CsBi(4)Te(6): A high-performance thermoelectric material for low-temperature applications

Thermoelectric (Peltier) heat pumps are capable of refrigerating solid or fluid objects, and unlike conventional vapor compressor systems, they can be miniaturized without loss of efficiency. More efficient thermoelectric materials need to be identified, especially for low-temperature applications in electronics and devices. The material CsBi(4)Te(6) has been synthesized and its properties have been studied. When doped appropriately, it exhibits a high thermoelectric figure of merit below room temperature (ZT(max) approximately 0.8 at 225 kelvin). At cryogenic temperatures, the thermoelectric properties of CsBi(4)Te(6) appear to match or exceed those of Bi(2-x)Sb(x)Te(3-y)Se(y) alloys.     

High-thermoelectric performance of nanostructured bismuth antimony telluride bulk alloys

The dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) in bismuth antimony telluride (BiSbTe) bulk alloys has remained around 1 for more than 50 years. We show that a peak ZT of 1.4 at 100 degrees C can be achieved in a p-type nanocrystalline BiSbTe bulk alloy. These nanocrystalline bulk materials were made by hot pressing nanopowders that were ball-milled from crystalline ingots under inert conditions. Electrical transport measurements, coupled with microstructure studies and modeling, show that the ZT improvement is the result of low thermal conductivity caused by the increased phonon scattering by grain boundaries and defects. More importantly, ZT is about 1.2 at room temperature and 0.8 at 250 degrees C, which makes these materials useful for cooling and power generation. Cooling devices that use these materials have produced high-temperature differences of 86 degrees , 106 degrees , and 119 degrees C with hot-side temperatures set at 50 degrees, 100 degrees, and 150 degrees C, respectively. This discovery sets the stage for use of a new nanocomposite approach in developing high-performance low-cost bulk thermoelectric materials.     

压力对稀土元素Sm填充方钴矿化合物热电性能的影响

通过高温高压方法合成出稀土元素Sm填充n型方钴矿化合物SmxCo4Sb12（0〈x〈1）,并考察了在室温下Sm填充率对热电性能的影响规律.结果表明：SmxCo4Sb12化合物表现为n型传导;电阻率和Seebeck系数随着合成压力的增加逐渐增加;晶格热导率随着Sm填充分数的增加而降低,在Sm填充量为0.5时达到最小值.室温下Sm0.5Co4Sb12化合物显示最大热电性能指数,其最大无量纲热电性能指数ZTmax值达到0.16.     

Cubic AgPb(m)SbTe(2+m): bulk thermoelectric materials with high figure of merit

The conversion of heat to electricity by thermoelectric devices may play a key role in the future for energy production and utilization. However, in order to meet that role, more efficient thermoelectric materials are needed that are suitable for high-temperature applications. We show that the material system AgPb(m)SbTe(2+m) may be suitable for this purpose. With m = 10 and 18 and doped appropriately, n-type semiconductors can be produced that exhibit a high thermoelectric figure of merit material ZTmax of approximately 2.2 at 800 kelvin. In the temperature range 600 to 900 kelvin, the AgPb(m)SbTe(2+m) material is expected to outperform all reported bulk thermoelectrics, thereby earmarking it as a material system for potential use in efficient thermoelectric power generation from heat sources.     

Quantum dot superlattice thermoelectric materials and devices

PbSeTe-based quantum dot superlattice structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been investigated for applications in thermoelectrics. We demonstrate improved cooling values relative to the conventional bulk (Bi,Sb)2(Se,Te)3 thermoelectric materials using a n-type film in a one-leg thermoelectric device test setup, which cooled the cold junction 43.7 K below the room temperature hot junction temperature of 299.7 K. The typical device consists of a substrate-free, bulk-like (typically 0.1 millimeter in thickness, 10 millimeters in width, and 5 millimeters in length) slab of nanostructured PbSeTe/PbTe as the n-type leg and a metal wire as the p-type leg.     

罗勒离体培养植株再生体系的建立*

 以6个罗勒品种为材料,研究不同激素（6-BA,KT,ZT,NAA）组合对植株再生的影响。结果表明在6种基因型中,甜罗勒的效果最好;罗勒不定芽诱导的最佳培养基组合为MS+ ZT 0.4mg/L +KT 0.1mg/L +6-BA 0.2mg/L +NAA 0.02mg/L。罗勒不定芽伸长的最佳培养基组合为MS + ZT 0.4mg/L+ KT 0mg/L + 6-BA 0.2mg/L +NAA 0.04mg/L。适合于不定芽生根的不定根诱导培养基组合为1/2MS+IAA 0.2~0.3mg/L。     

草地早熟禾愈伤组织诱导和分化中内源激素水平分析

以草地早熟禾‘午夜2号’、‘新格莱德’、‘橄榄球2号’成熟种子为材料,进行愈伤组织的诱导和分化培养,利用高效液相色谱法对愈伤组织在不同培养期中的内源激素生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、玉米素(ZT)进行测定和分析.结果表明:愈伤组织诱导率与成熟种子中IAA和ABA水平呈正相关.3个品种种子中的IAA水平相对较高,分别为0.574、0.393和0.415μg/g,内源激素ABA的含量微小,分别为0.157、0.088和0.123μg/g,ZT含量在3个品种间差异不大;在供试材料愈伤组织的继代培养和分化阶段,IAA含量在‘午夜2号’中始终处于较高的水平,分别为0.425μg/g和0.554μg/g,变化幅度不大,在愈伤组织生长旺盛和分化成芽期最高,分别为0.495μg/g和0.629μg/g,ABA和ZT含量在愈伤组织培养和分化过程中一直处于较低水平,ABA分别为0.120μg/g和0.141μg/g,ZT分别为0.111μg/g和0.202μg/g,二者在胚性愈伤组织形成期含量逐渐升高,在愈伤组织分化能力强的时期也有升高趋势,对胚性愈伤组织的形成和分化出芽有促进作用;高ZT∶IAA和高ABA∶IAA有利于愈伤组织的生长发育,并促进胚性愈伤组织的形成,高ABA∶IAA有利于愈伤组织分化形成芽.     

Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials

If they could be easily exfoliated, layered materials would become a diverse source of two-dimensional crystals whose properties would be useful in applications ranging from electronics to energy storage. We show that layered compounds such as MoS(2), WS(2), MoSe(2), MoTe(2), TaSe(2), NbSe(2), NiTe(2), BN, and Bi(2)Te(3) can be efficiently dispersed in common solvents and can be deposited as individual flakes or formed into films. Electron microscopy strongly suggests that the material is exfoliated into individual layers. By blending this material with suspensions of other nanomaterials or polymer solutions, we can prepare hybrid dispersions or composites, which can be cast into films. We show that WS(2) and MoS(2) effectively reinforce polymers, whereas WS(2)/carbon nanotube hybrid films have high conductivity, leading to promising thermoelectric properties.     

毛细管气相色谱法快速测定植物内源脱落酸含量

本文介绍用毛细管气相色谱配合电子捕获检测器,快速测定植物样品中内源脱落酸的方法.该法具有样品前处理简单,取样量小,(一般低于一克鲜样)回收率高(>90％),灵敏度高(可检出2×10~(-11)克)的优点,特别适于取样量有限,样品数目多,要求准确度高的研究工作。用该方法测定了一些植物的内源脱落酸,获得较好结果。     

Intermetallic Compounds of the Type MNi5 as Methanation Catalysts

Catalytic reactions of carbon monoxide with hydrogen have been studied in which intermetallic compounds of the formula MNi(5) (where M is thorium, uranium, or zirconium) have been used as the catalysts. The materials perform effectively as methanation catalysts; ThNi(5) has a specific activity exceeding that of a typical commercial oxide-supported methanation catalyst by a factor of about 5. This material also shows superior resistance to hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Nickel, formed as a decomposition product of the MNi(5) intermetallic compound, is probably the active species, but its properties are influenced by the nature of M in the precursor MNi(5) system.     

桃树部分经济性状的种内变异及其分级标准研究

为了弥补桃树品种间性状变异和分级研究的不足,本文在前人成果基础上,借助计算机。对桃树12个主要经济性状在品种和品种群间的变异及其分布性进行了研究。并根据概率和正态分布理论,探讨了适于正态分布性状的统一的概率分级标准。研究结果表明,桃树不同性状的离散程度存在很大差异,品种间性状变异以产量指数、果肉可滴定酸含量和单宁含量最大,变异系数高达45～60％;以果肉含糖量和可溶性固形物含量的变异最小,变异系数在20％以下。品种群间性状变异情况与品种间表现一致。经正态总体函数的X~2检验,在供试12年主要经济性状中,单果重、果肉含糖量、核重、成熟期、果实生育期、座果率和产量指数等7个性状的性状值是正态分布。对正态分布性状,可统一用(X-1.2818＄),(X-0.5246＄)(X+0.5246＄)和X=1.2818＄)4个分点将性状值由低到高分为5级,以(X-0.5246＄)和(X+0.5246＄)2个分点将性状值分为3级。如此分级后,5级分级中1～5级性状值出现的概率分别为10％,20％、40%、20％、10％,3级分中1～3级性状值出现的概率分别为30％、40％和30%。本文还列出了7个性状的3级和5级分级标准,并对概率分级和经验分级进行了比较。     

碳源和植物生长调节剂对辣椒花药培养效率的影响（摘要）

[目的]为进一步提高辣椒花药培养效率。[方法]采用MS培养基,以博辣娇红为试材,研究碳源种类与浓度对花药愈伤组织诱导的影响;以佳玉为试材,按L16（4^5）正交试验设计,研究植物生长调节剂种类与浓度对辣椒花药培养效率的影响。[结果]愈伤组织和胚状体诱导率各浓度处理的均值麦芽糖虽略高于蔗糖,但未达差异显著水平;麦芽糖或蔗糖作碳源,3%～6%的浓度有利于提高愈伤组织与胚状体的诱导频率,超过6%以后,愈伤组织和胚状体诱导率随糖浓度的增加而极显著下降。生长调节剂对愈伤组织诱导率的影响为2,4-D﹥ZT﹥NAA﹥KT﹥6-BA;对胚状体诱导率的影响为2,4-D﹥NAA﹥ZT﹥KT﹥6-BA;2,4-D、ZT、NAA和KT对愈伤组织与胚状体诱导率均有显著或极显著影响;生长调节剂的使用浓度,2,4-D和ZT以1.0mg/L、NAA和KT对0.5mg/L的效果最好,ZT对提高愈伤组织和胚状体诱导率的效果比KT和6-BA都好;2,4-D1.0mg/L﹢ZT1.0mg/L﹢KT0.5mg/L﹢6-BA0.5mg/L是佳玉花药愈伤组织和胚状体诱导培养适宜的生长调节剂组合。[结论]该研究为辣椒花药培养研究提供了依据。     

植物内源激素对小麦多小穗的调控探讨

以导入黑麦异源基因创制的小麦多小穗品系１０－Ａ及其改良系为供试材料,在幼穗分化的伸长期、单棱期、二棱期、小花分化期、雌雄蕊分化期分别测定了赤霉素（ＧＡ３）、生长素（ＩＡＡ）、玉米素（ＺＴ）和脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）等四种内源激素。对不同时期内源激素与小穗数目间的相关程度进行了分析,结果表明：在小穗形成过程中,ＧＡ和ＩＡＡ的绝对含量与小麦小穗数目有关,而ＺＴ和ＡＢＡ绝对含量与小穗数目之间的相关不显著;但在顶小穗形成之前,ＺＴ／ＩＡＡ与小穗数目之间具有极显著的正相关。据此认为,ＧＡ、ＩＡＡ、ＺＴ和ＡＢＡ均参与了对小穗数目的调控,其中ＺＴ／ＩＡＡ值对小穗数目的调控作用尤为重要。     

Galileo encounter with 951 gaspra: first pictures of an asteroid

Galileo images of Gaspra reveal it to be an irregularly shaped object (19 by 12 by 11 kilometers) that appears to have been created by a catastrophic collisional disruption of a precursor parent body. The cratering age of the surface is about 200 million years. Subtle albedo and color variations appear to correlate with morphological features: Brighter materials are associated with craters especially along the crests of ridges, have a stronger 1-micrometer absorption, and may represent freshly excavated mafic materials; darker materials exhibiting a significantly weaker 1-micrometer absorption appear concentrated in interridge areas. One explanation of these patterns is that Gaspra is covered with a thin regolith and that some of this material has migrated downslope in some areas.     

Hormonal changes play important roles in the key period of superior and inferior earshoot differentiation in maize

The upper earshoots with higher superiority usually have higher yield potential and higher efficiency. To determine the key period for the asynchronous differentiation of superior and inferior earshoots and how hormones are involved in this process, a two-year experiment was designed using two maize hybrids: Suyu 41 (S41, single-ear hybrid) and AN 101 (A101, double-ear hybrid). The results showed that the lag of lower earshoot differentiation was not only caused by the delay of the differentiation starting time but also related to extension of the duration in spikelet differentiation (stage II) and sexual organ formation stage (stage IV). From 12 days before silking (DBS), the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR)+zeatin (ZT), and gibberellic acid (GA₃) in both upper and lower earshoots of the two hybrids increased dramatically and then decreased quickly. ABA slightly increased in the two hybrids and then decreased slowly in S41, while it was maintained at a high level in A101. At 8 DBS, i.e., the transition period from floret differentiation to sexual organ formation stage, not only the growth of upper-to-lower earshoot difference (ULED), but also the values for ULED of IAA, ZR+ZT and GA₃ were all significantly higher in S41 than in A101. Furthermore, the upper-to-lower hormone ratios IAA_U//AA_L and (ZR+ZT)_U/(ZR+ZT)_L were also much higher in the single-ear hybrid than in the double-ear hybrid, while the GA_3U/GA_3L and ABA_U/ABA_L had no significant differences. In addition, the time course of ULED_hormone/ULED_{earshoot growth rate} also suggested that the hormones work in different ways in earshoot superiority/inferiority formation. The delayed differentiation of lower ear shoots was conclusively related to the later initiation of differentiation and the longer durations of specific differentiation stages. Compared with the regulating roles of IAA and ZR+ZT in the key period (8 DBS) of superiority/inferiority differentiation, GA₃ seems to be affected earlier, while ABA contributes little to this process.     

TDZ对牛皮杜鹃叶片分化及继代增殖的影响

以牛皮杜鹃组培苗为试材,研究以改良MS为基本培养基,不同质量浓度TDZ、ZT与IBA组合,对叶片愈伤组织诱导及分化、继代增殖的影响。结果表明：TDZ对组培苗叶片愈伤组织诱导及分化的效果显著优于ZT,但在继代培养时增殖效果不如ZT;TDZ 0.3 mg/L+IBA 0.5 mg/L处理的叶片分化效果最好,分化率高达97.44%;不定芽在改良MS+ZT 0.2 mg/L+IBA 0.5 mg/L中继代培养后,每瓶分化的不定芽数最多（30.2个）。     

白魔芋开花过程内源激素动态变化

为探讨白魔芋开花过程中激素与雌、雄蕊成熟时间的关系,利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对白魔芋从佛焰苞形成前期到开花后期6个不同时期雄蕊和雌蕊中4种内源激素:生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素(ZT)的质量比进行测定和分析.结果表明,IAA,GA3,ABA和ZT 4种激素的质量比均呈现出不同的变化规律,IAA在雄蕊和雌蕊中均表现为下降—上升—下降的变化趋势;ABA表现出上升—下降—上升的变化趋势,与IAA的趋势相反;GA3在整个过程中没有明显的变化规律,雄蕊在佛焰苞成形后期达到最大值,约为195ng/g,而雌蕊GA3的质量比晚于雄蕊达到最大值,雌蕊在开花前期才达到最大值,约为188ng/g;ZT质量比的变化为先升后降、再升再降.在花芽形态分化,即雌、雄蕊成熟的关键时期,雌蕊中内源IAA,GA3和ZT的质量比均高于雄蕊,且GA3表现明显,说明较高浓度的IAA,GA3和ZT在成熟过程中起促进作用,在同一过程中,雄蕊中ABA的质量比却高于雌蕊的,而雄蕊晚熟于雌蕊,表明较高浓度的ABA抑制雄蕊的成熟.ABA/IAA和ABA/ZT的比值呈现出与ABA相同的变化趋势,高浓度的ABA/IAA,ABA/ZT和ABA/GA3均不利于雄蕊的成熟,进一步证明高浓度ABA是抑制雄蕊成熟的关键因子.     

白榆D33雄性不育花芽发育的形态及内源激素的动态变化

为了探究榆树雄性不育系花芽形态的特征及内源激素在榆树雄性不育系花芽中的调控作用,在花芽发育的不同时期,观察白榆D33雄性不育株和可育株Y3、Y4的花芽形态特征,并利用石蜡切片对其花药的内部形态进行观察;采用高效液相色谱法,对不育植株和可育植株花芽发育过程的玉米素(ZT)、赤霉素(GA3)和生长素(IAA)含量的动态变化进行比较分析。结果表明,与可育株Y3、Y4相比,不育系白榆D33在花蕾发育期间,花丝不伸长,花药干瘪,不能形成正常的花粉,但其雌蕊发育正常,能接受花粉而形成翅果;不育系白榆D33的ZT含量明显高于Y3、Y4,GA3含量动态变化较大,IAA含量出现下降趋势,并且在D33中GA3/IAA和GA3/ZT值动态变化幅度较大。不育系白榆花芽雄蕊发育不正常,花药不能产生花粉进行自花授粉,但其雌蕊发育正常;不育系白榆花芽的ZT、GA3和IAA含量不稳定。     

苦瓜离体再生体系建立的研究

[目的]研究影响苦瓜离体再生体系建立的条件,为苦瓜遗传转化体系的建立奠定基础。[方法]以碧绿二号、丰绿、共和、早绿和大顶苦瓜品种无菌实生苗为试材,探讨了不同前处理、不同激素组合及培养条件对苦瓜离体形态发生的影响。[结果]播种前对苦瓜种子进行预处理能明显提高发芽率和发芽势,苦瓜愈伤组织的诱导率比较高,不受基因型和外植体种类的限制;选用上胚轴为外植体的愈伤组织发生效果较其他外植体好;12种外源激素组合中,较强分裂素类物质ZT与激动素KT组合,对愈伤组织的分化有促进作用,以MS+ZT4 mg/L+KT1 mg/L分化培养基为最佳;苦瓜愈伤组织的再分化用琼脂固化的MS培养基比液态MS培养基效果好;pH值过低或过高都不适宜愈伤组织分化,以5.8为最适。[结论]该研究为苦瓜离体再生体系的建立提供了理论基础。