森林经营方案编制中的冲突与协调

阐述了在编制森林经营方案过程中遇到的冲突问题,通过分析冲突的起因和表现,指出我国森林经营方案编制中没有或较少有公众参与,各相关利益者之间缺少交流与沟通。通过对冲突中相关利益者的分析,提出了一套基于森林经营方案编制的公众参与程序,指出公众参与森林经营方案编制可协调冲突并能提高经营方案的质量和实践性。     

湖南云山森林公园森林景观数量化评价

根据云山森林公园的自然地理条件和植被类型，采用定性与定量评价相结合的方法，并参考游客对典型景点的评价资料，建立了森林景观的数量化评价模型，就典型森林景观的经营和森林景观的构建作了探讨。     

森林景观恢复研究综述

森林景观恢复(FLR)是一个过程, 旨在恢复采伐迹地或退化森林景观的生态完整性, 提高人类福利.文中从森林景观恢复的背景起源、概念、技术和方法、实践与发展等方面, 简要介绍了国内外的研究现状.     

Comparison of sustainable forest management (SFM) trends at global and country levels: case study in Iran

Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is an integral component of sustainable development. Iran is a Near East country with low forest cover. Iran uses 7 criteria and 65 indicators for regional and national monitoring of forest management. We evaluated the status of SFM in Iran, and a location imaging in its path towards SFM was provided by existing validation data and library references for the Criteria and Indicators (C&I) adopted in the Near East, We identify challenges and opportunities associated with SFM in Iran. Although the information to evaluate the trend of SFM in Iran was incomplete, we compiled some information on the basis of C&I. Comparison of some indicators with the values for the rest of the world revealed that the situation in Iran is very different. Although some indicators revealed a better situation in Iran, Iran lags the rest of the world in the implementation of SFM. Iran, like many countries, is trying hard to find ways to sustainably use its forests. Not all C&I for assessment of SFM in Iran have been determined or defined. However, a consistent and comprehensive framework of criteria and indicators to monitor progress towards SFM is being applied. Defining some C&I is still at an early stage.     

Comprehensive Results of Closing Hill for Forest as Regeneration Project (CHFRP)

In order to approach the comprehensive results of CHFRP, Mayandong stock cooperation forest farm was selected as research object in Xupu county. These methods such as semi-structure interview, second data analysis and sample sites survey were used to investigate and study the ecological results, economical results and social results of CHFRP. The results show that CHFRP can restore the forest vegetation, promote forest growth, improve the physical and chemical properties and nutrition condition of forest soil, enhance economical result, and stabilize the production form in countryside. Therefore, the ecological results, economical results and social results of CHFRP are good. This research has found a way for reclaiming degraded forestland in Xupu county and other areas.     

凤县林麝栖息地干扰状况分析

陕西凤县的林麝资源曾经十分丰富。然而自20世纪50～60年代以来,随着森林采伐、农田开垦、道路铺设、矿藏开采等人类生产活动的开展,林麝的栖息生境出现破碎化趋势、面积不断缩减。目前凤县林麝分布区主要位于相对偏远、人为干扰较少的、植被相对保存完好的乡与乡的交界和县的边缘地区。本文总结并分析了各种人类活动对凤县林麝及其栖息地的影响,最后针对存在问题提出了相应的保护和管理建议。     

Forest productivity and tree diversity relationships depend on ecological context within mid-Atlantic and Appalachian forests (USA)

Factors influencing the relationship between ecosystem productivity and biological diversity form the basis of much ecological theory. An understanding of how productivity-diversity relationships are influenced by scale of observation and unique attributes of ecoregions may provide important insights to aid conservation planning for carbon retention and biodiversity. Here we use publically available datasets to investigate patterns of productivity-diversity and explore potential factors influencing these patterns in forests located in five mid-Atlantic and Appalachian states. We used a geographic information system (GIS) to overlay multiple publically available datasets including remotely sensed estimates of productivity from MODIS and tree diversity estimated from the forest inventory analysis (FIA) database. We evaluated productivity-diversity relationships using two scales of observation (among and within ecoregions). We also determined if productivity-diversity relationships might be related to region-wide patterns in land use, and if the relationships varied by forest type, land management zones, and along gradients of mean productivity and diversity. Productivity-diversity relationships depended on scale and varied among ecoregions, and land use was correlated with both productivity and diversity. Mountainous ecoregions were characterized by positive productivity-diversity relationships, whereas coastal ecoregions were characterized by negative productivity-diversity relationships. Forest types and management zones that were on average less productive and more diverse exhibited positive productivity-diversity relationships across stands (the most productive stands were more diverse). In contrast, ecoregions and forest types that were on average more productive and less diverse exhibited negative productivity-diversity relationships (the most productive stands were less diverse). In conclusion, regional and local ecological and anthropogenic factors likely influence productivity-diversity relationships and these relationships appear to change along gradients of productivity and diversity.     

Comparative analysis of multi-criteria probabilistic FR and AHP models for forest fire risk(FFR) mapping in Melghat Tiger Reserve(MTR) forest

A comparative study of Frequency Ratio(FR)and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)models are performed for forest fire risk(FFR)mapping in Melghat Tiger Reserve forest,central India.Identification of FFR depends on various hydrometeorological parameters altitude,slope,aspect,topographic position index,normalized differential vegetation index,rainfall,air temperature,land surface temperature,wind speed,distance to settlements,and distance by road are integrated using a GIS platform.The results from FR and AHP show similar trends.The FR model was significantly higher accurate(overall accuracy of 81.3%,kappa statistic 0.78)than the AHP model(overall accuracy 79.3%,kappa statistic 0.75).The FR model total forest fire risk areas were classified into five classes:very low(7.1%),low(22.2%),moderate(32.3%),high(26.9%),and very high(11.5%).The AHP fire risk classes were very low(6.7%),low(21.7%),moderate(34.0%),high(26.7%),and very high(10.9%).Sensitivity analyses were performed for AHP and FR models.The results of the two different models are compared and justified concerning the forest fire sample points(Forest Survey of India)and burn images(2010-2016).These results help in designing more effective fire management plans to improve the allocation of resources across a landscape framework.     

金沙县天然林资源保护工程封山育林区调查分析

金沙县从1999年起实施天然林资源保护工程,完成封山育林面积5455.8 hm2。封育方法包括纯封、人工促进封育等;封育类型包括乔木型、乔灌型、灌木型、灌草型、乔灌草型等.通过调查数据与分析得出,封山育林是生态修复和重建的首选工程措施;生态脆弱的地块封育年限还应该延长到七年或七年以上。通过5年金沙县项目区封育成效分析,灌丛地在5年后覆盖度可提高20%以上;疏林地目的树种马尾松年均高生长可达70 cm以上,年均径生长可达0.7 cm左右。     

Effects of deforestation on microbial diversity in a Siberian larch(Larix sibirica) stand in Mongolia

For evaluating microbial community changes in a Siberian larch stand disturbed by forest fire or clearcutting,357 clones were randomly selected and sequenced using a culture-independent approach and 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize the bacterial composition and diversity from the different disturbed Siberian larch stands.Interestingly,the burned larch stand had an increase in the relative amounts of b-proteobacteria and Firmicutes and a decrease in Acidobacteria,while Gemmatimonadetes increased Verrucomicrobia decreased in the harvested larch stand.Microbial diversity and richness were higher in the undisturbed larch stand than the disturbed(burned or clear-cut)larch stands,and the influence of clear-cutting was more negative than that of the forest fire.This study indicates that evaluating the microbial diversity of undisturbed,burned,and clear-cutting Siberian larch stands provides information about the impact of forest disturbances on soil microbial communities,which may be helpful for understanding and evaluating soil health and devising reafforestation strategies for larch.     

神农架川金丝猴的个体识别

本研究以神农架川金丝猴大龙潭野外人工补食种群为对象,在对30只川金丝猴身体数据多年来的观察和测量基础上,从基础识别(雌雄识别、年龄识别、母子识别和友好关系识别)以及个体识别两个方面提供一种川金丝猴的个体识别方法,对群体的个体进行了命名及区分识别,为其他研究提供基础技术支持或参考,有效解决川金丝猴研究初期个体识别困难的问题。     

Factors affecting the spatio-temporal dispersion of Ips typographus (L.) in Bavarian Forest National Park: A long-term quantitative landscape-level analysis

The relationship between abiotic and biotic factors and the spread of the European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.), was investigated at a landscape level over a model period of 18 years in the Bavarian Forest National Park in Germany. Deadwood areas - where I. typographus - caused tree mortality of 100% - were photographed annually using Color-infrared aerial photography and digitally recorded in vector form. Thirty-two static and dynamic habitat variables were quantitatively determined using spatial pattern analysis and geostatistics from 1990 to 2007 at the landscape scale. The importance of the presence of deadwood areas for thirty-two habitat variables for the occurrence of the bark beetle was quantitatively recorded using an Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA).It was shown over a long model period that the intensity of the bark beetle infestation went through different phases over the 18-year study period. No mono-causal correlations could be found between individual habitat factors and the spread of the bark beetle over the entire model period. On the one hand, these findings underline the complexity of the system, on the other hand, this could be interpreted as a possible explanation for conclusions drawn by previous studies that differ from each other.The importance of individual habitat variables and the combinations of variables varied to different extents within these phases. An examination of the cumulative importance of the habitat demonstrated that the biological structural variables such as the distance from the site of the previous year's infestation, the area and the perimeter of the infested areas from the previous year are of great importance for the incidence of the bark beetle, but not across all years. Of equal significance for assessing the size of the area and the distance of the deadwood areas from the sites of the previous year's infestation are the size of the areas, the perimeter of the deadwood areas and the proximity index. An evaluation of the stages of forest succession showed that cumulatively, a short distance between the infested areas and the forest areas with conifers in the early stages of growth was an equally important habitat factor from 1990 to 2007. By quantitatively recording habitat factors that are significant for the spread of the bark beetle it may help predict areas that are at risk and thus to develop suitable management strategies to minimise or stop the spread and the effect of the bark beetle.     

南方集体林区林业经济增长的产业结构演变及其差异分析*--基于13个省（区）1995-2011年的统计数据

以13个省(区)1995-2011年林业产值数据为基础,利用动态偏离-份额分析法,分析我国南方集体林区林业经济增长、产业结构演变及其差异。结果表明：与全国整体水平相比,南方集体林区林业经济有着较快的增长速度和较好的林业产业结构素质,具有一定的区域竞争力优势,但林业第一产业增长速度和产业结构素质均低于全国平均水平,不具有区域竞争力优势,林业第二和第三产业增长速度和产业结构素质高于全国平均水平,具有区域竞争力优势;与南方集体林区整体水平相比,江苏、广东、安徽和广西4个省(区)的林业经济增长速度较高,江苏、浙江、福建、湖南和广东5省的林业产业结构素质较高,其中,又以前3个省(区)的林业产业结构素质优势最为明显,江苏、安徽、广东和广西4个省(区)的林业产业具有一定的区域整体竞争优势;进一步采用聚类分析方法,将南方集体林区13个省(区)林业产业发展类型区分为4类,即优势类型区、后发优势类型区、优势待提升类型区和优势滞后类型区,针对不同类型区的特点,提出相应对策建议。     

Population viability risk management (PVRM) for in situ management of endangered tree species—A case study on a Taxus baccata L. population

Population viability risk management (PVRM) provides a framework for explicitly including qualitative information about the possible outcomes of a management decision with regard to the viability of an endangered population in conservation management. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques enables managers to select the most preferred choice of action in a context where several criteria apply simultaneously. In that context a combined approach of the PVRM concept and a MCDM technique is presented for the development, evaluation and finally ranking of the in situ conservation strategies. We discuss the concept based on a case study for the maintenance of a gene conservation forest of an English yew population (Taxus baccata L.) in Styria, Austria. As part of the PVRM the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to evaluate six conservation strategies with regard to the viability of the yew population. The viability of the population is evaluated based on the results of an analysis of the current environmental, social and economical state and a characterization of the ecological parameters of its population. The most significant risk factors (illegal cutting, browsing by game, tree competition, light availability and genetic sustainability) are structured and prioritised according to their impact on the viability of the yew population applying the AHP. Effects of the six conservation strategies on the viability of the yew population are determined through a qualitative assessment of the probability of a decrease of the population along with four different environmental scenarios. In this context strategy IV combining selective thinning, protection measures, game control with public relation activities seems to be the most effective alternative. The benefits of the combined approach of the PVRM concept with the AHP for the rational analysis of conservation strategies for this endangered tree species are discussed.     

东北林区天然白桦相容性生物量模型

基于东北林区天然白桦实测生物量数据,通过2种方案(以总生物量为基础分级控制和以总生物量为基础直接控制)建立天然白桦一元和二元相容性生物量模型,模型参数估计采用非线性度量误差联立方程组估计方法,并采用加权回归的方法进行异方差的消除。结果表明:2种方案所建立的天然白桦一元、二元相容性生物量模型的确定系数R2=0.800～0.988,模拟效率(EF)=0.80～0.97;2种方案所建立的相容性生物量模型的预测精度大多数在80%以上,树枝和树叶生物量模型的预测精度较差,但也在69%以上;所建立的相容性生物量模型中,总生物量和树干生物量模型效果较好,树根、树叶和树枝生物量模型效果较差。总的来说,2种方案所建立的相容性生物量模型都具有一定的精度,都能对天然白桦生物量进行很好的预估,以总生物量为基础直接控制方案所建立的一元和二元相容性生物量模型好于以总生物量为基础分级控制方案所建立的一元和二元相容性生物量模型,所以在进行天然白桦生物量预估时,建议采用以总生物量为基础直接控制所建立的相容性生物量模型。     

德钦县燕门乡非木材林产品保护与利用情况调查

运用社会调查学、参与式农村调查评估(PRA)、林业快速评估(FRA)方法对澜沧江流域德钦县燕门乡4个村10个村民小组居民的非木材林产品的利用和保护情况作了调查,结论为社区群众利用非木材林产品种类有7大类上千种.依据各自生活条件和所处环境的不同,利用方式和特点各不相同,但存在原始性和过度性利用的特点.在非木材林产品的利用中虽有各级政府及职能部门的干预以及"村规民约"的管理模式,但仍存在许多问题难以实现有效的管理.针对存在的问题,提出了相应的对策和建议.     

Historical fire and vegetation dynamics in dry forests of the interior Pacific Northwest,USA, and relationships to Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) habitat conservation

Regional conservation planning frequently relies on general assumptions about historical disturbance regimes to inform decisions about landscape restoration, reserve allocations, and landscape management. Spatially explicit simulations of landscape dynamics provide quantitative estimates of landscape structure and allow for the testing of alternative scenarios. We used a landscape fire succession model to estimate the historical range of variability of vegetation and fire in a dry forest landscape (size ca. 7900 km²) where the present-day risk of high severity fire threatens the persistence of older closed canopy forest which may serve as Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) habitat. Our results indicated that historically, older forest may have comprised the largest percentage of the landscape (∼35%), followed by early successional forest (∼25%), with about 9% of the landscape in a closed canopy older forest condition. The amount and condition of older forest varied by potential vegetation type and land use allocation type. Vegetation successional stages had fine-grained spatial heterogeneity in patch characteristics, with older forest tending to have the largest patch sizes among the successional stages. Increasing fire severities posed a greater risk to Northern Spotted Owl habitat than increasing fire sizes or frequencies under historical fire regimes. Improved understanding of historical landscape-specific fire and vegetation conditions and their variability can assist forest managers to promote landscape resilience and increases of older forest, in dry forests with restricted amounts of habitat for sensitive species.     

格氏栲和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层溶解有机碳浓度及季节动态

于2002 年的1 月、4 月、7 月和10 月对中亚热带格氏栲和杉木人工林(monoculture plantations of Castanopsis kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata,33 年生) 枯枝落叶层(包括Oi、Oe 和Oa 层)进行了取样,并采用TOC 分析仪测定枯枝落叶层样品的溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度。结果表明,杉木人工林枯枝落叶层DOC 平均浓度(1341.7 mg·kg-1)高于格氏栲人工林(1178.9 mg·kg-1)。两种林分枯枝落叶层中,Oe 层的DOC 浓度均高于Oi 和Oa 层。格氏栲和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层不同分解层次DOC 浓度的季节变化模式基本相似,均在秋季或冬季出现最大值。枯枝落叶层DOC 浓度及季节变化与温度、湿度、生物活性及枯枝落叶层中有机质数量等有关。表2 图2 参31。     

Concentrations and seasonal dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in forest floors of two plantations （Castanopsis kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata） in subtropical China

The concentrations and seasonal dynamics of DOC in forest floors of monoculture plantations ofCastanopsis kawakamii and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) were assessed in Sanming, Fujian, China (26°11′30″N, 117°26′00″E). Forest floor samples were taken in January, April, July and October in 2002 and divided into undecomposed material (horizon Oi), partially decomposed organic material (horizon Oe), and fully decomposed organic material (horizon Oa). Upon collection, DOC concentrations of samples were analyzed by a High Temperature TOC. The results showed that the annual average DOC concentration of Chinese fir (1341.7 mg·kg⁻¹) in the forest floor was higher than that ofCastanopsis kawakamii (1178.9 mg·kg⁻¹). Difference in DOC concentrations was observed among three horizons of the forest floor. DOC concentration of forest floor in the two forests was the highest in horizon Oe. Seasonal trends of DOC concentrations in different horizons of forest floors were similar and the maximal value occurred in autumn (or winter). The concentration and temporal change of DOC in studied forests were probably related to the variation in moisture, temperature, biological activity and quantity of organic matter in the forest floor. Foundation item: This study was supported by the Teaching and Research Award program for MOE P.R.C. (TRAPOYT) Biography: ZHANG Jiang-shan (1946-), male, Researcher in Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong