鸭血浆酯酶多态性及其与体重关系的分析

生物多样性的研究和保护是目前全世界普遍关注的问题，其中研究较多的是遗传多样性、物种多样性及生态系统多样性。其中遗传多样性是后者的物质基础。以蛋白质(酶)和DNA(RNA)作遗传标记是进行遗传多样性研究的主要方法。利用血液中蛋白、酶的多态性可以分析品种或品系的种群结构和品系间的遗传相似关系，预测亲本选配和杂交配合的效果；与某种生产性能具有强相关性的多态蛋白(酶)，又可作为选择的指标，进而早期评定动物的种用价值。     

3个蒙古犬品系8个微卫星基因座的遗传结构分析

为了在分子水平上分析蒙古犬群体结构,试验以蒙古犬3种毛色类型群体为试验动物,对其基因组中的微卫星结构进行分析,研究其群体的微卫星多态性。结果表明:8个微卫星位点在3个蒙古犬品系中均呈现高度多态,由相关公式计算的平均杂合度、群体多态信息含量分别为0.5614～0.6770和0.5030～0.6171;3个品系间的基因遗传分化系数为0.2183,群体分化程度较大;迁移率在0.4532～1.4178之间变动,平均值为1.0234。说明3个蒙古犬品系8个微卫星基因座的遗传结构存在一定程度的相似性,分析其品系间相似的遗传结构可能与品种的形成史有关。     

数量遗传学与分子遗传学在动物育种中的应用与前景

1数量遗传学与动物育种 数量遗传学是遗传学原理与统计学方法相结合研究群体数量性状遗传与变异规律的一门遗传学分支学科。迄今为止的动物育种方法基本上是以数量遗传学为理论依据的“数量遗传学方法”，即根据数量遗传学的原理和方法，对畜禽进行适当的选种选配，     

浅谈数量遗传学与家禽育种

1 前言 数量遗传学是指运用数理统计方法和适宜的遗传模型分析数量性状遗传规律的理论学科,是遗传学与生物统计学相结合而形成的交叉学科,在动物育种改良过程中起着重要的作用.在对畜禽进行选种、选配的育种实践中,数量遗传学的原理是在选择时通过提高群体中有利基因的频率,降低不良基因的频率,从而达到从遗传上改良畜禽经济性状的目的,进而使群体的生产性能得到大幅度提高,向着人类需求的方向发展.半个多世纪以来,在数量遗传学理论的指导下,家禽的肉、蛋的生产性能均得到很大提高.     

畜禽遗传资源保存综观 上

本文运用系统论、耗散结构和群体遗传学理论,对中国畜禽遗传资源保存系统的历史现状进行分析的结果表明,指导该系统运行的理论不合理、技术方法单一、结构关系松散、信息采集处理能力差是造成畜禽遗传资源不能得到有效保存的关键因素。本文亦对世界畜禽遗传资源保存研究的现状及其进展作了全面、系统的评述。     

中国茸鹿品种(品系)间遗传关系的分析

以体现我国茸鹿品种 (品系 )种质特性的成年公鹿 34个性状指标的数据资料为依据 ,采用聚类分析方法 ,对我国双阳、长白山、西丰、清原和乌兰坝 5个茸鹿品种 (品系 )群体的遗传关系进行了分析。结果表明 :双阳品种、长白山品系、西丰品种与清原品系、乌兰坝品种形成明显的两大类 ,反映了 5个茸鹿品种 (品系 )形成的原始群体起源的背景及其遗传关系     

同族分散和同族集中技术的现代通俗版

<正>1同族分散的基本概念同胞分散是利用遗传基础高度相似的全(或半)同胞公猪与不同品系(或品族)的母猪群体选配,用后代的性能成绩来反推最佳的选配组合。反之,同族分散是利用遗传基础高度相似的全(或半)同胞母猪与不同品系的公猪个体选配,也是用后代的性能成绩来反推最佳的选配组合。其选配原理是通过不同组合的测交,找到最为理想的显性、超显性效果,即最佳配合力(Optimal Combining Ability),而后可以将所有母猪与最佳公猪配对用于经济杂交,并且通过多世代的正反反复选配(Reciprocal Recurrent Selection)形成专门化配套组合,不断提纯优化形成固定的配套系。     

应用DNA指纹图谱法对湘白猪群体遗传结构的研究

本文采用Ｊｅｆｆｒｅｙｓ小卫星探针３３．６和３３．１５检测了４个湘白猪品系（Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ）和５个亲本品种（大约克、长白、杜洛克、大围子、沙子岭）的ＤＮＡ指纹图谱。根据指纹带型计算了每个群体的相似系数、平均等位基因频率和最低杂合率。４个湘白猪品系的分析结果表明：湘白猪各品系内的相似系数为０．４５－０．４９，接近于欧美引进品种长白猪（０．４８－０．５０），具有较好的遗传纯合性。根据９个品种（系）的群     

科技

<正>中国、巴基斯坦和尼泊尔家山羊群体遗传关系被揭示近期,中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所畜禽种质资源保护与利用科技创新团队研究揭示了中国、巴基斯坦和尼泊尔山羊群体的遗传关系,筛选出调控山羊热适应性、产绒和产奶的关键候选基因与SNP错义突变位点,为进一步研究山羊适应性及表型性状的遗传机制、促进地方品种分子育种提供理论基础。相关成果发表在《遗传学报（Journal of Ges）》。     

试论动物育种方法

动物育种从理论上讲,包括选种、选配、品系繁育和杂交改良;在实际应用中,则根据动物的不同特点及所选性状的不同,侧重于不同的育种策略和育种方法,以达到最佳的改良效果。1动物育种方法的历史回顾1.1遗传学理论基础动物育种方法的发展离不开遗传学理论的发展,遗传学理论决定着动物育种方法的变迁。遗传学的发展经历了4个时期:孟德尔遗传学,群体遗传学,数量遗传学和分子数量遗传学[8]。期间,数学、统计学和遗传学进行了充分的结合,发展到数量遗传学时,已成为一门研究群体数量性状遗传与变异规律的学科。数量遗传学以微效多基因假说为前提,认…     

Association Analysis between Differences of GnRHR-Ⅱ Gene Expression with Reproduction Traits Heterosis in Duck Populations

The objective of this study was to clone the sequence of duck type Ⅱ gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR-Ⅱ) gene, and to analyze the association of its expression levels with reproduction trait heterosis. RT-PCR method was used to clone GnRHR-Ⅱ gene fragments, and the expression levels during early laying days and laying fastigium period in Gaoyou duck, Jinding duck and crossed populations were tested by Real-time PCR method. Sequencing and homology analysis showed that the cloned duck GnRHR cDNA was about 500 bp in length, and it belonged to the avian type Ⅱ GnRHR isoforms. It was 96% identical to the cGnRHR-Ⅱ sequence reported in domestic chicken. From the early laying days to laying fastigium period, expression levels of GnRHR-Ⅱ gene in pituitary increased for Jinding duck, Gaoyou duck and crossed populations, with the highest expression levels in Jinding×Gaoyou hybrid group (P<0.01) . The expression levels of GnRHR-Ⅱ gene in hypothalamus also increased for Jinding duck, Gaoyou duck, however, it decreased in two crossed populations. The expression levels of GnRHR-Ⅱ gene in ovary were significantly higher for Jinding duck and two crossed populations than Gaoyou duck (P<0.01), but it decreased during laying fastigium period. Compared to Jinding duck and Gaoyou duck breeds, the two crossed populations had positive heterosis in 42-week production and 42-week egg fertilization percent, and negative heterosis in the first laying age and 42-week fertilized egg hatching rate traits. It suggested that the short-lived higher expression of ovary GnRHR-Ⅱ gene before early laying days be correlated with heterosis of the first laying age and 42-week production traits, and its higher expression levels in pituitary could aid to keep laying fastigium.     

黄羽肉鸡群体遗传变异的微卫星分析及其与体重杂种优势的关系

选用10对微卫星引物分析了黄羽肉鸡A、B、C3个品系的遗传结构和差异,并对微卫星标记所计算的个体间遗传距离与C×B、C×A杂交后代的初生至8周龄体重的杂种优势和杂种优势率进行了相关分析。结果表明,10个微卫星标记中有9个表现出多态性,多态信息含量(PIC)和群体杂合度(Heterozigosity)分别为0·4400和0·6811,各品系、各微卫星基因座上都表现出一定差异。利用9个多态微卫星标记计算得出的亲本个体间的遗传距离与后代杂种优势率间多数没有显著的相关(P>0·05),仅C×B组合中亲本个体间平均遗传距离与第8周龄体重杂种优势和杂种优势率间相关显著(P<0·05)。     

肉用型西门塔尔与安格斯不同杂交方式杂交效果研究

[目的]为检验肉用型西门塔尔牛云南本地黄牛的改良效果.[方法]云南省种畜繁育推广中心肉牛纯繁场分别利用XM♂×本地西门塔尔高代杂交黄牛♀（Ⅰ组）;XM♀×AG♂（Ⅱ组）;AG♂×本地西门塔尔高代杂交黄牛♀（Ⅲ组）.[结果]在相同的饲养管理条件下,Ⅱ组初生、6月龄、12月龄、18月龄、24月龄平均体重明显高于I组和Ⅲ组,工组结果明显高于Ⅲ组;6月龄、18月龄日增重Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组差异不显著,Ⅰ组12月龄、24月龄日增重明显高于和Ⅲ组,而Ⅱ组6月龄、12月龄、18月龄、24月龄日增重明显高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组.[结论]通过实验结果可以看出,肉用型西门塔尔牛与安格斯种公牛杂交效果优势明显,而肉用型西门塔尔种公牛与本地黄牛杂交效果又明显高于安格斯种公牛.     

Genetic variation in resistance of turkeys to experimental challenge with Pasteurella multocida.

Six hundred fifty-five male and female turkeys representing four genetic lines were challenged in 10 experiments over a 3-year period with a field isolate of Pasteurella multocida. Poults were challenged at 45 days of age with 1 ml of an inoculum containing 1.2 x 10(7) bacteria per ml. The lines of turkeys included two randombred control lines (RBC1 and RBC2), a subline (E) of RBC1 selected for increased egg production, and a subline (F) of RBC2 selected for increased 16-week body weight. The number of days from exposure to severe clinical signs or death for Line F (5.8 days) differed significantly from that of Line E (8.2 days), Line RBC1 (8.0 days), and Line RBC2 (8.2 days). There were no significant differences due to sex of poult for number of days from exposure to severe clinical signs or death. Overall mortality observed was 51.2%. Mortality was highest for Line F (72.1%) and differed significantly from that of the other lines. Mortality among male poults did not differ significantly from mortality among female poults.     

Long-term egg production and heterosis in quail lines after within-line or reciprocal recurrent selection for high early egg production

1. Four Japanese quail lines were developed using 13 generations of reciprocal recurrent (lines AA and BB) or within-line selection (lines DD and EE) for high egg number until 98 d of age. In these lines and their reciprocal crosses, egg production, egg weight and mortality were monitored for up to 21 months to evaluate the impact of selection method and line origin on long-term production and heterosis. 2. Both hen-housed total egg number (EN) and hen-day egg laying rate (ELR) were consistently lower in recurrent lines than in lines under within-line selection: after 13 months of test, the difference was -47.1 eggs for EN and -20% for ELR%, whereas mortality was similar at around 20%. 3. Line EE was the best pure line for early egg production (55.2 eggs at 98 d of age) and also gave eggs which were consistently about 2 g larger than those from line DD but it had the highest overall mortality (78.5%) of all lines. On average, line DD laid 399 eggs (EN) over the whole experiment, 84 more than Line EE. 4. Crossbreds from the 2 types of pure lines and line DD had similar patterns and rates of egg production during the whole experiment, as indicated by the similarity of the curves adjusted for those lines by using the monomolecular model for EN and the modified compartmental model for ELR. 5. However, heterosis was higher from recurrent selection lines and it increased more with time than did heterosis from within-line selection lines.     

微生态制剂对蛋禽生产性能的影响

[目的]试验拟在蛋禽日粮中额外添加微生态制剂,通过蛋禽的生产性能和蛋品质等情况,探索微生态制剂生对蛋禽生产的影响,为不同微生态制剂在蛋禽上的应用提供依据.[方法]将鸡群分成4组,分别为试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和对照组,试验组分别饲喂不同的微生态制剂,检测生产性能和蛋品质相关数据.[结果]微生态制剂能够有效降低动物的...     

The National Pork Producers Council Maternal Line National Genetic Evaluation Program: a comparison of six maternal genetic lines for female productivity measures over four parities

Litter (n = 8,424) and female performance records were collected in two breed-to-wean production units in order to evaluate genetic line differences for sow longevity and maternal performance over four parities. Lines evaluated were American Diamond Genetics, Danbred North America, Dekalb-Monsanto DK44, Dekalb-Monsanto GPK347, Newsham Hybrids, and National Swine Registry. Females within a line were derived from a minimum of 65 sires, 197 dams (three dams per sire), and a maximum of three daughters per dam, except in the GPK347, which were produced using semen from 12 Nebraska Index boars mated with Dekalb-Monsanto Line 34 females. All lines expressed 100% maternal heterosis. Mixed model statistical procedures were used with fixed effects including genetic line, parity, production unit, and two-way interactions. Random effects included a contemporary week of production and female for repeated records. Lactation length (average 15 d) was included as a linear covariate where appropriate. In total, 3,599 females entered as early-weaned pigs, 3,283 entered the breeding herd, 2,592 farrowed at least a single litter, and 1,656 and completed four parities. Line (P < 0.001) and parity (P < 0.001) effects were observed for virtually all traits measured. Ranges of genetic line differences averaged across parities were 1.76 pigs for total born, 1.45 pigs born alive, and 0.31 stillborn pigs per litter. Ranges of line differences in total and live litter weight were 1.4 and 1.3 kg, respectively. Ranges among lines, within Parities 1 through 4, for litter size at weaning were 0.56, 1.08, 0.91, and 0.64 pigs per litter, respectively. Line differences for weight (33.8 kg) and backfat depth (6.4 mm) at farrowing, lactation feed intake (8.7 kg), weight loss (5.0 kg), and backfat loss (0.87 mm) were observed. Extended wean-to-estrus interval was related to variation in weight, feed intake, and backfat loss in all lines except the GPK347. The GPK347 females farrowed and weaned the largest number of pigs, ate less feed in lactation, and lost more backfat and weight during lactation, yet they had the largest litters and the shortest wean-to-estrus intervals. Line x parity interactions existed for many traits due to small rank changes, but in general, the high- and low-ranked lines did not change. Genetic line differences in reproductive efficiency through four parities exist and must be recognized when choosing a female line.     

Biofortification of hens’ eggs with microelements by innovative bio‐based dietary supplement

New bio‐based dietary supplement with micronutrients for livestock was elaborated. The new preparation was tested on laying hens to determine the influence of new biological feed additives on the level of trace elements in egg content. The diet of laying hens (Hy‐Line Brown, 30 weeks of age) was supplemented with soya bean meal enriched with Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(II) and Cr(III) by biosorption. A total of 150 laying hens were divided into five groups: one control and four experimental. In the control group, microelements were supplemented in the inorganic form, whereas in experimental groups, Cu, Zn, Fe and Cr were replaced with soya bean meal enriched with a given microelement ion. The feeding experiment was conducted for 12 weeks and was divided into three series. The results showed that adding the new feed additives to the diet of laying hens had an impact on microelement transfer to eggs, in particular with increased dosing. Eggs were biofortified with iron, zinc and copper and to a lesser extent with chromium. The microelements were accumulated primarily in the albumen because soy protein was the carrier of micronutrient ions in hens’ diet. Transfer of trace elements to eggs was not linearly dependent on the dosage of biologically bound microelements in the diet.     

Comparison of plasma FSH concentration in boars and gilts from lines selected for ovulation rate and embryonal survival, and litter size and estimation of (co)variance components for FSH and ovulation rate

The objective of this research was to determine whether plasma concentration of FSH was genetically correlated with ovulation rate and thus was a useful trait for indirect selection. Blood samples were collected from 619 animals from five lines of pigs. Line I was selected for increased index of ovulation rate and embryonal survival, and Line C was its randomly selected control. Pigs sampled from Lines I and C were from generations 12 and 13. Pigs from three additional lines that were derived from eighth-generation pigs of Lines I and C also were used. These lines were Line C2, a randomly selected control derived from Line C, Line COL, derived from Line C, and Line IOL, derived from Line I; each of these lines was selected an additional five generations for increased ovulation rate and increased litter size. A single blood sample was collected from each pig between 46 to 63 (d 58), 86 to 98 (d 90), 110 to 133 (d 124), and 147 to 153 (d 150) d of age. The heritability of ovulation rate was .28 and heritabilities of plasma concentration of FSH at d 58, 90, 124, and 150 were .41, .25, .12, and 0, respectively. Genetic correlations between ovulation rate and d-58, d-90, and d-124 plasma concentration of FSH were .31, .23, and 0, respectively. Line I gilts had greater estimated breeding values for plasma concentration of FSH at d 58 and 90 than Line C gilts (P < .01). Line COL gilts had greater estimated breeding values for plasma concentration of FSH at d 58 than Line C2 gilts (P < .01). Line I boars had greater estimated breeding values for plasma concentration of FSH at d 90 than Line C boars (P < .05). Even though genetic correlations were low, selection for increased plasma concentration of FSH was estimated to be 93% as effective in changing ovulation rate as direct selection because selection for FSH can be practiced in both sexes. Thus, selection for increased plasma concentration of FSH seems to be a practical method for increasing ovulation rate in pig breeding programs without using laparoscopy.     

复方党参对小白鼠生长性能及生化指标的影响

选取18—20g小白鼠80只,雌雄各半,随机分成I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组和C组,每组20只,分别饲养于8个鼠笼中。在I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组相应鼠粮中添加5％、8％、10％的复方党参,C组为对照组。,试验周期为28d,分别在7、14、2l、28d进行称重,实验结束后测定各项血液生化指标,研究不同剂量的复方党参对小白鼠生长性能和血液生化指标的影响。结果表明,饲料中添加8％的复方党参具有较好的促生长作用,同时血液指标也优于其他两组、