5个油茶物种对南方根结线虫的抗性研究

采用人工接种的方法,研究了普通油茶、博白大果油茶、广宁红花油茶、香花油茶和陆川油茶对南方根结线虫的抗性。结果表明：普通油茶易感南方根结线虫,广宁红花油茶、香花油茶和陆川油茶中抗南方根结线虫,博白大果油茶高抗南方根结线虫;接种60 d内调查,南方根结线虫侵入博白大果油茶后不能完成其生活史,而普通油茶在28 d内就能完成生活史并繁育后代;接种根结线虫后对博白大果油茶、广宁红花油茶、香花油茶和陆川油茶的生长没有显著性影响,但抑制普通油茶茎、叶的生长的同时促进其侧根的生长。     

不同砧木对海南油茶嫁接成活率和苗木生长的影响

以越南油茶(海南种源)、油茶‘岑软2号’(广西种源)、油茶‘湘林XLC15’(湖南种源)和高州油茶(广东种源)种子的芽苗为砧木,海南省新认定油茶新品种‘海油1号’春梢为接穗,研究4种砧木对其嫁接成活率、嫁接苗生长及养分含量的影响。结果表明:以越南油茶为砧木嫁接成活率最高,达95.0%,以油茶‘湘林XLC15’为砧木嫁接成活率最低,仅为50.0%;以越南油茶为砧木的2年生嫁接苗苗高、地径和总鲜重均为最高,分别达到50.75 cm、5.19 mm和38.64 g,其次为‘岑软2号’,高州油茶最低;不同砧木嫁接的苗木根冠比大小依次为高州油茶油茶‘湘林XLC15’越南油茶油茶‘岑软2号’;以越南油茶为砧木的嫁接苗叶片叶绿素含量最高,平均值达77.58,最低为‘湘林XLC15’;以越南油茶为砧木的嫁接苗总氮含量、总磷含量和总钾含量均最高,分别为849.23、667.58、532.98 mg。综合评价结果表明以本地越南油茶做砧木最适宜于‘海油1号’油茶的嫁接育苗,其次为油茶‘岑软2号’。研究结果为海南特色油茶的良种壮苗培育提供了科学依据。     

杜鹃红山茶芽苗砧嫁接亲和性生理研究

杜鹃红山茶（Camellia azalea）为山茶科山茶属常绿灌木或小乔木,是中国特有珍稀濒危物种,在园林与观赏园艺方面具有广阔的应用前景,兼具有极高的科研价值。国内外关于杜鹃红山茶嫁接繁殖的研究主要集中在木质化砧木嫁接方面,而芽苗砧嫁接技术及芽苗砧嫁接亲和性生理的研究鲜有报道。为了从生理层面揭示杜鹃红山茶接穗与不同油茶芽苗砧的亲和性差异,本研究以广西栽培面积广泛的高州油茶、广宁红花油茶、岑溪软枝油茶、普通油茶为芽苗砧,以杜鹃红山茶当年生半木质化枝条为接穗进行芽苗砧嫁接,于嫁接后90 d,考察不同芽苗砧处理对杜鹃红山茶接穗死亡率、嫁接苗叶片中初生代谢产物含量、抗氧化生理指标以及光合色素含量的影响。结果表明：（1）不同芽苗砧木对杜鹃红山茶接穗的死亡率有显著影响,采用高州油茶作为芽苗砧,杜鹃红山茶嫁接死亡率最低,为18.5%;（2）不同芽苗砧木对杜鹃红山茶接穗叶片中可溶性蛋白含量及淀粉含量有显著影响,采用高州油茶砧木,嫁接苗叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及淀粉含量均处于最高水平;（3）不同芽苗砧木对杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗叶片中脯氨酸含量及过氧化物酶（POD）活性有显著影响,采用高州油茶作为芽苗砧,嫁接苗叶片中脯氨酸和丙二醛（MDA）含量最低,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和POD活性最高;（4）不同芽苗砧木对杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗叶片中总叶绿素、叶绿素a及叶绿素b含量有显著影响,采用高州油茶作为芽苗砧的杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗叶片中总叶绿素、叶绿素a及叶绿素b含量均最高。研究认为,杜鹃红山茶接穗与高州油茶芽苗砧具有较好的亲和性,其嫁接苗抗性优于其他芽苗砧处理,叶片生长状况较好,具有较强的光合能力。     

红花茎尖微嫁接技术研究

目的 探讨红花茎尖微嫁接技术,为解决转基因红花植株生根困难问题提供一个新的途径.方法 光照条件下培养红花实生苗用作砧木,以红花组培苗茎尖为接穗,采用劈接法和顶接法进行茎尖微嫁接试验,并对影响嫁接成活率的因素进行研究.结果 成功获得了红花茎尖微嫁接苗,并优化了嫁接的条件:选取苗龄为14d的红花实生苗为砧木,嫁接成活率较高;采用劈接法进行茎尖微嫁接,效果较好,嫁接成活率可达56.7％,而顶接法成活率仅为16.7％.结论 本研究建立了红花茎尖微嫁接的方法,获得了嫁接成活苗.     

不同砧木嫁接对苦瓜幼苗抗冷性的影响

为了提高苦瓜抗冷性,筛选出抗冷性好的苦瓜嫁接砧木,探讨不同砧木嫁接对苦瓜抗冷性的影响,以翠柳2号苦瓜为接穗,以丝瓜、南瓜等5个品种为嫁接砧木,以翠柳二号苦瓜自根苗和自嫁苗为对照,在昼/夜8℃下进行低温胁迫。结果表明,低温胁迫下,嫁接苗的地上部分和地下部分生长指标、生长速率、根系活力均高于自根苗、自嫁苗,其中中原共荣、苦砧2号、根无敌等南瓜砧木的嫁接苗表现较好,且均显著高于对照;嫁接苗的冷害指数、细胞膜渗透率均低于对照,其中中原共荣、苦砧2号、根无敌嫁接苗的冷害指数显著低于对照。这说明嫁接能明显提高苦瓜幼苗的耐冷性,减少低温胁迫对苦瓜幼苗生长的影响。研究认为,5个砧木品种的嫁接苗的生长势和抗冷性均优于自根苗、自嫁苗,其中中原共荣、苦砧2号、根无敌3个砧木品种综合表现较优异,在生产上可以作为苦瓜耐低温砧木。     

西瓜嫁接苗的植物保护酶同工酶与亲和力分析

采用6种不同瓜类的砧木分别与西瓜(Citrulluslanatusvar.)西农8号进行嫁接,研究其对接穗过氧化物(POD)和超氧物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶及其接穗生长的影响。结果表明:接穗断根前西瓜实生苗与接穗苗同工酶的带型及其活性强度差异较小;断根后西瓜实生苗与不同砧木的嫁接苗生长及其叶片POD和SOD同工酶相似性变化较大。同工酶相似系数与嫁接苗的长势存在正相关,其中冬瓜、瓠子和葫芦砧木上接穗与实生苗的POD和SOD同工酶相似性最高,与西瓜的嫁接亲和性最强;丝瓜砧木上的接穗与实生苗的叶片POD和SOD同工酶相似性最低,与西瓜的嫁接亲和性最弱。     

不同嫁接方法对(北方)番茄栽培的影响研究

[目的]研究不同嫁接方法对番茄幼苗生长的影响差异.[方法]选用3个常用砧木材料,采用生产中常用嫁接成活率较高的劈接法和套管法进行嫁接,调查不同嫁接方法嫁接效率、成活率、嫁接苗抗病性、产量及品质等指标.[结果]套管法嫁接比劈接法嫁接效率高30％,田间抗病性更好,产量高12％,不同砧木嫁接苗抗病性、产量差异显著,JZM鄄1...     

不同砧木嫁接英红九号成活率的调查报告

对英红九号与秀红、五岭红、八仙、金萱、黄旦、福建水仙等6种不同品种砧木嫁接组合的成活率和生长性状进行了调查统计。发现成活率英红九号/福建水仙组合为55%,最低;英红九号/五岭红组合成活率为94.7%最高;其余4种组合成活率均超过80%。此外,不同嫁接组合的接枝生长情况也存在一定的差异,表明砧木与接穗的品种间亲和性对接穗成活率有显著影响,砧木的生长状态对成活接穗的生长性状也有较大的影响。     

茶树胚根倒接方法及不同砧穗品种的嫁接效果

为了研究茶树胚根倒接嫁接方法的优劣,筛选茶树胚根倒接方法的适宜根砧、接穗品种,通过田间试验,设置胚根顺接法与倒接法2种嫁接方法,祁门槠叶种、黄山大叶种、松萝种3种根砧,红旗1号与漕溪1号2种接穗,在不同时期取样观察嫁接苗愈合、成活及生长情况。结果表明:茶树胚根嫁接后40 d愈合率为93.93%,平均成活率为99.26%;80 d后嫁接口已完全愈合,平均成活率为90.50%;145 d后平均成活率为76.1%,平均株高为20.22 cm,叶片数为5.89,平均根粗为3.73 cm;倒接法早期(40 d)愈合稍慢,但后期(145 d)生长加速,甚至超过顺接法;漕溪1号接穗为半木质化新梢,叶面积大,成活率高(80.92%),前期(40 d)以根系发育为主,80 d以后地上、地下生长速度均大于红旗1号(为木质化留养枝);不同品种茶树根砧的嫁接效果无显著性差异,嫁接后5个月,黄山大叶种的地上部分表现最好,祁门槠叶种的主根长及主、侧根鲜重等地下部分表现最好;整体来看,祁门槠叶种根砧倒接漕溪1号接穗处理为最优选择。因此,茶树胚根倒接方法技术可行,嫁接时选择大叶种茶树的未木质化或半木质化新梢作为接穗,配合亲和性强的根系粗壮的根砧,更有利于嫁接苗的成活及后期的生长发育。     

龙眼砧木苗的繁育技术

龙眼嫁接苗能保持良种性状并提早投产.但从外地引进,经远运输易影响定植成活率.因此应立足于自育自用.首先,必须培育出砧木苗以供嫁接.龙眼砧木的培育方法可用直播,但一般多采用撒播移植法.(即9月播种,翌年3～4月移植,移植后一周年育成砧木供嫁接用).砧木是嫁接苗的基础.砧木的质量关系到嫁接成活率和育苗经济效益.所以,繁育强壮砧木是培育嫁接苗重要的一环.据实地调查,新区繁育龙     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).