种茎排布对木薯鲜薯产量与薯构型的影响

平地宽窄行（1.0 m+0.6 m）模拟机械化种植模式下,以我国主栽机械化木薯品种‘NZ199’为对象,设置平放顺向对称（T1）、平放顺向交错（T2）、平放斜向对称（T3）、平放斜向交错（T4）、斜插反向对称（T5）、斜插反向交错（T6）,共6种双行种茎排布方式,研究其对鲜薯产量、薯块特征及薯构型的影响,以期筛选适宜的木薯机械化种植模式与收获农艺农机参数。结果表明,斜插较平放有助于提高鲜薯产量;斜插反向交错、平放顺向对称的鲜薯产量均较高,分别达41.92~50.11、38.55~48.42 t/hm²,二者结薯的平均垂直行向半幅宽均较窄,仅为22.92~24.09 cm;当收获单株的垂直行向半幅宽为30.0 cm、层深为25.0 cm时,斜插反向交错与平放顺向对称的收获鲜薯产量占比、鲜薯产量均较高,分别达97.54%~98.87%、38.12~40.87 t/hm²。综上,在平地宽窄行机械化种植模式中,推荐斜插反向交错和平放顺向对称种植方式,建议收获机在窄行间的双行作业幅宽120.0 cm、犁深25.0 cm,则可收获98%的鲜薯产量。     

种植种茎的芽眼朝向对华南8号木薯产量性状的影响

以华南8号木薯为材料,通过试验比较了在水平种植时,种茎芽眼的4个朝向（芽向）在木薯产量性状上的效应。结果表明,芽向对木薯产量性状有较大影响,鲜薯、薯干和淀粉的产量排序依次为向南＞向西＞向北＞向东（CK）,最高产的芽眼向南处理比最低产的芽眼向东处理（CK）,提高鲜薯产量38.8％、薯干产量36.3％和淀粉产量34.8％;次高产的种茎芽眼向西处理比芽眼向东处理（CK）提高鲜薯产量24.9％、薯干产量24.5％和淀粉产量24.6％。我国在种植木薯时,建议采用种茎芽眼朝南、朝西或朝西南的水平摆种方式。     

种茎覆膜、浸水和蜡封对木薯抗旱性的影响

在云南省元谋县极端干旱的干热河谷地区,以华南124为试验材料,研究了种茎覆膜、浸水和蜡封对木薯抗旱性的影响。结果表明:种茎蜡封和浸水有利于提高成活率,蜡封和覆膜有利于提高单株发芽数,蜡封有利于提高收获指数、薯干率和鲜薯淀粉含量。浸水和蜡封的鲜薯产量分别比对照(CK)提高25.0%和21.3%,蜡封的薯干和淀粉产量分别比CK提高22.6%与35.0%,浸水的薯干和淀粉产量分别比CK提高16.1%与10.0%,蜡封的薯干和淀粉产量分别比浸水提高5.6%和22.7%,而覆膜的鲜薯和薯干产量分别比CK减产6.3%和6.5%,其淀粉产量与CK持平。因此,种茎抗旱处理技术的优劣排序为蜡封浸水对照覆膜。     

干旱条件下不同种茎材料对木薯成活率及产量性状的影响

在干旱条件下,比较4种不同种茎材料对木薯成活率、农艺及产量性状的影响。结果表明：成活率(survival rate,SR)呈现SR1年生种茎(100.0%)＞SR2年生种茎(92.2%)＞SR60 d嫩茎(78.9%)＞SR老茎头(30.0%);鲜薯和薯干产量(root yield,RY)呈现RY1年生种茎＞RY60 d嫩茎＞RY老茎头＞RY2年生种茎;淀粉产量(starch yield,SY)呈现SY60 d嫩茎＞SY1年生种茎＞SY老茎头＞SY2年生种茎;薯干率和鲜薯淀粉含量呈现老茎头＞60 d嫩茎＞2年生种茎＞1年生种茎,且植株密度越小,则薯干率和鲜薯淀粉含量越高。     

木薯地膜覆盖种植模式的技术探索与总结

通过对木薯地膜覆盖种植试验的技术探索,对照露地种植,比较农艺性状、产量及淀粉含量等三种性状表现。结果表明:木薯地膜覆盖种植比露地种植模式农艺性状更好、产量更高、单位面积淀粉含量更高,鲜薯产量增加1.36 t/666.67m~2,差异达极显著水平,增收662元/666.67m~2,对农民增产、增收具有重要意义,是一种值得推广与实践的种植技术。     

株行距和施肥量对木薯产量及生长的影响

采用裂区试验设计方法,研究株行距和施肥量对华南5号木薯产量和生长的影响.结果表明:在本试验株行距和施肥量条件下,施肥量对木薯产量和生长的影响比株行距大.密植(0.6～0.8 m)有利于提高淀粉产量、鲜薯产量和鲜薯淀粉含量,以0.8m株行距最佳,而疏植(1.2～1.4m)有利于提高单株薯数、单株鲜薯重、单株鲜茎叶重、收获指数和茎径.施肥有利于提高淀粉产量、鲜薯产量、单株鲜薯重、单株鲜茎叶重、茎径、株高和单株薯数,但降低鲜薯淀粉含量和收获指数.丰产栽培技术要兼顾单位面积株数、单株鲜薯重和鲜薯淀粉含量.建议在土壤肥力差和少施肥时,用0.6 m株行距;土壤肥力中等且较高施肥时.采用0.8 m株行距;土壤肥力中上且优越水肥管理,采用1.0 m株行距.     

甘薯一段苗和二段苗生长和产量性状比较

甘薯一段苗(带顶尖的0～25 cm)及二段苗(25～50 cm)试验结果表明：一段苗的薯干粗淀粉含量极显著高于二段苗，一段苗有利于提高迷你薯比率，而二段苗有利于提高大中薯率。在3个甘薯品种中，广薯87一段苗的单株结薯数、薯干产量、淀粉产量和鲜薯产量分别比二段苗提高51.7%、38.7%、41.9%和20.2%，前三者达显著差异；广薯79一段苗的鲜薯产量、薯干产量和淀粉产量分别比二段苗提高15.3%、11.9%和20.0%；相反，普薯24二段苗的单株鲜薯重、鲜薯产量、薯干产量和淀粉产量分别比一段苗提高12.0%、12.0%、15.7和11.8%。因此，应针对不同甘薯品种一段苗和二段苗的生长特性以及市场目标来择优选用。     

云南木薯长茎直插栽培试验初报

以木薯品种华南205和新选048的成熟种茎为材料，采用直插的种植方式，设置4个种茎种植长度处理（20 cm、30 cm、40 cm、50 cm），研究不同种茎长度对木薯各项田间农艺性状的影响。结果表明：就综合出苗率、株高、茎粗、地上部分重、鲜薯条数以及鲜薯产量等各项指标而言，30 cm的种茎种植长度处理具有明显的比较优势。本研究结果将为华南205和新选048在云南木薯生产中的推广提供理论支撑和技术参考。     

优质加工型甘薯新品种烟薯21号的选育及高产栽培技术

烟薯21号是优质、加工型深黄肉甘薯新品种,3年6点次品比试验结果：春薯鲜薯平均产量为40252．5kg／hm^2,比徐薯18增产25．9％,薯干产量为11769．0kg／hm^2,比徐薯18增产40．3％。平均烘干率29．4％,比对照徐薯18高1．93个百分点。抗茎线虫病、黑斑病,耐贮藏,薯块光滑,整齐集中,是加工出口型的新品种。     

甘薯新品种在闽东南丘陵旱地试种试验简报

2001年引进9个甘薯新品种(系)，以金山57为对照，进行品种生产试种试验。在参试的9个品种(系)中，鲜薯产量以龙薯9号产量最高，达37875kg／hm^2，比对照金山57增产41．4％。其次为宁薯303，鲜薯产量31249．5kg／hm^2，比对照金山57增产16．8％，增产显著。薯干产量以金山291最高，达8200．5kg／hm^2，比对照金山57增产24．7％，其次是龙薯9号，薯干产量为7875．0kg／hm^2，比对照金山57增产19．8％，达显著水平。金山291淀粉率最高，达18．7％，晒干率最高，达30．8％，食味最好。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).