Comparison of rhizosphere and endophytic microbial communities of Chinese leek through high-throughput 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing

Chinese leek (Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel) is a common vegetable in China. In our previous study, Chinese leek in rotation was found to have significant antifungal and nematicidal activity. This study's aim was to investigate the potential antifungal and nematicidal activity associated with rhizosphere or endophytic microbes of Chinese leek. Thus, a total of 79 261 high-quality sequences were obtained from Chinese leek rhizosphere soil, leaf and root samples. In the rhizosphere soil, the bacterial community comprised five dominant phyla: Proteobacteria (37.85%), Acidobacteria (10.99%), Bacteroidetes (8.24%), Cyanobacteria (7.79%) and Planctomycetes (7.1%). The leaf and root bacterial communities comprised two dominant phyla: Cyanobacteria (83.42% in leaf and 75.44% in root) and Proteobacteria (14.75% in leaf and 21.04% in root). Microbial diversity, richness and evenness in the rhizosphere soil bacterial community were higher than that in the endophytic bacterial communities. The rhizosphere bacterial community was significantly different from the endophytic bacterial communities. The endophytic bacterial communities from the leaf and the root were slightly, but not significantly different from each other. This study's findings would contribute to the isolation and identification of nematicidal and antifungal bacterial communities in Chinese leek.     

木薯/花生间作对其根际土壤微生物数量、群落结构及多样性的影响

[目的]研究木薯或花生单作与木薯/花生间作对木薯和花生根际土壤细菌、真菌数量与群落结构及多样性的影响,为从根际微生态角度阐释木薯与花生的地下部互作机制提供科学依据.[方法]设木薯单作、花生单作和木薯/花生间作3个处理,采用实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)分别测定单作与间作的根际土壤细菌和真菌数量,并通过变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)进行细菌和真菌群落结构及多样性分析.[结果]不论单作或间作,木薯和花生根际土壤细菌、真菌数量均随着生育期的延长呈先增长后下降的变化趋势,在木薯块根形成期和花生结荚期达到峰值.木薯/花生间作后期根际土壤细菌与真菌数量的比值(B/F)提高,有利于木薯和花生的根际土壤向细菌型转化,且间作木薯根际土壤B/F比间作花生分别提高了1.02和1.25倍.在木薯块根形成期和花生结荚期,与单作相比,间作的DGGE图谱特异条带数有所改变,多样性指数有所降低,但与单作多样性指数差异不明显.[结论]木薯/花生间作有利于木薯和花生根际土壤向高肥力的细菌型转化,且间作同时可改变木薯和花生根际土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构,但对其多样性影响不明显.     

Effects of maize-soybean relay intercropping on crop nutrient uptake and soil bacterial community

Maize-soybean relay intercropping is an effective approach to improve the crop yield and nutrient use efficiency, which is widely practiced by farmers in southwest of China. To elucidate the characteristics of different planting patterns on crop nutrient uptake, soil chemical properties, and soil bacteria community in maize-soybean relay intercropping systems, we conducted a field experiment in 2015–2016 with single factor treatments, including monoculture maize(MM), monoculture soybean(MS), maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS), and fallow(CK). The results showed that the N uptake of maize grain increased in IMS compared with MM. Compared with MS, the yield and uptake of N, P, and K of soybean grain were increased by 25.5, 24.4, 9.6, and 22.4% in IMS, respectively, while the N and K uptakes in soybean straw were decreased in IMS. The soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and soil organic matter contents were significantly higher in IMS than those of the corresponding monocultures and CK. Moreover, the soil protease, soil urease, and soil nitrate reductase activities in IMS were higher than those of the corresponding monocultures and CK. The phyla Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Actinobacteria dominated in all treatments. Shannon's index in IMS was higher than that of the corresponding monocultures and CK. The phylum Proteobacteria proportion was positively correlated with maize soil organic matter and soybean soil total nitrogen content, respectively. These results indicated that the belowground interactions increased the crop nutrient(N and P) uptake and soil bacterial community diversity, both of which contributed to improved soil nutrient management for legume-cereal relay intercropping systems.     

施用不同有机物料对砂质土壤玉米成熟期根际细菌群落变化的影响

为探究有机物料还田后土壤理化性质对细菌群落变化的影响,在华北平原砂质土壤玉米成熟期分别以秸秆还田(ST)和单施化肥(CF)为主、副对照,设置猪粪(PM)、沼渣(BR)和秸秆生物炭(BC)3 种有机物料还田处理,利用Illumina高通量测序技术分析根际土壤细菌群落结构。结果表明:1)玉米成熟期根际土壤细菌群落丰富度的2个指标(Chao 1和ACE)由高到低均为:PM>BR>ST>BC>CF,但沼渣和生物炭处理的土壤细菌群落多样性(Shannon)均显著高于猪粪处理。2)沼渣、生物炭和对照组(秸秆和化肥处理)的土壤细菌优势菌门均为放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),优势菌门的累计丰度为71.53%~80.31%;而猪粪处理的土壤细菌优势菌门以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为首,其余依次为放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门,优势菌门的累计丰度为85.61%。3)土壤有效磷是影响土壤细菌群落结构变化的主效环境因子(P<0.05),与厚壁菌门的梭菌属(Clostridium)和土孢杆菌属(Terrisporobacter)的相对丰度均呈显著正相关,其中猪粪处理的土壤有效磷含量显著高于其他处理;生物炭处理显著增加土壤pH和有机质含量,沼渣处理增加土壤水分含量但不显著,生物炭和沼渣处理显著上调放线菌门相关菌属的相对丰度。综上,猪粪处理虽然显著提高土壤细菌群落的丰富度,但是导致菌落的多样性显著下降,生物炭处理则与之相反;沼渣处理也显著提高土壤细菌群落的丰富度和多样性。综上,合理施用沼渣还田可作为改良华北平原砂质瘠薄型农田的首选方式。     

燕麦/大豆和燕麦/花生间作对根际土壤固氮细菌多样性与群落结构的影响

运用PCR-DGGE技术研究燕麦/豆科不同间作组合和单作处理对根际土壤固氮细菌的群落结构及多样性的影响。结果表明:不同生育时期,单作燕麦根际固氮微生物群落结构存在明显差异;在间作系统中,除灌浆期差异显著外,间作燕麦根际固氮微生物群落比较稳定。在整个生育期,间作豆科作物相对于其单作,根际固氮微生物群落较为接近。间作系统中作物根际固氮微生物群落结构更为稳定,变化幅度小,或趋于一致,尤其在燕麦/大豆间作系统中表现更为突出。DGGE条带测序可知,燕麦的根际固氮微生物都属于变形菌门,主要为α-变形菌纲的慢生根瘤菌属、β-变形菌纲的Azohydromonas和少数其他菌属。豆科作物根际固氮细菌种类较丰富,主要为α-变形菌纲的慢生根瘤菌属、β-变形菌纲的Azohydromonas和Pseudacidovorax、γ-变形菌纲的克雷白氏杆菌属及少数Cyanobacteri和一些不可培养固氮菌群,且存在一些燕麦根际不存在的菌属,如鱼腥藻属和Ideonella。总体来看,燕麦/豆科间作能够影响作物根际土壤固氮菌的群落结构,有助于深化对燕麦合理间作栽培模式的认识。     

不同烤烟套作模式对烤烟根际土壤细菌群落特征及烤烟产质量的影响

目的研究云南玉米大豆间作模式对玉米根际微生物群落特征、玉米产量及病害的影响,为玉米大豆间作模式的田间应用提供科学依据。方法采用单因素随机区组试验,通过设置玉米大豆间作和玉米单作处理,利用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术分析间作玉米根际土壤微生物群落结构及其多样性,并进行玉米产量、病害发生与根际微生物变化之间的相关性分析。结果间作玉米产量显著高于单作玉米产量(P<0.05);与单作相比,间作后玉米锈病、玉米灰斑病、玉米小斑病和玉米大斑病的病情指数显著降低;间作可提高玉米根际土壤微生物多样性指数(真菌和细菌Observed_species指数、Chao1指数和Shannon指数)。差异OTUs分析结果显示：细菌中276个OTUs在玉米大豆间作中显著富集,251个OTUs在玉米单作中显著富集,芽单孢菌属(Gemmatimonas)和溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)等菌属的数量在玉米大豆间作中显著升高,伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)和鞘脂菌属(Sphingobium)等菌属的数量显著降低;真菌中146个OTUs在玉米大豆间作中显著富集,141个OTUs在玉米单作中显著富集,被孢霉属(Mortierella)和壶菌属(Spizellomyces)等菌属丰度在玉米大豆间作中显著升高,而镰刀菌属(Fusarium)和梭杆菌属(Monographella)等菌属丰度显著降低。功能注释结果显示：玉米大豆间作能使玉米根际土壤中具有促进氮元素转化、有机物分解和改善土壤结构功能的有益微生物的丰度增加,而注释到潜在致病菌有害微生物丰度降低。结论玉米大豆间作改变了玉米根际微生物的群落结构,提高了细菌和真菌的多样性,使根际土中有益微生物数量增加,同时潜在致病菌等有害微生物数量降低,提高了玉米的抗病能力,增加了产量。     

A comprehensive analysis of the response of the fungal community structure to long-term continuous cropping in three typical upland crops

Certain agricultural management practices are known to affect the soil microbial community structure; however, knowledge of the response of the fungal community structure to the long-term continuous cropping and rotation of soybean, maize and wheat in the same agroecosystem is limited. We assessed the fungal abundance, composition and diversity among soybean rotation, maize rotation and wheat rotation systems and among long-term continuous cropping systems of soybean, maize and wheat as the effect of crop types on fungal community structure. We compared these fungal parameters of same crop between long-term crop rotation and continuous cropping systems as the effect of cropping systems on fungal community structure. The fungal abundance and composition were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The results revealed that long-term continuous soybean cropping increased the soil fungal abundance compared with soybean rotation, and the fungal abundance was decreased in long-term continuous maize cropping compared with maize rotation. The long-term continuous soybean cropping also exhibited increased soil fungal diversity. The variation in the fungal community structure among the three crops was greater than that between long-term continuous cropping and rotation cropping. Mortierella, Guehomyces and Alternaria were the most important contributors to the dissimilarity of the fungal communities between the continuous cropping and rotation cropping of soybean, maize and wheat. There were 11 potential pathogen and 11 potential biocontrol fungi identified, and the relative abundance of most of the potential pathogenic fungi increased during the long-term continuous cropping of all three crops. The relative abundance of most biocontrol fungi increased in long-term continuous soybean cropping but decreased in long-term continuous maize and wheat cropping. Our results indicate that the response of the soil fungal community structure to long-term continuous cropping varies based upon crop types.     

Changes in bacterial community and abundance of functional genes in paddy soil with cry1Ab transgenic rice

A field experiment involving cry1Ab transgenic rice(GM) and its parental non-cry1Ab rice(M) has been on-going since 2014. The diversity of the bacterial communities and the abundance of the microbial functional genes which drive the conversion of nitrogen in paddy soil were analyzed during the growth period of rice in the fifth year of the experiment, using 16 S rRNAbased Illumina Mi Seq and real-time PCR on the amoA, nirS and nirK genes. The results showed no differences in the alpha diversity indexes of the bacterial communities, including Chao1, Shannon and Simpson, between the fields cultivated with line GM and cultivar M at any of the growth stages of rice. However, the bacterial communities in the paddy soil with line GM were separated from those of paddy soil with cultivar M at each of the growth stages of rice, based on the unweighted Uni Frac NMDS or PCoA. In addition, the analyses of ADONIS and ANOSIM, based on the unweighted Uni Frac distance, indicated that the above separations between line GM and cultivar M were statistically significant(P0.05) during the growth season of rice. The increases in the relative abundances of Acidobacteria or Bacteroidetes, in the paddy soils with line GM or cultivar M, respectively, led to the differences in the bacterial communities between them. At the same time, functional gene prediction based on Illumina Mi Seq data suggested that the abundance of many functional genes increased in the paddy soil with line GM at the maturity stage of rice, such as genes related to the metabolism of starch, amino acids and nitrogen. Otherwise, the copies of bacterial amo A gene, archaeal amo A gene and denitrifying bacterial nir K gene significantly increased(P0.05 or 0.01) in the paddy soil with line GM. In summary, the release of cry1Ab transgenic rice had effects on either the composition of bacterial communities or the abundance of microbial functional genes in the paddy soil.     

Coupling of the chemical niche and microbiome in the rhizosphere: implications from watermelon grafting

Grafting is commonly used to overcome soil-borne diseases. However, its effects on the rhizodeposits as well as the linkages between the rhizosphere chemical niche and microbiome remained unknown. In this paper, significant negative correlations between the bacterial alpha diversity and both the disease incidence (r = −0.832, P = 0.005) and pathogen population (r = −0.786, P = 0.012) were detected. Moreover, our results showed that the chemical diversity not only predicts bacterial alpha diversity but also can impact on overall microbial community structure (beta diversity) in the rhizosphere. Furthermore, some anti-fungal compounds including heptadecane and hexadecane were identified in the rhizosphere of grafted watermelon. We concluded that grafted watermelon can form a distinct rhizosphere chemical niche and thus recruit microbial communities with high diversity. Furthermore, the diverse bacteria and the antifungal compounds in the rhizosphere can potentially serve as biological and chemical barriers, respectively, to hinder pathogen invasion. These results not only lead us toward broadening the view of disease resistance mechanism of grafting, but also provide clues to control the microbial composition by manipulating the rhizosphere chemical niche.     

基于高通量测序技术的酿酒葡萄产区土壤微生物多样性

【目的】研究新疆4大酿酒葡萄产区土壤中的微生物群落结构及多样性,为构建新疆酿酒葡萄主产区的微生物菌库奠定基础。【方法】分别从新疆酿酒葡萄主产区采集土壤样品,提取总DNA,通过Illumina MiSeq高通量测序结合生物信息学分析,得到新疆酿酒葡萄主产区的土壤微生物群落结构及多样性。【结果】在12份土壤样品中,伊犁河谷土壤中细菌的群落多样性最高,天山北麓土壤中细菌群落多样性最低;吐哈盆地中真菌群落多样性最低,焉耆盆地中真菌的群落多样性最高。节杆菌属细菌和耐冷酵母属真菌是吐哈盆地和天山北麓葡萄园土壤中的优势菌属;芽单胞菌属细菌和刚毛四枝孢属真菌是伊犁河谷葡萄园土壤中的优势菌属;节杆菌属细菌和赤霉菌属真菌是焉耆盆地葡萄园土壤中的优势菌属。土壤pH值对细菌群落组成的影响最显著,Mn元素含量对真菌群落组成的影响最显著。【结论】揭示了新疆酿酒葡萄主产区土壤中细菌和真菌群落组成,新疆酿酒葡萄产区的微生物多样性存在差异。     

辣椒疫病罹病植株根际土壤细菌群落多样性分析

[目的]分析辣椒疫病罹病植株根际土壤细菌群落多样性,为辣椒疫病防控提供理论依据.[方法]采集湖南长沙、吉首及永州地区辣椒疫病罹病植株根际土壤,运用IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序技术对土壤样品基因组DNA的16S rDNA-V4区进行测序分析,明确不同地区罹病辣椒植株根际土壤细菌群落多样性.[结果]3个地区罹病辣椒根际土壤的细菌OTU数量存在差异,独有OTU占总体比例各有差异,其中永州地区占其总数的30.18%、吉首地区占其总数的41.83%、长沙地区占其总数的24.07%,3个地区共有OTU占所有检测到OTU的14.95%.α多样性指标均表现为长沙地区最低,吉首地区最高.在门水平上,3个地区的罹病辣椒根际土壤微生物组成相似,优势菌门为Acidobacteria(酸杆菌门)、Proteobacteria(变形菌门)、Actinobacteria(放线菌门)和Chloroflexi(绿弯菌门),但3个地区在相对丰度上表现一定差异.[结论]湖南永州、吉首和长沙地区辣椒疫病罹病植株根际土壤细菌多样性存在差异,以吉首最高、长沙最低;3个地区的罹病辣椒根际土壤微生物组成相似,但相对丰度存在差异.     

固氮、解磷复合菌剂对小麦根际土壤细菌群落的影响

为研究固氮芽孢杆菌、固氮巨大芽孢杆菌、解磷假单胞菌、巴西固氮螺菌组成的复合菌剂对小麦根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响,通过构建16SrRNA克隆文库及采用核糖体DNA扩增片段酶切分析(ARDRA)的方法,以文库库容值(C)、Rarefaction曲线(R)对克隆文库进行评价。系统发育分析表明,对照及菌剂处理样品均检测到酸杆菌门、变形菌门、浮霉菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、疣微菌门、放线菌门和芽单胞菌门8个细菌类群,并且优势菌群均为变形菌门和酸杆菌门。接种菌剂后小麦根际土壤检出了绿弯菌门、蓝藻门、产水菌门和硝化螺旋菌门,而梭杆菌门未被检出。假单胞菌属由1.59%增加至21.28%。芽孢杆菌属由未检出增至3.05%。两样品中均未检出固氮螺菌属。多样性分析表明,接种菌剂后,小麦根际土壤细菌多样性指数和丰富度指数均提高。因此,接种菌剂对小麦根际土壤细菌类群的组成及所占比例有较大影响。     

紫云英与油菜间作模式下根系分泌物对土壤微生物的影响

为揭示间作体系中土壤微生物对根系分泌物的响应机制,设计桶栽试验,于2020-2021年在江西农业大学科技园种植冬季作物,探索紫云英与油菜间作根系分泌物与土壤微生物群落变化的互作机制。结果显示,紫云英和油菜不同种植模式下根系分泌物特征差异明显,与单作紫云英相比,间作显著增加了单糖类化合物含量,降低神经递质类化合物含量。氨基酸、单糖、神经递质类等化合物与土壤微生物显著相关,其中,单糖类化合物与酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门等微生物呈显著正相关;神经递质类化合物与绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门、芽单胞菌门、蓝藻细菌等微生物呈显著正相关。紫云英单作（A）、油菜单作（R）和紫云英与油菜间作（AR）3种模式的相关性结果显示,油菜单作模式下分泌物与微生物的相关性和整体结果差异最大,同时,紫云英单作和油菜单作模式下单糖类化合物与酸杆菌、绿弯菌均没有显著相关性,而紫云英与油菜间作模式下单糖类化合物与酸杆菌、绿弯菌呈极显著正相关。紫云英与油菜间作模式中酸杆菌群落相对丰度显著高于紫云英单作,微生物覆盖度指数也显著大于紫云英单作。因此,根系分泌物很可能是紫云英和油菜间作改变土壤微生物群落结构的重要因素,单糖化合物在这个过程中发挥了主要作用。     

作物轮作对谷田土壤理化性质及谷子根际土壤细菌群落的影响

采用谷子连作(Si-Si-Si)、马铃薯-玉米-谷子轮作(St-Zm-Si)、玉米-大豆-谷子轮作(Zm-Gm-Si)和大豆-马铃薯-谷子轮作(Gm-St-Si)四种种植模式进行定位试验,研究轮作对土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、谷子产量和根际细菌群落结构的影响。结果显示,与连作相比,Gm-St-Si轮作模式下土壤的pH值升高,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量增加,土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶和蔗糖酶活性提高,谷子产量显著增加;利用Illumina MiSeq测序技术对谷子根际土壤细菌群落结构进行分析,发现三个轮作处理的OTU数目和多样性指数均高于连作,轮作与连作的细菌群落结构与组成存在明显差异,其中Gm-St-Si处理含有丰富的疣微菌门、酸杆菌门和浮霉菌门,高丰度菌包括Planctomyces、Gemmata、Flavisolibacter、Luteolibacter等。综上表明,大豆-马铃薯-谷子轮作能改善谷田生态环境,提高土壤肥力,促进土壤微生物多样性,使谷子产量增加。     

Changes in fungal community and diversity in strawberry rhizosphere soil after 12 years in the greenhouse

Soil fungi play a very important role in the soil ecological environment. In agricultural production, long-term monoculture and continuous cropping lead to changes in fungal community diversity. However, the effects of long-term monoculture and continuous cropping on strawberry plant health and fungal community diversity have not been elucidated. In this study, using high-throughput sequencing (HTS), we compared the fungal community and diversity of strawberry rhizosphere soil after various durations of continuous cropping (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 years). The results showed that soil fungal diversity increased with consecutive cropping years. Specifically, the soil-borne disease pathogens Fusarium and Guehomyces were significantly increased after strawberry continuous cropping, and the abundance of nematicidal (Arthrobotrys) fungi decreased from the fourth year of continuous cropping. The results of correlation analysis suggest that these three genera might be key fungi that contribute to the changes in soil properties that occur during continuous cropping. In addition, physicochemical property analysis showed that the soil nutrient content began to decline after the fourth year of continuous cropping. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that soil pH, available potassium (AK) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) were the most important edaphic factors leading to contrasting beneficial and pathogenic associations across consecutive strawberry cropping systems.     

健康与感染枯萎病辣椒植株根际土壤真菌群落结构与多样性

近年来,辣椒枯萎病发生越来越严重。为了比较感染枯萎病和健康辣椒根际土壤真菌群落多样性和结构的差异,本研究采用Illumina Miseq测序技术,对漳州3个辣椒种植基地枯萎病典型患病样地的健康植株和感病植株根际土壤中的真菌18S rRNA基因V4区片段进行高通量测序。结果表明,感染枯萎病辣椒植株根际土壤真菌群落多样性低于健康植株。子囊菌门(Ascomycota)为健康与感染枯萎病植株根际土壤的最优势门,丰度分别为18.5%和38.23%。健康和感染枯萎病植株的优势属为被孢霉菌属(Mortierella)、假裸囊菌属(Pseudogymnoascus)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)和红曲霉菌属(Monascus),感染枯萎病植株的被孢霉菌属相对丰度显著低于健康植株,而镰刀菌属和红曲霉菌属相对丰度显著高于健康植株。     

马铃薯健株与黄萎病株根际土壤真菌群落结构及其对碳源利用特征

【目的】通过研究马铃薯健康植株与黄萎病株的根际土壤真菌群落结构与功能多样性的差异,明确土壤真菌群落结构与黄萎病发生之间的关系,为最终从微生物生态学的角度解释马铃薯黄萎病的发生原因及其生态防控提供理论依据。【方法】以河北省坝上地区马铃薯健株与黄萎病株的根际土壤为研究对象,分别利用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)和高通量测序(Illumina MiSeq)技术检测根际土壤中大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)ITS基因拷贝数量并分析真菌群落结构变化,结合冗余分析(RDA)明确真菌群落结构与土壤养分的相关性。同时利用Biolog-ECO平板法比较健株与黄萎病株根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力。【结果】马铃薯黄萎病的发生与土壤中大丽轮枝菌ITS基因拷贝数量存在相关性,在病株根际土壤中病原菌数量高,而在健株根际土壤中未检测到病原菌。高通量测序分析表明,病株根际土壤真菌多样性指数低于健康植株,但多样性差异不显著。在群落组成的门水平上,与健株根际土壤相比,病株根际土壤中的子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和丝孢菌门(Mortierellomycota)相对丰度上升幅度分...     

西瓜根际土壤酶及微生物对小麦伴生的响应

连作障碍是限制设施西瓜生产的重要因素,合理地运用地上部生物多样性是解决连作障碍的有效手段。为探讨连作西瓜根际土壤酶活性和微生物对小麦伴生的响应,采用连作西瓜土壤进行盆栽试验,设置D₁₂₃小麦伴生西瓜、D₁₂₅小麦伴生西瓜、西瓜单作和无苗对照4个处理,研究土壤酶活性、微生物区系和微生物生物量碳、氮、磷对小麦伴生的响应。结果表明,D₁₂₃小麦伴生处理的根际土壤微生物总数和放线菌数量分别比西瓜单作增加了45.21%和130.20%,根际土壤放线菌的比例比西瓜单作增加了7.6%;D₁₂₅小麦伴生处理的根际土壤细菌数量比西瓜单作增加了40.89%,根际细菌的比例比西瓜单作增加了10.81%。同时,两种小麦伴生处理均降低了西瓜根际土壤真菌的比例,提高了西瓜根际微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量,降低了微生物生物量碳氮比,提高了多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性。可见,连作西瓜根际对小麦伴生产生了积极的响应。     

续断菊与蚕豆间作下土壤部分化学特征与Cd形态分布状况研究

通过田间试验,研究间作和单作两种种植模式下植物根际土壤p H、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷和不同形态Cd分布状况变化,考察综合因素对土壤重金属Cd形态分布状况与续断菊(Sonchus asper L.Hill)和蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)两种植物吸收Cd的影响。结果表明:随着植物的生长,单作蚕豆与单作续断菊土壤p H值没有显著变化,间作土壤p H值下降0.11个单位;间作土壤有机质比单作蚕豆和单作续断菊分别增加12.64%和20.13%;随着植物的生长,间作与单作蚕豆碱解氮含量分别显著增加139.87%、155.15%;间作与单作续断菊土壤速效钾含量接近,变幅在5%左右,单作蚕豆下降10.60%;不同种植模式土壤速效磷含量均呈现下降趋势,间作显著下降7%左右,单作蚕豆与续断菊下降量接近;各时期Cd各形态含量分布为可交换态碳酸盐结合态铁锰氧化物结合态有机物结合态;成熟期间作Cd可交换态含量比单作蚕豆与单作续断菊分别下降21.98%、22.13%,碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态含量没有差异性;间作蚕豆生物量相比单作降低了24.77%,间作续断菊生物量相比单作增加15.29%;单作蚕豆根、叶、豆荚与籽粒Cd质量分数显著大于间作蚕豆,间作续断菊地上部Cd质量分数显著大于单作,根部无差异。总之,间作增强了续断菊对Cd的吸收,降低了蚕豆对Cd的吸收。     

连作、轮作对谷子根际细菌群落结构的影响

为探明谷子连作与轮作对土壤细菌群落组成的影响,利用高通量测序技术,结合土壤理化性质及酶活性,比较分析了撂荒地、玉米-谷子轮作、谷子连作2、3 a和5 a土壤细菌群落组成多样性。结果表明：谷子连作与轮作土壤均为碱性,pH为8.26~8.49,碱解氮、有机质、脲酶活性表现为轮作地最高,连作2 a开始降低,连作3 a达最低值,连作5 a又开始回升,速效钾、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶以及蔗糖酶活性均是连作土壤高于轮作土壤。谷子连作与轮作土壤细菌在门水平上群落组成比较固定,但不同物种的丰度差异较大;菌群分析发现放线菌门、变形菌门以及酸杆菌门是谷子根际土壤优势菌群;菌群相对丰度在轮作土壤中高于连作土壤的有：变形菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门以及硝化螺旋菌门,低于连作土壤的有己科河菌门和绿弯菌门;Alpha多样性分析显示各组间菌群差异不显著,Beta多样性分析则显示连作、玉米-谷子轮作地和撂荒地土壤菌群分布差异较大;冗余分析（RDA）表明鞘氨醇单胞菌与pH、有效磷、碱解氮和有机质呈正相关,类诺卡氏菌与pH、有效磷、碱解氮、有机质、脲酶和过氧化氢酶呈正相关,轮作、连作、撂荒地组间根际土壤优势菌存在差异,LEfSe分析确定了谷子根际土壤特定标志物,其中轮作地的优势菌群为鞘氨醇单胞菌和类诺卡氏菌,3 a连作地的优势菌群为土壤红杆菌。综上所述,谷子连作土壤与轮作土壤相比,细菌的ASVs丰度减少,细菌群落分布差异较大;随着谷子连作年限增加,土壤养分呈先下降后上升趋势。