某犬场一起群发性尿石症的临床病理学研究

南京某地犬场爆发一起尿石症.其发病率为34.44%(62/180),致死率为45.16%(28/62),且发病持续时间较长.B超探查病犬肾脏和膀胱内出现点状或团块状强回声,表明有晶体存在;组织学检查,肾脏沉积的结晶体导致肾组织变性;患病犬的尿液和生化指标显示肾功能障碍;对结石成分进行扫描电镜观察,结晶体多呈球状,表明为黄嘌呤结石.     

一例犬肾脏肿瘤病的诊疗

肾肿瘤（tumorofkidney）是泌尿系统较常见的肿瘤之一,多为恶性。临床上犬原发性。肾脏肿瘤少见,最常见的肾脏肿瘤多为移行细胞瘤、肾瘤和肉瘤。肾脏肿瘤虽发病率低,但却是转移性和多发性肿瘤的常发部位。同其他器官肿瘤一样,若不能及时发现并采取治疗措施,将对犬健康造成严重危害并危及生命。笔者现就一例犬肾脏肿瘤的诊治进行一些简单探讨,以供同行参考。     

肾脏实质切开术治疗犬肾结石病一例及其分析

为探讨犬肾结石的手术治疗方法,完善犬肾结石的治疗方案,笔者收治一例蝴蝶犬肾结石的病例,经X光和B超检查对其进行确诊,进行肾实质切开术取石,并对血清氮、肌酐和血清磷的术前和术后的检测评价肾脏功能,探讨肾实质切开术在临床病例中应用的可行性。从临床症状和肾功能指标上看,通过肾脏实质切开术取出肾脏结石的手术治疗的结果是理想的。     

肾脏实质切开术治疗犬肾结石病一例及其分析

为探讨犬肾结石的手术治疗方法,完善犬肾结石的治疗方案,笔者收治一例蝴蝶犬肾结石的病例,经x光和B超检查对其进行确诊,进行肾实质切开术取石,并对血清氮、肌酐和血清磷的术前和术后的检测评价肾脏功能,探讨肾实质切开术在临床病例中应用的可行性。从临床症状和肾功能指标上看,通过肾脏实质切开术取出肾脏结石的手术治疗的结果是理想的。     

硫化氢对顺铂致犬肾脏氧化损伤及炎症的缓解作用

【目的】 探究硫化氢（H₂S）对顺铂诱导的犬急性肾损伤（AKI）的影响。【方法】 将18只健康成年比格犬随机分为对照组（C）、顺铂组（cis）和硫化氢+顺铂组（H+cis）,每组6只。对照组犬经头静脉注射生理盐水,cis组犬经头静脉注射5 mg/kg顺铂,H+cis组犬在注射顺铂前30 min经头静脉注射1 mg/kg NaHS溶液,每隔24 h注射1次,一共3次。注射顺铂72 h后对犬进行麻醉,静脉采血用于检测血清肌酐（Scr）和尿素氮（BUN）,HE染色观察各组肾脏病理变化,生化试剂盒检测犬肾脏中谷胱甘肽（GSH）、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）和一氧化氮（NO）含量,实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting法检测犬肾脏中白介素-1β（IL-1β）、IL-10、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、核因子-κB （NF-κB）、环氧合酶2（COX2）、诱导型一氧化氮合成酶（iNOS）、IL-6、IL-4的相对表达量。【结果】 cis组Scr和BUN水平极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,H+cis组Scr和Bun水平极显著低于cis组（P<0.01）。病理检测结果显示,cis组犬肾脏组织发生明显病理学变化,而H+cis组犬肾脏组织病理变化有所减轻。生化检测结果表明,与C组相比,cis组肾脏中GSH含量极显著下降（P<0.01）,H₂O₂和NO含量极显著增加（P<0.01）;与cis组相比,H+cis组犬肾脏中GSH含量极显著上升（P<0.01）,而H₂O₂和NO含量极显著下降（P<0.01）。实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting检测结果表明,与C组相比,cis组促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、NF-κB和COX2的mRNA和蛋白相对表达量均显著或极显著升高（P<0.05;P<0.01）,而抗炎因子IL-4和IL-10的mRNA和蛋白相对表达量均极显著下降（P<0.01）;与cis组相比,H+cis组犬肾脏中抗炎因子IL-4和IL-10的mRNA及蛋白表达量极显著升高（P<0.01）,而促炎因子IL-β、IL-6、TNF-α、NF-κB和COX2的mRNA及蛋白相对表达量均极显著下降（P<0.01）。【结论】 H₂S通过提高肾脏抗氧化能力,抑制炎症因子表达来改善顺铂诱导的犬AKI。     

昆明犬IGF2基因克隆、生物信息学分析及其时空表达研究

【目的】 克隆昆明犬胰岛素样生长因子2（IGF2）基因并研究其序列特征及时空表达规律,为工作犬体型及生长发育相关研究提供基础资料。【方法】 采用PCR法扩增昆明犬IGF2基因CDS区,运用生物信息学分析预测昆明犬IGF2蛋白的结构与功能;利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测IGF2基因在2.5月龄昆明犬心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏及大腿内侧肌肉和不同年龄段肝脏中的表达情况。【结果】 昆明犬IGF2基因CDS区全长717 bp,编码238个氨基酸;系统进化树分析显示,昆明犬IGF2基因与赤狐的遗传距离最近,与鸡的遗传距离最远。生物信息学分析表明,IGF2蛋白分子质量为26.46 ku,理论等电点为9.61,无信号肽和跨膜结构,属于亲水性非分泌蛋白;主要分布于细胞核（47.8%）和线粒体（17.4%）,存在23个磷酸化位点;该蛋白的二级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主,三级结构与二级结构预测结果相符。组织表达谱分析显示,IGF2基因在2.5月龄昆明犬肝脏中相对表达量最高,且极显著高于肾脏、肺脏及肌肉组织（P<0.01）;仔犬期（2.5月龄）肝脏中的IGF2基因的表达量极显著高于幼犬期（6月龄）、青年期（1岁）及成年期（1.7和2.5岁）（P<0.01）。【结论】 本研究成功克隆昆明犬IGF2基因,并发现IGF2在多个组织广泛表达,在肝脏中的表达量最高,可为深入探讨昆明犬IGF2基因在生长发育中的调控机理提供参考。     

X线诊断11例犬尿结石

<正>犬尿结石是尿路中盐类结晶的凝结物对尿路黏膜刺激,引起炎症、出血和阻塞的一种泌尿系统疾病。犬尿结石包括肾脏结石、输尿管结石、膀胱结石和尿道结石。其中膀胱和尿道结石最常见,肾脏和输尿管结石少见。犬尿结石主要见于中老年犬,公犬常膀胱与尿道同时发生结石,母犬主要是膀胱结石。结石对膀胱和尿道机械性刺激,引起犬的膀胱炎和尿道炎,随著结石增大引起尿路阻塞,经常出现尿频、血尿、尿淋漓甚至尿闭等明显的临床症     

贵宾犬膀胱结石并发纤维肉瘤的综合诊治

<正>犬膀胱结石属于犬尿石症的一种,是犬泌尿系统常见的疾病之一,与犬肾脏结石、输尿管结石、尿道结石统称为尿石症,其主要临床症状为尿频、尿血、尿急、排尿时努责或排尿困难、滴状尿甚至尿闭等,老年犬多发,其他年龄段的犬也有发生。根据X射线对结石的透射性可分为可透X射线结石(阴性结石)和不可透X射线结石(阳性结石)两种,阳性结石较常     

犬尿石症的诊断

尿石症又称尿路结石，是肾、输尿管、膀胱和尿道结石的总称。临床上以排尿困难、阻塞部位疾病和血尿为特征。犬、猫最常见的尿结石可分为粪结石（磷酸氨镁）、草酸钙、尿酸盐（尿酸铵）和胱氨酸，猫的胱氨酸结石比较少见。     

遵义地区犬尿石症的调查及其尿石成分分析

对遵义地区96例犬尿石症进行流行病学调查,采用标准结石定性成分分析试剂盒对96份结石样品进行化学分析,并分析1例典型犬膀胱结石病例(萨摩耶犬,雌性,5岁,23kg),内容包括临床症状、血液生化、血常规、尿比重及DR数字成像,并对其膀胱结石样品进行化学成分分析、电镜扫描观察、红外光谱分析、X射线衍射分析及X射线能谱分析。结果发现,96例病例中,雄性占61.29%(57/96),雌性占40.63%(39/96);7例为肾输尿管结石,44例为膀胱结石,11例为尿道结石,34例为膀胱与尿道结石。试剂盒检测发现,96份结石样品中磷酸铵镁占35.41%(34/96),磷酸钙占25.00%(24/96),草酸钙占12.50%(12/96),尿酸及尿酸盐占10.41%(10/96),复合型结石占16.67%(16/96)。调查结果为犬尿石症的诊断、治疗及今后了解遵义地区犬尿石症的流行情况提供参考。     

Survey of tortoises with urolithiasis in Japan

Urolithiasis is a disease often seen in tortoises at veterinary hospitals, however there have been no comprehensive research reports of tortoises with urolithiasis in Japan. In this study, we analyzed tortoises diagnosed with urolithiasis at three domestic veterinary hospitals. Based on medical records, we assessed the diagnostic method, species, sex, body weight, dietary history, husbandry, clinical signs, clinical examination, treatment for urolithiasis, and clinical outcome. The total number of cases in the 3 facilities was 101. As for species of tortoises, the most common was the African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata) with 42 cases (41.6%), followed by the Indian star tortoise (Geochelone elegans) with 30 cases (29.7%). Six other species were confirmed to have calculi. Almost all cases (99 cases, 98%) had a single calculus, and only 2 had multiple calculi. The prevalence of urolithiasis for the total number of tortoises having visited to one institution during the same period was 5.1%. Of the 86 cases that underwent calculi removal, 64 (74.4%) were successfully removed via the vent, and the efficacy of this method was confirmed. Nineteen cases (22%) were approached via plastronotomy, among which only 2 died postoperatively. In this study, we could not clarify the relationship between calculi formation and diets or other husbandry factors.     

Increased Water Hardness and Magnesium Levels May Increase Occurrence of Urolithiasis in Cows from the Burdur Region (Turkey)

Objectives of the study were to measure water hardness in Burdur, and to establish its possible association with urolithiasis in cattle. Water samples were obtained from different stables (n = 15). Water hardness and the concentrations of potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper ions were calculated from these water samples. Total hardness of the samples (mean 285 ppm) exceeded the standards and the water was characterized by high content of magnesium ions. Kidneys (n = 500) were collected randomly from slaughterhouses and examined for urolithiasis. Urolithiasis was observed in 102 kidneys (20.4%). The weights of the stones were between 0.02 and 237.44 g and the colour varied from white to brown. The calculi collected had various shapes and composed of calcium apatite (42.45%), struvite (20.15%), magnesium carbonate (15.15%), calcium carbonate (12.12%), and calcium phosphate cystine (10.13%). It was concluded that high water hardness with high magnesium ion concentrations in water may contribute to urolithiasis and needs to be investigated further in future studies.     

Multiple congenital urogenital abnormalities in a Tennessee Walking Horse colt

A 9-month-old, Tennessee Walking Horse colt was examined for urinary incontinence. Cystoscopy revealed a single identifiable ureter that appeared abnormal, and sabulous urolithiasis. Only the left kidney, which appeared lobulated and hydronephrotic, could be located using ultrasound. Results of serum chemistries were consistent with renal failure. Necropsy revealed unilateral agenesis of the right kidney and ureter with severe left ureterolithiasis, bilateral cryptorchidism and segmental aplasia of the ductus deferens. Histopathological examination revealed cystitis and diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the left kidney. Congenital malformations should be included as differential diagnoses for urinary incontinence and urogenital disease. Ultrasonography and cystoscopy can be useful to diagnose suspected agenesis of the urinary system in adult horses.     

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH NEPHROLITHIASIS, URETEROLITHIASIS, AND RENAL DYSPLASIA IN A 2-YEAR-OLD QUARTER HORSE GELDING

A 2-year-old quarter horse gelding presented for evaluation of polyuria and polydipsia. Azotemia was detected on serum chemistry profile. Small, misshapen, hyperechoic kidneys with decreased corticomedullary demarcation, hydronephrosis, and a right nephrolith were noted ultrasonographically. The diagnosis of end-stage kidney disease and dysplasia was made histopathologically using ultrasound-guided biopsy. Two ureteroliths were found in the right ureter via cystoscopy, and a nephrolith was seen in the right kidney at necropsy. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and pathologic features of equine urolithiasis and renal dysplasia are discussed.     

Hypercalcemia in cats: a retrospective study of 71 cases (1991-1997)

A retrospective study was conducted to characterize the diseases, clinical findings, and clinicopathologic and ultrasonographic findings associated with hypercalcemia (serum calcium concentration >11 mg/dL) in 71 cats presented to North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The 3 most common diagnoses were neoplasia (n = 21), renal failure (n = 18), and urolithiasis (n = 11). Primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in 4 cats. Lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma were the most frequently diagnosed tumors. Calcium oxalate uroliths were diagnosed in 8 of 11 cats with urolithiasis. Cats with neoplasia had a higher serum calcium concentration (13.5 ± 2.5 mg/dL) than cats with renal failure or urolithiasis and renal failure (11.5 ± 0.4 mg/dL; P <.03). Serum phosphorus concentration was higher in cats with renal failure than in cats with neoplasia ( P < .004). Despite the fact that the majority of cats with uroliths were azotemic, their serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations and urine specific gravity differed from that of cats with renal failure. Additional studies are warranted to determine the underlying disease mechanism in the cats we identified with hypercalcemia and urolithiasis. We also identified a small number of cats with diseases that are not commonly reported with hypercalcemia. Further studies are needed to determine whether an association exists between these diseases and hypercalcemia, as well as to characterize the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism for each disease process.     

动物尿结石研究进展

随着现代科学技术的不断发展,尿结石的形成机理成为研究的热点.泌尿系结石,现代医学称其为尿结石或尿石症,是指在泌尿系统中晶体物质和有机物异常积聚形成的石样物质,因结石所在的部位不同分为肾石样物质、输尿管结石、膀胱结石以及尿道结石.近年来动物尿结石给畜牧业造成了很大的损失,尤其是反刍动物尿结石发病率较高,但现今仍无有效的预防和治疗方法.无机金属离子和有机基质在尿结石形成过程中起着重要的作用,此文对尿结石形成学说、成因分析以及相关研究进展进行综述.     

Comparison and evaluation of three serological tests for detection of antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

Abstract

AIMS: To retrospectively describe clinical features of dogs that were presented to a small animal clinic between 2003–10 with macroscopic haematuria, and investigate whether signalment of the dog and severity and duration of the haematuria at admission were associated with specific aetiologies.

METHODS: Medical records were evaluated of 162 dogs with macroscopic haematuria admitted to a University-based small animal clinic in Thessaloniki, Greece, from January 2003 to December 2010. The inclusion criteria were discolouration of the urine sediment combined with abnormal numbers of erythrocytes, when examined microscopically. Data collected from the medical records included signalment, severity, frequency and duration of haematuria, and diagnosis.

RESULTS: Between January 2007 and December 2010, 8,893 dogs were admitted to the clinic; of these 99 (1.1%) were admitted with haematuria. Of the 162 dogs with records of haematuria, 80 (49.4%) were aged between 5.1–10 years, presented with acute (96/162; 59.3%), constant (99/162; 61.1%) and mild/moderate (150/162; 92.6%) haematuria. Of 147 dogs with a recorded diagnosis, the commonest diagnoses were urinary tract infection (UTI, 42/147; 28.6%), urolithiasis (38/147; 25.9%), prostatic disease (25/147; 17.0%) and urinary tumours (13/147; 8.8%). The prevalence of UTI was higher in female (22/56; 39%) than male (20/91; 22%) dogs, and in medium sized (22/52; 42%) than small (6/40; 15%) dogs. Urolithiasis was most prevalent in small (21/40; 52.5%) dogs, and all dogs with urolithiasis presented with mild/moderate haematuria. The prevalence of prostatic disease was highest in large (11/46; 24%) and giant (3/9; 33%) sized dogs and in dogs aged >10 years (8/30; 27%).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this retrospective study from one small animal clinic, UTI, urolithiasis, prostatic disease and urinary tumours predominated among the causes of canine haematuria. The consideration of sex, age, and size of the dog and characteristics of haematuria were found to be useful parameters when forming the list of differential diagnoses.     

Influence of diet on calcium metabolism, tissue calcification and urinary sludge in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Rabbits absorb more calcium (Ca) from their diet than they require, and excrete surplus via urine, which therefore contains a typical 'sludge'. This makes rabbits susceptible to Ca-containing uroliths. But given the Ca content of diets of free-ranging specimens, and the limited reports of urinary sludge and Ca contents in free-ranging lagomorphs, we can suspect that rabbits are naturally adapted to high urinary Ca loads. We fed four groups of New Zealand hybrid rabbits [n = 28, age at start 5-6 weeks) pelleted diets consisting of lucerne hay only (L, Ca 2.32% dry matter (DM)], lucerne:oats 1:1 (LG, Ca 1.36%), grass hay only (G, Ca 1.04%), or grass:oats 1:1 (GG, 0.83%) for 25 weeks, with water available ad libitum. Diets were not supplemented with Ca, phosphorus, or vitamin D. Rabbits on diets LG and GG had lower food and water intakes, lower faeces and urine output, grew faster and had higher body mass at slaughter (mainly attributable to adipose tissue). Apparent Ca digestibility decreased in the order L-LG-G/GG. Rabbits on L had larger and heavier kidneys, more urinary sediment at sonography, and a higher urinary Ca content than the other groups. No animal showed signs of urolithiasis/calcinosis at X-ray, sonography, or gross pathology. Kidney/aorta histology only sporadically indicated Ca deposits, with no systematic difference between groups. Under the conditions of the experiment, dietary Ca loads in legume hay do not appear problematic for rabbits, and other factors, such as water supply and level of activity may be important contributors to urolithiasis development in veterinary patients. However, due to the lower Ca content of grass hay, the significantly lower degree of urinary sludge formation, and the significantly higher water intake related with grass hay feeding, grass hay-dominated diets are to be recommended for rabbits in which urolithiasis prevention is an issue.     

两例猫尿石症的诊断和治疗

猫尿石症是猫临床诊疗中常见的疾病之一,其临床症状主要表现为精神不振、尿频、尿血、尿淋漓、尿闭等。其阻塞引起的肾后性氮质血症,严重时可危及生命,需要及时给予治疗。本文总结了两例典型的猫尿石症的病例,通过临床基础检查、血液检查以及影像学检查确诊,通过保守治疗和手术治疗,效果尚可,暂未见复发,以为该病的临床诊疗提供参考。