)<1),As、Cr、Ni无污染(I_(geo)<0),它们为低生态风险级别(E_i<40);8种重金属总体达到了高生态风险级别(RI平均633)。襄阳古城表土样品中Hg主要来自垃圾和污水处理、燃煤等,Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb具同源性应主要源自交通和燃煤,As可能源自农药施用,Cr和Ni具同源性主要为自然来源。     

城市河流淤泥中重金属释放规律的研究

研究了哈尔滨何家沟淤泥中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd释放的动力学过程及其影响因素,并用二级反应动力学等方程对其进行描述。结果表明,二级反应动力学方程拟合效果最好(r>0.9,n=17,p=0.001),释放速率为Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb,最大释放量为Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb,释放程度为Cu>Zn>Cd>Pb。影响因素实验结果显示,pH值对重金属的释放影响最大,而温度、盐度、泥水比的影响相对较小,且随着温度、盐度、泥水比的升高,淤泥中重金属的释放量呈增加趋势。     

褶牡蛎对重金属的生物富集动力学特性研究

应用实验生态方法研究了褶牡蛎对8种常见的重金属生物富集动力学特性,得出了褶牡蛎对重金属的生物富集系数、生物半衰期以及生物富集曲线。结果表明,到积累实验结束时褶牡蛎对Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni和Hg的生物富集系数分别是15．60、26．53、60．06、7．61、5．82和47．88,褶牡蛎对Cu和As的富集规律不明显,生物富集曲线分别为yPI7=0．4046e^0.1168xR^2=0．7378,yZn=0．0408x^2＋0．2909x＋59．969 R^2=0．9307,yGl=2．5263e^0.0867x R^2=0．7089,YCr=0．6832e^0.0942x R^2=0．8544,yNi=0．4178e^0.0714x R^2=0．6856和yHg=0．0015x^2＋0．0444x＋0：0644 R^2=0．8301,以积累实验结束时的生物富集系数为基准,褶牡蛎对这几种重金属的富集能力为Cd〉Hg〉Zn〉Pb〉Cr〉Ni;到释放实验结束时褶牡蛎对Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和Hg的生物半衰期分别是23．1、13031．7、67,7、32．9和36．1d,褶牡蛎是Zn、Cd和Hg的强的净积累者,以释放实验结束时的生物半衰期为基准,褶牛十蛎对这几种重金属的排毒释放顺序为Pb〉Cr〉Hg〉Cd〉Zn。     

Mechanisms for Translocation of Heavy Metals from Soil to Epigeal Mosses

The mechanisms for translocation of heavy metals from soil to epigeal mosses were investigated. The first mechanism was demonstrated for ¹³⁷Cs and involved the uplifting of the pollutant-containing dust from the soil, followed by the local secondary deposition on surfaces of epigeal mosses and epiphytic lichens. The second mechanism involved the diffusion of metal cations from the soil through water wetting the moss into the gametophyte. The mechanism was demonstrated by measuring the electric conductance of wetted gametophytes with single ends immersed in solutions of Cu and Na salts. In addition, the concentrations of Cu and Cd were compared in moss samples exposed to the natural soil and to the soil contaminated with the metals. The exposition to the contaminated soil resulted in the statistically significant increase of metal concentrations in the gametophytes.     

Removal of Heavy Metals from Calcareous Contaminated Soils by EDTA Leaching

The performance of EDTA for the treatment of calcareous soils contaminated with heavy metals from mining and smelting activities was evaluated in this study. Soil samples containing variable levels of contamination, from 500 to 35 000 mg kg^-1 Pb and 700 to 20 000 mg kg^-1 Zn, were subjected to EDTA treatment and the extraction of heavy metals was found to vary, ranging between 50 and 98% for Pb and 50 to 100% for Zn. Total residual concentrations were above the limits set by regulatory authorities; leachable metals, however, were efficiently removed and treated soils were all acceptable in terms of toxicity. The effect of EDTA concentration and pulp density was studied on a soil sample containing 12 000 mg kg^-1 Pb and 10 000 mg kg^-1 Zn. Heavy metals removal was improved at low pulp densities and when EDTA concentration was increased from 0.025 to 0.25 M. The tetrasodium salt Na₄-EDTA was found to be less effective for metals removal compared to the disodium salt Na₂-EDTA, though applied at higher concentrations. This experimental work has also demonstrated the great importance of soil matrix for the overall evaluation of the EDTA leaching as a cost effective remedial option. The simultaneous dissolution of calcite was found to consume approximately 90% of the available EDTA. It was thus concluded that for the treatment of calcareous soils the design criteria and cost estimations should be based on the calcite content of the soil.     

Removal of Heavy Metals from Soils using Enhanced Electrokinetic Soil Processing

In order to remediate contaminated land, a new process of electrokinetic purging of heavy metals from saturated soil is examined by laboratory experiments. Electrokinetic soil remediation is one of the most promising soil decontamination processes as it has high removal efficiency and time-effectiveness in low permeability soils such as clay. Being combined with several mechanisms-electromigration, electroosmosis, diffusion and electrolysis of water, electrokinetic soil processing can remove non-polar organics as well as ionic contaminants. This study suggests that the removal efficiencies for Pb and Cd are significantly influencedby applied voltage and current, type of purging solutions, soilpH, permeability and zeta potential of soil. The removal efficiencies for Pb and Cd were 75–85% for the kaolinite soil and 50–70% for the tailing soil over the duration of 4 days. For heavy metals, their adsorption capacities on the soil surface and mobilities in soil have significant effects on the removal efficiency.     

Use of Power Plant Ash to Remove and Solidify Heavy Metals from a Metal-finishing Wastewater

This laboratory-scale study investigated initially the potential of heavy metal removal from a metal-finishing wastewater using fly and bottom ash from a power plant as coagulants. It was found that the maximum heavy metal content in the ash–sludge mix was obtained at a fly ash-to-bottom ash ratio of 1.5:1 and a stirring time of 3 h, which resulted in heavy metal removal (i.e., Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in excess of 99%, with effluent concentrations below the corresponding regulatory standards of Thailand. Furthermore, the feasibility of using fly ash as an admixture to stabilize and solidify the ash–sludge mix generated previously was explored. Results indicated that the stabilization/solidification process can achieve a high level of heavy metal removal efficiency from the ash–sludge mix. The optimum ratio regarding chromium leaching was found to be 1:0.75:0.75 (cement:fly ash:ash–sludge). In addition, the compressive strength and the chromium leaching concentration of the solidified sludge were within acceptable levels for secure landfill disposal and/or use as a construction material.     

Potential of Water Hyacinth as a Removal Agent for Heavy Metals from Petroleum Refinery Effluents

Effluents from petroleum refineries contain a diverse range of pollutants including heavy metals. They also contain oil and grease, phenols, sulphides, dissolved solids, suspended solids and BOD-bearing materials. An overview of heavy metal removal from industrial effluents with emphasis on biological methods is given. Results of studies to remove heavy metals in effluents from a petroleum refinery by water hyacinth were presented. Limited success has been demonstrated for the case of iron and zinc, but further work needs to be done. There is a need to strike the right balance between the possible amount of uptake of heavy metal ions and the tendency to suffocate the ecosystem through the depletion and reduction of light and dissolved oxygen. Similarly there is a need for better understanding of the process of enhancement of the capability the water hyacinth to uptake heavy metal ions before the on-set of toxic accumulation.     

Bivalves and Heavy Metals in Polluted Sediments: a Chemometric Approach

Copper, lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, manganese, iron and nickel were determined in near-shore sediments in the harbour of Trieste (Northern Adriatic), in an area highly exposed to urban and industrial wastes, where severe alteration of benthic population was observed. A typical bivalve of this area,Corbula gibba, was used as bioindicator of sea-bottom pollution. Multivariate statistical analysis of the chemical data interpret concentrations and distributions of heavy metals in these sediments, attesting anthropogenic source for Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn. Using labile fractions of heavy metals in sediments as ‘predictors’, and length or bionnass of the bivalve as dependent variables, we obtained, by a multiple regression procedure, a predictive model showing the influence of metals on this benthic organism of this polluted area.     

蓖麻(Ricinus communist L.)对锰矿区土壤中重金属累积特性的研究

为探讨蓖麻(Ricinus communist L.)对锰矿区土壤生态修复及能源化利用潜力,将不同品种蓖麻湘蓖1号和淄蓖7号播种在锰尾矿库土壤上,进入生殖生长阶段时采收全株,测定栽植土壤及植株根、茎、叶中5种重金属元素含量。结果显示:土壤中Mn平均含量最高达7 884.96 mg·kg-1,超过国家规定的土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准6.5倍;湘蓖1号不同器官的Mn浓度从高至低为根叶茎,淄蓖7号不同器官Mn含量叶茎根,其叶中Mn平均浓度最高为765.43 mg·kg-1,较湘蓖1号叶中的平均含量高出79.53%,Pb、Cu、Cr含量及叶/根比值均大于湘蓖1号;植株体内重金属含量与土壤中重金属浓度的相关分析表明,重金属的积累量和转移量,受到土壤中几种重金属元素的共同影响。结果说明:2个品种的蓖麻均可以作为锰矿区能源化修复利用,对重金属的吸收和转运在品种间存在差异,淄蓖7号地上部分对重金属的迁移能力强于湘蓖1号。     

猪粪堆肥中水分散性胶体的重金属分布研究

对猪粪有机肥中胶体态重金属的分布进行了定量分析。结果表明,水提取态Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn主要以胶体态存在,Ni、Cr、Cd、As几乎都以可溶态存在。胶体态Cu在0.02~0.2μm胶体中的含量最高,胶体态Zn、Fe、Mn在粒径为1~10μm的大粒径胶体中含量最高。在长期连续施用有机肥引起重金属积累的土壤中,高Cu负荷的小粒径胶体可能会引起深层土壤中重金属积累问题,胶体态有机碳与可溶态有机碳对重金属结合能力的不同可能是导致重金属分布存在差异的重要原因。重金属在不同粒径的分布特征可以为讨论猪粪有机肥中的重金属在环境中的化学行为提供论据。