淮南市集中式饮用水水源保护区环境风险调查分析与保护对策

指出了集中式饮用水源地的安全是人民群众健康的保证,也是衡量社会发展和人民生活水平的重要指标之一。根据淮南市辖区内8个集中式生活饮用水源保护区划分情况,开展了淮南市集中饮用水水源保护区的环境风险调查及环境风险分析,并对淮南市集中式饮用水水源地的保护提出了对策与建议。     

沈阳市建成区植被环境效益分析

以基于GIS为基础的城市植被分析软件———CITYgreen的要求对沈阳市建成区进行调查,并统计分析,获得沈阳市建成区绿色覆盖现状,各用地类型植被的环境效益以及沈阳市建成区的总体环境效益。结果表明,沈阳市建成区的绿色覆盖(树冠与草地之和)率以绿化类用地最高;植被净化效益的主体为树木覆盖,植被环境效益与树冠覆盖比呈现正相关关系,单位面积的净化效益以绿化用地最高,商业金融用地最低;建成区总碳贮存为199 485.4t,每年的碳存留为879.6478t,O3的去除量为71 283.89kg,SO2的去除量为22 163.97kg,NO2的去除量为40 876.3kg,PM10的去除量为61 494.02kg,CO的去除量为8 149.331kg。该文还对提高环境质量提出建议。     

Analysis and evaluation of agroforestry as an alternative environmental design in the Philippines

Tabora, Panfilo C. Analysis and evaluation of agroforestry as an alternative environmental design in the Philippines.Agroforestry as a land-use concept and an environmental design was analyzed and evaluated from the Philippines setting. A historical perspective of agroforestry was presented and the study explores the direction that agroforestry has taken in recent years as a socio-economic tool, a conservation strategy and a political expediency.The concepts of agroforestry were analyzed and used as the bases for evaluation. Five general socially-oriented concepts were examined: social relevance (appropriateness); profitability; balance (equilibrium); versatility and creativity; and longevity and reliability. These were related to five agroecosystem principles: ecological integrity; productivity; stability; flexibility and resiliency; and sustainability and conservation. All these were interrelated to many attributes under a unified Agroecosystem Analysis Framework.Seven current programs in the Philippines which promote agroforestry were also examined and evaluated based on the Agroecosystem Analysis Framework. A closer look at the impacts of the programs was done and ratings were given for each program. The Multiple Cropping Program and the Integrated Social Forestry Program came out with the most positive results.For a closer focus, a site was selected and five cases from the site were evaluated based on a reconstruction of the events and experience in the area over 14 years. The Mixed-Crops Agroforestry (representing the ideal agroforestry) came out with a rating equivalent to the Coconut and Abaca-based Agroforestry. The Industrial Tree Plantation came out with the lowest rating.The study concludes that agroforestry has a role as an environmental design, but that its usefulness has limitations due to some physical constraints and social and economic values that have to be overcome. Recommendations are provided for policy-making for agroforestry.Portion of a study submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science & Forestry, May, 1986.Presently Leader of the Diversification Program of the Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research.     

湘江长株潭段水环境容量研究

以非持久性污染物COD和NH3—N作为代表性预测污染因子,以大量湘江长株潭段的环境状况检测和质量评价数据为基础,采用二维水质模型计算,对湘江长株潭段水环境容量进行研究。结果表明,湘江长株潭段水COD环境容量为66 052 t/年,NH3—N环境容量为6 600.2 t/年。现状COD排放量为102 052 t/年,是环境容量的1.5倍;NH3—N排放量为19 951 t/年,是环境容量的3倍。COD和NH3—N分别需削减35%和67%才能满足允许排放量的需要。     

Preserve and produce: experience in implementing payments for environmental services in two indigenous communities in the Northern and Southern ranges of Oaxaca,Mexico

Payments for environmental services (PES) are conservation instruments in place in various Latin American countries. They are generally undergoing adjustment and implementation changes, and they are widely implemented in indigenous communities. This article aims to suggest a relevant group of context variables in PES implementation. Characterizing the local context of two indigenous communities located in Oaxaca, Mexico, and analyzing the relationship between the local context and PES implementation and outcomes perceptions.

The work is based on 75 surveys administered to beneficiary families of the instrument in the two localities. The results suggest three conclusions:

The pertinence of the nine focal variables: “Forest cover, Opportunity costs, Livelihoods, Trust and cooperation, Motivations toward conservation, Management practices, Internal organization, Land tenure and Rules for the management and use” to the characterization of the local context. And the relevance of the new focal variable “Presence and experience with Civil Society Organizations”.

The coincidence between the contextual variables and the determinants of the success of conservation instruments.

Finally, the incidence of “Trust and cooperation” and “Internal organization” in the implementation of equitable PES schemes. And the importance of linking sustainable production to PES conservation schemes.     

山旱塬区花牛苹果树干茎流及其与环境因子的关系

为探明山旱塬区苹果园耗水规律以及影响果树耗水的主导因子,确定水分承载力,合理配置有限的水资源,于2014~2015年采用SF-L树干茎流仪和Watch Dog 2900ET自动气象站对山旱塬区花牛苹果树干茎流及环境因子进行了连续观测,分析了花牛苹果树干茎流速率的变化规律及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明,在果树生长周期,各月份根据日均茎流速率由大到小排列依次为5月、6月、7月、8月、9月,随着月份的递增,茎流峰值出现时间逐渐延迟;5~9月份苹果树干茎流速率变化规律表现为昼高夜低,7:00~9:00树干茎流速率开始急速上升,12:00~15:00达到最大值,17:00~18:00开始逐步下降,21:00趋于稳定;不同天气条件下苹果树干茎流速率为晴天大于雨天;对茎流速率与环境因子的相关性分析结果表明,太阳辐射强度、相对湿度、空气温度、饱和水气压差、露点温度与树干茎流速率呈极显著性相关,风速对茎流速率也有一定影响。     

Estimation of the environmental value of recycled wood wastes: A conjoint analysis study

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the environmental value of recycled wood wastes using conjoint analysis. Conjoint analysis is one of many multi-attribute preference-elicitation techniques widely used in market research. A comparison of the pair-wise rating method and the choice experiment elicitation method is made. An empirical study estimates the value of recycled water cleaners using pair-wise rating and choice experiments. Water cleaners have many attributes, including their cleaning performance, replacement time, size, color, and price. Existing water-cleaning filters use propylene or polyethylene, which are made from petroleum resources. These filters become waste after being replaced. Another type of water-cleaning filter is being developed, known as a “recycled filter,” which is made from construction industry wood wastes and logs from thinning. This recycled filter can subsequently be dissolved by bacteria. An empirical study of recycled water-cleaning filters made from wood wastes shows that recycling has significant value as estimated by both pair-wise rating and choice experiments. However, the estimated marginal willingness to pay for recycling differs between the two methods. It may be that profile design effects appear in our survey.     

千层金油芳香水的化学成分分析

采用GC和GC-MS分析水蒸气蒸馏法提取千层金挥发油的千层金油芳香水中溶于（或微溶于）水的芳香组分,并与千层金油的化学成分进行对比,得出千层金油的主要成分为丁香酚甲醚,含量达90%。千层金芳香水和千层金油样品的主要化学成分基本一致。水蒸气蒸馏法提取千层金挥发油的千层金芳香水可以采用复馏工艺回收溶于水的轻组分以提高得率,也可开发一系列新产品。     

北京市浅山区森林生态系统服务功能评估

文章对北京市浅山区森林生态系统的多种生态功能进行评估,从调节服务、支持服务以及文化服务3方面构建适宜的森林生态系统服务评价指标体系。综合运用Invest、USLE模型、ITREE效益计算器以及GIS空间分析技术,对浅山区森林生态系统涵养水源、固碳释氧、土壤保持、生境保护、森林游憩生态系统服务功能进行评估,识别关键保护区域,并提出相应的保护修复措施,为北京市林业可持续发展和生态保护修复优化战略提供一定的基础与科学依据。     

基于城市现代有轨电车建设的环境影响分析——以沈阳有轨电车建设项目为例

指出了近年来随着城市的发展,人口和汽车数量不断增多,公共交通体系急需升级,轨道交通成为城市公交系统发展方向之一。以沈阳有轨电车项目为例进行了分析,根据典型路段预测了结果:在有轨电车最高运行时速情况下,距轨道中心线20m处,大部分路段均能满足2类功能区噪声标准要求,个别路段超标原因是本底噪声较大。有轨电车项目对噪声增加的贡献值较小,不会对噪声敏感点产生较大影响。     

Local and regional environmental variation influences the growth of tropical trees in selection trials in the Republic of Panama

Native Neotropical trees are being increasingly planted for restoration purposes and timber production, but we lack species-specific data on growth responses to different regional climates and local environmental variation. We used regression trees and variance components to quantify the effects of within- and among-site environmental variation on the basal area (BA) of 21 Neotropical and two exotic tree species at three selection trials in the Republic of Panama. Sites represented distinct regional climates in which annual rainfall varied from 1100 to 2226 mm, with dry seasons of 4.1–6.7 months. Local environmental variables included measures of slope steepness and position, soil texture, soil color, and indicators of soil condition, such as subsoil rockiness.     

新疆博乐市饮用水源地水环境质量现状及预警

指出了城市集中饮用水是关系人民群众的大事,其水源水质的好坏直接关系到人民群众的身体健康,根据博州环境监测站对博乐市饮用水源地水质的监测数据,分析了博乐市地下饮用水源地从2007～2012年水质的变化情况、水环境质量现状以及存在的问题,并从污染防治、农村面源污染、应急预警等方面突出重点,提出有针对性的保护措施。     

大中山自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

从生态系统服务功能的概念入手,根据观测和研究资料,采用替代工程法、市场价值法等方法,从直接和间接价值两个方面评价了大中山自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能的价值。结果表明,大中山自然保护区森林生态系统的生态服务功能总价值每年为5.62×10^8元,其中涵养水源价值为3.29×10^8元,净化水质价值为5.69×10^7元,保持水土价值为5.64×10^7元,固碳制氧价值为6.11×10^7元,净化环境价值为4.13×10^7元,林、粟及副产品等直接经济价值为1.75×10^7元。     

Application of the analytic hierarchy process to riparian revegetation policy options

While riparian vegetation can play a major role in protecting land, water and natural habitat in catchments, there are high costs associated with tree planting and establishment and in diverting land from cropping. The distribution of costs and benefits of riparian revegetation creates conflicts in the objectives of various stakeholder groups, and elicitation of importance weights of objectives and determination of rankings of a number of policy options by these stakeholder groups becomes critical in decision-making. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a multicriteria analysis technique that provides an appropriate tool to accommodate the conflicting views of various stakeholder groups. The AHP allows the users to assess the relative importance of multiple criteria (or multiple alternatives against a given criterion) in an intuitive manner. This paper presents an application of AHP to obtain preference weights of environmental, social and economic objectives which have been used in ranking riparian revegetation policy options in a small catchment (watershed) in north Queensland, Australia. The preference weights towards environmental, economic and social objectives have been obtained for the various stakeholder groups (landholders, representatives of local sugar mill staff, environmentalists, recreational fishers and the local community). The AHP technique has proved useful in eliciting objectives and ranking policy options as well as in checking for consistency of the statements of stakeholder groups. Implementation of this approach requires a complex data elicitation process.     

天水市生态旅游环境质量现状分析

为了评估森林的生态服务,提高森林生态效益认识,指导天水市生态旅游建设与管理,实现关中—天水经济区发展规划和天水市森林资源资产的价值,通过分层随机抽样,对SO2、NOx、大气总悬浮微粒进行实地调查,利用地统计学技术得出天水市生态旅游区SO2、NOx、大气总悬浮微粒分布的一些定性、定量结论:①仙人崖、马跑泉公园空气质量处于一级;②净土寺NOx含量在三级,其余都为一级;③仙人崖日大气悬浮物含量最高,其次是马跑泉公园、玉泉观和南郭寺,净土寺和麦积山植物园大气悬浮物含量低,其含量都很高,超过三级标准。并得出SO2、NOx和总悬浮颗粒物在空间上不相关,其变化不是由森林覆盖率、林种类型、温度、时间、大气环境等结构性因素引起的,而是由人为因素引起的。     

生态系统服务功能视角下的农业园规划研究——以罗山县石山口生态农业园为例

以罗山县石山口生态农业园规划设计项目为例,在分析生态系统提供服务功能的基础上,通过产业规划定位与功能布局、生态环境保护与恢复治理规划、游憩景观规划3个层面来确保其物质产品生产功能、生态安全维护功能和景观文化承载功能,从而达到园区经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的共同实现。     

长春市饮水水源上游河流绿化情况的调查

长春市饮水水源上游河流的调查结果表明：影响长春市饮水水源的大小河流有20条,其中流域长度在15 km以上的有13条,其余的均在2～15 km之间。全区河流总长度为437.38 km,河流绿化的总长度为61.1 km,河流绿化率为13.96%。全区水土流失面积54 000 hm2,每年流失土壤167.34万t,每年流失到下游河道及水库的泥沙约225万t。建议用3 a时间把饮马河、双阳河及流入上述河流的20余条河流及水库周围全部绿化起来,确保长春市饮水水源的安全。     

A case study using remote sensing data to compare biophysical properties of a forest and an urban area in Northern Alabama,USA

ABSTRACT

The quantification of major biophysical features of forest and urban areas is important for assessing ecological service from land use change and is necessary for sustainable regional planning. This study compares biophysical indicators related to local climate, air quality, and hydrology using remote sensing and derived data at a representative forest area to a nearby urban area located in Huntsville, Alabama. Results indicate that (a) there was a higher albedo, a lower average air temperature, and 10% more annual precipitation in the forest area; the assumed air conditioner working time was about 7 days more per year in the urban area; (b) there was better air quality in the forest area based on lower levels of PM2.5, PM10, and SO₂; and (c) there was a higher latent heat, more runoff per year (both aboveground and belowground runoff), and a greater soil water content at the forest area. Although Huntsville is a small city, there were some profound biophysical differences in this urban area compared to the nearby forest. These results are useful for analyzing sustainability, planning regional resources (e.g., energy, air, and water), and estimating ecological services from forests.     

基于二维水动力模型的应急水源地引调水方案优化设计

近年来,各城市应急水源地工程建设较多,为改善水源地水动力情况,以某市拟建设的应急水源地为例,以二维水动力模型为基础,通过水体流速和换水周期两个比选条件准确、快速地优化出较为合理的引调水方案。结果表明：四种方案下,水源地流速情况和平均换水周期差别不大,整体换水周期有所不同,其主要取决于死水区处水体的置换情况;当两个进水口设置在盛行风向的垂直风向上同时进水,并开启上风向处的出水口时,应急水源地水体置换的效果较好。     

宣化庭院漏斗架式葡萄栽培模式的生态系统服务功能研究

宣化牛奶葡萄以庭院式栽培为主,目前仍大量沿用传统的漏斗式栽培模式。为了给这种传统葡萄栽培方式的传承和保护提供科学依据,采用野外观测及农户调查等方法对漏斗葡萄栽培模式的生态系统服务功能进行了研究。研究结果表明,该模式葡萄产量为2.65万kg/hm2,经济收益可达18.38万元/hm2,宣化区总产量达到3 600多t,经济收入达到2 500万元;该栽培模式在庭院中创造了丰富的生态位,具有丰富的生物多样性,在调查的30个农户中,观察到87种植物,分属43科62属;漏斗葡萄地上部分碳贮量可以达到5.85t/hm2,而且由于寿命较长,葡萄植物体内存贮的碳能够得到长期固定;同时,漏斗葡萄造型优美,景观独特,具有突出的旅游开发价值。