Abnormal bleeding

Animals with disorders of hemostasis are often presented as emergency patients and, as such, offer a challenge to the attending clinician. This article reviews the basic physiology of hemostasis and laboratory tests used for diagnosis. Guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of patients with bleeding disorders are provided.     

Normal and Abnormal Parrot Behavior

Behavior and behavior-associated issues are an important part of psittacine medicine. However, many veterinarians have an approach to parrots from the basics of handling and restraint to their assessment of behavioral issues (e.g., feather plucking), that fails to take into account the importance of understanding a bird’s natural behavior in the wild, and how these actions can be adapted to optimize interactions between the bird and their human owners. Understanding how to influence parrot behavior by positive reinforcement rather than punishment is key to improving the welfare of these captive birds and their owners.     

Abnormal vaginal cytology in a fertile bitch

The changes in vaginal cytology in a Welsh Springer Spaniel bitch were examined during and after three oestrous periods. Epithelial cell changes were normal. However, polymorphonuclear leucocytes persisted in smears throughout oestrus, and gross haemorrhage occurred well into metoestrus. The bitch conceived at all three heats and had uncomplicated pregnancies.