几种近海底层鱼类和中上层鱼类隐蔽伪装色的比较

为了探明近海不同生态类型鱼类隐蔽伪装色的差异,研究了6种中上层鱼类和5种底层鱼类的隐蔽伪装色,结果表明:无论近海中上层鱼类(包括大甲鲹Megalaspis cordyla、斑■Hemiramphus far、五条■Seriola quinqueradiata、竹■鱼Trachurus japonicus、蓝圆鲹Decapterus maruadsi、蓝点马鲛Scomberomorus niphonius)还是近海底层鱼类(海鳗Muraenesox cinereus、斑尾复虾虎鱼Synechogobius ommaturus、带鱼Trichiurus japonicus、单角革鲀Aluterus monoceros、龙头鱼Harpadon nehereus),黑色素细胞和黄色素细胞均为背部多腹部少,差异显著;相比近海底层鱼类,近海中上层鱼类背腹部体色差异更加明显,中上层鱼类黑色素细胞和黄色素细胞差异更大;虹彩细胞在背腹部皮肤中都存在,而近海底层鱼类的腹部主要为虹彩细胞;红色素细胞在近海底层鱼类中很少存在,但在中上层鱼类中较多。上述结果显示,鱼类背部体色的深浅主要与皮肤中黑色素细胞和黄色素细胞的数量有关,腹部体色的形成主要与虹彩细胞的多少有关。     

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a foraging cue for reef fishes

Coral reefs resemble islands of productive habitats where fishes aggregate, forage, and spawn. Although it has been suggested that some reef fishes use biogenic chemicals as aggregation cues, specific chemicals have not been identified. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), a secondary metabolite of many marine algal species, is released during foraging by higher-order consumers. DMSP has been studied intensively for its role in oceanic sulfur cycles and global climate regulation, but its ecological importance to marine fishes is unknown. We present evidence that planktivorous reef fishes will aggregate to experimental deployments of DMSP over coral reef habitats in the wild.     

Local replenishment of coral reef fish populations in a marine reserve

The scale of larval dispersal of marine organisms is important for the design of networks of marine protected areas. We examined the fate of coral reef fish larvae produced at a small island reserve, using a mass-marking method based on maternal transmission of stable isotopes to offspring. Approximately 60% of settled juveniles were spawned at the island, for species with both short (<2 weeks) and long (>1 month) pelagic larval durations. If natal homing of larvae is a common life-history strategy, the appropriate spatial scales for the management and conservation of coral reefs are likely to be much smaller than previously assumed.     

遥感在海洋渔业中的应用与研究进展

随着遥感技术的发展,遥感在海洋渔业中的作用逐渐被人们所认识,其在海洋渔业中的应用不断深入,应用领域也不断被拓展。作者综述了遥感在海洋鱼群侦察、海洋环境要素与海洋鱼类地理分布关系的研究、海洋渔业资源的变动及评估、海洋渔业管理与安全等4个方面的应用,并对其存在的问题和取得的进展进行了归纳总结。     

独角雪冰鱼和伯氏肩孔南极鱼骨骼中的元素分析

为探究缺失血红蛋白的南极独角雪冰鱼Chionodraco hamatus(CH)和具有血红蛋白的伯氏肩孔南极鱼Trematomus bernacchii(TB)骨骼中元素含量的差异,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对两种南极鱼的脊椎骨与头盖骨中Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、56Fe、Zn等常量元素,以及V、Cr、Mn、As、Se、206Pb等微量元素含量进行了测定与分析。结果表明:两种南极鱼脊椎骨中Al、K、56Fe、Mn、Se含量有显著性差异(P0.05),头盖骨中Mg、K、Ca、56Fe、V、Mn等元素含量有显著性差异(P0.05),推测此差异可能与南极冰鱼缺失功能性血红细胞有关;将两种南极鱼脊椎骨骨骼中的元素含量与7种非南极海水鱼和3种淡水鱼相比,发现两种南极鱼骨骼中K、Na、Mg、56Fe、Zn、Ca等常量元素含量较少,且Mn、V、Cr、206Pb等微量元素含量明显低于非南极鱼,这可能与南极海域存在较低污染相关。本研究中首次测定了两种南极鱼骨骼中的元素含量,为后续拟通过体内组织元素分析探索南极鱼类的生理差异提供了科学依据。     

中国水产品产量结构变化特征研究

水产品产量结构是反映渔业产业内部结构和外部资源变化的重要指示器。利用1997～2010年水产品产量数据,从生产水域、生产方式和产品种类三个不同角度,对我国水产品产量结构变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)从生产水域来看,海水产品仍是水产品市场供给的主要来源,预计到2014年淡水产品将取代海水产品地位,成为市场主力;(2)从生产方式来看,自2006年海水养殖比重超过海水捕捞比重后,标志着渔业完全实现"以养为主"的发展战略,淡水养殖产量的比重最高,已超过40%;(3)从产品种类来看,淡水鱼类、海水贝类和海水鱼类是水产品产量结构的主要品种。分析认为淡水渔业将会成为未来较长时期我国水产品供给的主要来源。建议制定淡水渔业发展战略,科学指导淡水渔业产业发展,促进淡水渔业可持续发展。     

江苏沿海海水鱼类养殖气候适宜性分析

[目的]研究江苏沿海海水鱼类养殖的气候适宜性。[方法]采取海洋气象指标分析法。[结果]江苏沿海气候是能养殖鲈鱼等海水鱼类的,地区间气候适宜性有明显的差异。[结论]从气候相对适宜性看,江苏沿海养殖海水鱼类的优先顺序为连云港、南通、盐城;造成地区间鱼类养殖气候适宜性差异的主要因素是高温、低气压、强降水等灾害性天气。     

西沙群岛海洋生物资源的旅游开发与利用

分析和评价了西沙群岛海洋生物资源,如丰富的珊瑚、贝类、热带观赏鱼等资源,根据旅游资源等级评价指标,确定西沙群岛生物旅游资源为四级——优良级旅游资源。提出了对西沙群岛海洋生物进行旅游开发的观点。其旅游产品包括海底观光、潜水游及休闲渔业游。西沙群岛海洋生物资源开发应该注意的首要问题,是重视生态环境保护和建立海上事故预警机制,加强安全保障。     

长江口沿岸碎波带仔稚鱼种类组成和季节性变化

2004年3月-2005年3月,按月在长江口沿岸碎波带沿海岸平行方向,用小型拖网共采集到仔稚鱼6 892尾,属于23科,约50种。其中科的刀鲚占总个体数的55.19%,其后依次为银飘鱼(16.99%)、鱼(10.94%)、纹缟虾虎鱼(3.92%)、斑尾刺虾虎鱼(2.67%)、鳜(1.68%)、少鳞(1.68%)、普氏细棘虾虎鱼(0.99%)、弹涂鱼(0.99%)、黄鳍刺虾虎鱼(0.89%),这10种的个体数占据了总捕获个体数的96%。长江口沿岸碎波带中,既生活着洄游性鱼类和河口性鱼类仔稚鱼,还生活着近岸海水鱼类和淡水鱼类仔稚鱼。该水域仔稚鱼的种类和平均密度具有季节性变化趋势。根据在长江口沿岸碎波带仔稚鱼的出现和季节性变化规律,对该水域的仔稚鱼资源提出了保护措施。     

长江口沿岸碎波带仔稚鱼种类组成和季节性变化

2004年3月-2005年3月,按月在长江口沿岸碎波带沿海岸平行方向,用小型拖网共采集到仔稚鱼6 892尾,属于23科,约50种。其中科的刀鲚占总个体数的55.19%,其后依次为银飘鱼(16.99%)、鱼(10.94%)、纹缟虾虎鱼(3.92%)、斑尾刺虾虎鱼(2.67%)、鳜(1.68%)、少鳞(1.68%)、普氏细棘虾虎鱼(0.99%)、弹涂鱼(0.99%)、黄鳍刺虾虎鱼(0.89%),这10种的个体数占据了总捕获个体数的96%。长江口沿岸碎波带中,既生活着洄游性鱼类和河口性鱼类仔稚鱼,还生活着近岸海水鱼类和淡水鱼类仔稚鱼。该水域仔稚鱼的种类和平均密度具有季节性变化趋势。根据在长江口沿岸碎波带仔稚鱼的出现和季节性变化规律,对该水域的仔稚鱼资源提出了保护措施。     

Isolation of halimedatrial: chemical defense adaptation in the calcareous reef-building alga halimeda

Halimedatrial, a structurally unprecedented diterpenoid trialdehyde, has been identified as the major secondary metabolite in six species of the calcareous reef-building alga Halimeda. In laboratory bioassays, halimedatrial is toxic toward reef fishes, significantly reduces feeding in herbivorous fishes, and has cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. The widespread occurrence of halimedatrial and its potent biological activities suggest that this metabolite represents a chemical defense adaptation in this pantropical marine alga.     

海洋来源生物活性肽的抗肿瘤作用研究进展

概述存在于海绵、海鞘、海藻等海洋低等生物和海洋鱼贝类中的生物活性肽,以及这些活性肽的抗肿瘤作用研究进展。     

Propagation in cell culture of the dinoflagellate amyloodinium, an ectoparasite of marine fishes

Amyloodinium ocellatum, a common dinoflagellate ectoparasite of marine fishes, was successfully propagated on a fish gill cell line. In vitro infections were similar in cytopathology and development to those reported on natural hosts, and large numbers of parasites could be produced. Exposure of parasites in cell culture to an antiprotozoal drug produced a dose-dependent inhibition of infectivity that was much more sensitive than a motility assay previously used to assess the toxic effects of a drug on protozoan ectoparasites. This propagation system may be a useful model for studying the biology and control of protozoan skin parasites of fishes and for quantitatively studying hostparasite interaction at cellular interfaces.     

超声波遥测系统及其在海洋生物领域的应用研究进展

超声波遥测是研究海洋动物行为和生理的重要手段之一,目前已应用于鱼类、头足类、甲壳类以及一些哺乳类和爬行类动物的研究,并在水产增养殖和自然资源保护领域得到重视。介绍了超声波遥测系统的组成和定位原理,回顾了超声波遥测技术在国内外海洋生物研究领域的应用进展,分析了其目前存在的问题并对未来的发展前景进行了展望。     

Genetic evidence for local retention of pelagic larvae in a Caribbean reef fish

The pelagic larvae of many marine organisms can potentially disperse across hundreds of kilometers, but whether oceanographic or behavioral mechanisms can constrain dispersal over periods sufficient for the evolution of genetic differentiation remains unclear. Here, we concurrently examine larval duration and genetic population differentiation in a cleaner goby, Elacatinus evelynae, a member of the most species-rich genus of Caribbean reef fishes. Despite evidence for extended pelagic duration (21 days), populations of E. evelynae show strong genetic differentiation: among color forms (1.36 to 3.04% divergent at mitochondrial cytochrome b) and among island populations within color forms (Phi(ST) up to 70%). These results suggest that marine populations can remain demographically closed for thousands of generations despite extended larval duration, and that recognition cues such as color may promote speciation when geographic barriers are transient or weak.     

Freezing resistance in some Antarctic fishes

Measurements of serum freezing points in three Antarctic marine fishes indicated that they do not freeze in the -1.87 degrees C seawater because their blood is isosmotic to seawater. Concentrations of sodium chloride, urea, and free amino acids in the serum accounted for only half of the freezing-point depression of the serum. A protein containing carbohydrate was isolated which accounted for 30 percent of the freezing-point depression of the serum.     

田岙沙滩碎波带仔稚鱼群落结构的昼夜变化

为了探明田岙沙滩碎波带仔稚鱼群落结构的昼夜变化规律,2010年10月-2011年9月每月用小型拖网(1 m×4 m,网目1 mm)在田岙沙滩进行昼夜调查。全年共采集到仔稚、幼鱼484尾,隶属于22科33种,其中海洋鱼类14种,河口鱼类11种,洄游鱼类6种,淡水鱼类2种。(Liza haematocheila)为最优势种,占仔稚鱼总个体数的29.5%。仔稚鱼白天的CPUE和种类数显著高于夜间(P<0.01)。仔稚鱼丰度在6:00-8:00和14:00-18:00两个时间段较高,种类数在6:00-8:00和12:00-18:00两个时间段较多。研究结果表明:仔稚鱼白天倾向于在碎波带浅水区活动,夜间选择碎波带浅水区生活的可能性不大。研究亮点:本研究首次对沙滩碎波带浅水区的鱼类早期资源进行了昼夜调查,得出了该水域仔稚鱼群落结构的昼夜变化规律和移动模式,为鱼类早期发育阶段的行为学研究和渔业早期资源的利用提供基础科学依据。     

Transoceanic migration, spatial dynamics, and population linkages of white sharks

The large-scale spatial dynamics and population structure of marine top predators are poorly known. We present electronic tag and photographic identification data showing a complex suite of behavioral patterns in white sharks. These include coastal return migrations and the fastest known transoceanic return migration among swimming fauna, which provide direct evidence of a link between widely separated populations in South Africa and Australia. Transoceanic return migration involved a return to the original capture location, dives to depths of 980 meters, and the tolerance of water temperatures as low as 3.4 degrees C. These findings contradict previous ideas that female white sharks do not make transoceanic migrations, and they suggest natal homing behavior.     

A genetic test of the natal homing versus social facilitation models for green turtle migration

Female green turtles exhibit strong nest-site fidelity as adults, but whether the nesting beach is the natal site is not known. Under the natal homing hypothesis, females return to their natal beach to nest, whereas under the social facilitation model, virgin females follow experienced breeders to nesting beaches and after a "favorable" nesting experience, fix on that site for future nestings. Differences shown in mitochondrial DNA genotype frequency among green turtle colonies in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean are consistent with natal homing expectations and indicate that social facilitation to nonnatal sites is rare.     

高体革鯻肌肉营养成分的分析与评价

采用常规方法对高体革鯻Scortum barcoo肌肉组织的营养成分进行了分析。结果表明：肌肉中水分的质量分数为71.9%,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分的质量分数分别为19.8%、7.1%和1.2%;16种氨基酸总量为19.43%,必需氨基酸含量为9.26%,大部分必需氨基酸含量都超过FAO标准,接近或超过鸡蛋蛋白标准;脂肪酸中不饱和脂肪酸占69%,其中多不饱和脂肪酸占25.4%,DHA和EPA含量为4.9%,与海水鱼类较接近,远高于一般淡水鱼类。由于其肌肉中粗脂肪含量几乎为一般鱼类粗脂肪含量的两倍,所以其鲜肉中DHA和EPA的含量亦高于一般海水鱼类。与体内的脂肪块相比,肌肉中饱和脂肪酸含量较低,但DHA和EPA含量则较高。