短体属线虫中国新纪录种的描述

2012年8月~2013年7月,对新疆伊宁地区大豆根际植物线虫的种类进行调查,鉴定出短体属中国新纪录种2个,即山口短体线虫(Pratylenchus yamagutii)和苏丹短体线虫(P.sudanensis)。山口短体线虫的主要特征是:雌虫头部具有2条唇环,侧区具有4条侧线;口针基球呈圆形,食道腺从腹面覆盖肠的前端;阴门处于虫体后部81%处,受精囊圆形至卵圆形,充满精子;尾部较细,圆锥形,末端呈圆形、无纹。苏丹短体线虫的主要特征是:雌虫具有3条唇环,侧区具有4条侧线;阴门位于虫体后部74%处,受精囊较长,充满精子;尾呈亚圆柱形,尾端平截。     

甘蓝根寄生线虫新种－芸苔潜根线虫

采自甘蓝根寄生线虫新种──芸苔潜根线虫（ＨｉｒｓｃｈｍａｎｎｉｅｌｌａｂｒａｓｓｉｃａｅＤｕａｎｅｔＬｉｕｎ．ｓｐ．），其鉴定特征为：（１）唇区连续，前端平；（２）口针基球圆形，前端不向后倾斜；（３）半月体和排泄孔相距３－４条体环；（４）阴道弯曲，内部具阴门唇；（５）授精囊球形；（６）雌虫尾端钝圆，尾尖突１－２个，位于尾的中部或近中部；（７）雄虫尾端截形，背面长于腹面。隐稻潜根线虫Ｈ．ａｎｃｈｏｒｙｚａｅ是本种线虫的近缘种，但前者唇拐角呈角状尖锐，口针基球前端向后稍倾斜，授精囊长形袋状，阴道直形，侧尾腺孔和尾端之间具２４－２７条体环，雌雄尾端均为尖形，而本种线虫后拐角钝圆，口针基球前端不向后倾斜，授精囊为圆形，阴道弯曲，侧尾腺孔和尾端之间具１４－１６条体环，雄虫尾端为截形。     

海南省红掌穿孔线虫的鉴定

用漏斗分离法,从海南省海口市花卉基地的红掌上分离到穿孔线虫群体,经光学显微观察和测计发现:该线虫的雌虫虫体头部骨质化明显,唇区半圆形,连续或稍缢缩,3～4个体环;中食道球发育好,瓣膜清晰,食道腺从背面覆盖肠;阴门明显,偶尔轻微突起,位于虫体的中后部;双生殖管平衡发育;角质膜具有细而明显的环纹,侧区刻线4条,在尾中部合并成3条。雄虫唇区高,半球形,明显缢缩,头架骨化程度低,食道退化,交合刺发育良好,引带和交合刺的前端伸出泄殖腔,交合伞包裹尾部的2/3,尾末端钝圆或尖,具有较长的透明区。该线虫被鉴定为相似穿孔线虫Radopholus similis(Cobb)Thorne。     

刺科线虫中国新记录种-纤细居中线虫(Geocenamus tenuidens)的描述

详细描述了植物寄生线虫新记录属居中属(Geocenamus)的一新记录种——纤细居中线虫(Geocenamus tenuidens)。居中属线虫是我国首次发现的刺科线虫的一新记录属。纤细居中线虫的鉴别特征为虫体环纹明显；头区显著缢缩，鳞球状，头环5个；口孔突出；口针纤细，锥部长于杆部；侧线6条；雌虫阴门凹陷，阴道壁加厚，具有阴门唇；双卵巢，对伸；尾较短，亚圆筒形，末端具环纹；雄虫尾轻微弯曲，宽阔的交合伞包至尾端；交合刺不伸出泄殖腔。该种线虫与其近缘种北方居中线虫(Geocenamus arctic)的区别：纤细居中线虫口针相对较短，尾末端具环纹；北方居中线虫口针较长，尾末端光滑。     

滑刃线虫属（Aphelenchoides Fischer,1894）的2个国内新记录种

描述了滑刃线虫属（Aphelenchoides Fischer,1894)的2个国内新记录种：游泳滑刃线虫(Aphelenchoides hechaleos)和内卷滑刃线虫(A.involutus)。游泳滑刃线虫采自辽宁省盖州市熊岳镇莴苣(Lactuca sativa)的根际土壤中，它与近似种拟游泳滑刃线虫(A.paranechaleos)的主要区别是雌虫尾较长，尾的形状是腹面凸（而拟游泳滑刃线虫的尾较短，尾的形状是背面凸，腹面凹），雄虫交合刺背杆的弯曲程度较小。内卷滑刃线虫采自辽宁省凌海市苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)及山东济南大花金鸡菊(Coreopsis grandiflora)的根际土壤中，它与近似种A.jacobi的主要区别是雌虫尾向腹面弯曲程度较大，尾后部呈钩状，尾较长。     

One new record species nematode of the genus Basiria in China (Nematoda: Tyenchidae)

记述了从中国江苏省南京市江宁区苗圃地卫矛Euonymus alatus、秤锤树Sinojackia xylocarpa和厚皮香Ternstroemia gymnanthera根际土壤中采集分离的1种巴兹尔属线虫,并鉴定为冬天巴兹尔线虫(Basiria hiberna Bernard,1980),其主要鉴定特征:口针基部球呈凸缘状;侧区4条侧线;中食道球偏后,MB=55.3(54.6～55.8)％,背食道腺开口位于口针基部球后4.6(4.1～5.1) μm处;受精囊缢缩,阴门位于体长的61.4(60.1～64.1)％处;尾细,尾端通常为棒状或圆柱形.冬天巴兹尔线虫为中国新纪录种,卫矛、秤锤树和厚皮香3个树种均为冬天巴兹尔线虫的新寄主.     

甘蓝根寄生线虫新种—芸苔潜根线虫

采自甘蓝根寄生线虫新种－芸苔潜根线虫，其鉴定特征为：（１）唇区连续，前端平；（２）口针基球圆形，前端不向后倾斜；（３）半月体和排泄孔相距３－４条体环；（４）阴道弯曲，内部具有阴门唇；（５）授精囊球形；（６）雌虫尾端钝圆，尾尖突１－２个，位于尾的中部或近部；（７）雄虫尾端截形，背面长于腹面，隐稻潜根线虫Ｈ．ａｎｃｈｏｒｙｚａｅ是本种线虫的近缘种，但前者唇的拐角呈角状尖锐，口针基球前端向后稍倾斜，授业     

松材线虫雌虫尾尖突变化综述

通过对14种松材线虫组线虫种内变异、松材线虫雌虫尾尖突随环境变化的比较分析,总结出松材线虫的形态鉴定特征,即对于大多数松材线虫群体,形态学方法可准确判定松材线虫,在判断其为伞滑刃属后,掌握以下3点:(1)雄虫典型的较大弓状交合刺(直线长20~30μm);(2)雌虫较长的阴门盖(长7~11μm);(3)雌虫尾亚圆柱形,末端宽圆,无尾尖突(偶尔群体内个别有微小的尾尖突,但不超过2μm)。最后对松材线虫持久型和繁殖型幼虫尾尖突变化进行了描述。     

中国巴兹尔属线虫1新纪录种(线虫门：垫刃科)

记述了从中国江苏省南京市江宁区苗圃地卫矛Euonymus alatus、秤锤树Sinojackia xylocarpa和厚皮香Ternstroemia gymnanthera根际土壤中采集分离的1种巴兹尔属线虫,并鉴定为冬天巴兹尔线虫(Basiriahiberna Bernard,1980),其主要鉴定特征:口针基部球呈凸缘状;侧区4条侧线;中食道球偏后,MB=55.3(54.6～55.8)%,背食道腺开口位于口针基部球后4.6(4.1～5.1)μm处;受精囊缢缩,阴门位于体长的61.4(60.1～64.1)%处;尾细,尾端通常为棒状或圆柱形。冬天巴兹尔线虫为中国新纪录种,卫矛、秤锤树和厚皮香3个树种均为冬天巴兹尔线虫的新寄主。     

草莓寄生线虫新记录种--光尾拟短体线虫

对寄生于草莓根部的一种线虫－光尾拟短体线虫（Pratyenchoides leiocauda Sher,1970）进行了详细描述。该线虫采集于辽宁省沈阳市沈阳农业大学草莓园和辽中县的草莓根际，其鉴定特征为唇区3～4条环纹，侧区6条侧线（体中部），尾部合并为4条侧线，食道腺双叶状从背侧长覆盖肠，雌虫双卵巢，尾圆柱形，具20～25条环纹，尾末端无环纹或具有2～3条不规则环纹，雄虫普遍存在，交合刺较长（22．7～25．2μm），交合伞包到尾端。该种线虫为草莓上首次报道。     

香蕉穿孔线虫28S rRNA基因的D2/D3区序列分析

采用线虫通用引物D2A和D3B对9个香蕉穿孔线虫种群的核糖体DNA 28S大亚基的D2/D3区进行了扩增,获得的片段长度约为780 bp,克隆测序后使用UPGMA法进行聚类分析和构建系统发育树.结果表明9个线虫种群D2/D3区核苷酸序列相似性为99.13%,其中8个群体的序列与越南报道的香蕉穿孔线虫近源种(Radopholus sp.7B VietNam)的D2/D3区核苷酸序列(DQ328712)相似性为97.46%,说明香蕉穿孔线虫D2/D3区具有较大的保守性.聚类分析结果表明,RSHN12r、RSSH、RSHL、RSHK、RSLZ、RSSZ、RSHN13、RSHN12p等8个种群聚为一类,亲缘关系很近,RSHN3群体与以上8个群体亲缘关系较远,说明RSHN12r、RSSH、RSHL、RSHK、RSLZ、RSSZ、RSHN13、RSHN12p这8个香蕉穿孔线虫种群可能来源于同一地理种群,而RSHN3种群可能来源于另一个地理种群.     

从混合线虫样品和植物组织中直接检测香蕉穿孔线虫的ITS-PCR方法

 【目的】建立直接从多种线虫混合样品以及香蕉和红掌根组织中检测鉴定香蕉穿孔线虫的PCR方法。【方法】使用Primer Premier 5.0在香蕉穿孔线虫的ITS区设计1对特异性引物,运用PCR技术对目的线虫DNA进行特异性检测。【结果】通过对17种24个种群线虫的检测表明,所设计的引物只能从香蕉穿孔线虫种群中特异扩增出rDNA-ITS片段,产物大小为518 bp。利用该特异引物以及建立的DNA提取方法和PCR体系,可以直接从香蕉穿孔线虫与短体线虫、螺旋线虫、肾状线虫、根结线虫、茎线虫、矮化线虫、纽带线虫、丝尾垫刃线虫、滑刃线虫和小杆线虫混合样品中特异扩增出目的线虫的rDNA-ITS片段,并可以分别从混合有不少于3条香蕉穿孔线虫的2 cm香蕉或红掌根组织（约0.1 g）中特异检测出目的线虫的DNA片段。【结论】本研究设计的特异性引物以及建立的DNA提取方法和PCR体系可直接从多种线虫混合的样品以及香蕉和红掌根组织中快速检测鉴定出香蕉穿孔线虫。     

相似穿孔线虫PCR检测鉴定的技术与方法

运用PCR技术,实现了对相似穿孔线虫单条虫ITS区域的扩增,通过基因测序以及与GenBank中rDNA序列的比较,结果显示GFCh、HANh、GZll和GZlbs 4个种群的序列与GenBank中Radopholus similisThrone序列具有高度同源性。聚类分析表明,这4个种群可能有着不同的地理来源。     

8种检疫线虫传入黑龙江的风险评估

根据国际植物保护公约(InternationalPlantProtectionConvention,IPPC)的国际植物检疫措施标准11(InternationalStandardforPhytosanitaryMeasures11,2001,ISPM11)并参考欧洲和地中海植物保护组织(EuropeanandMediterraneanPlantProtectionOrganization,EPPO)有害生物风险分析风险评估指导标准(EPPOStandardPM5/3GuidelinesonPestRiskAnalysis—PestRiskAssessmentScheme),对马铃薯金线虫、马铃薯白线虫、相似穿孔线虫、鳞球茎茎线虫、甜菜胞囊线虫、水稻茎线虫、椰子红环腐线虫和松材线虫这8种检疫性线虫传入黑龙江省进行风险评估。风险评估表明,相似穿孔线虫传入黑龙江省具有高度风险,马铃薯金线虫、马铃薯白线虫、鳞球茎茎线虫、甜菜胞囊线虫、和松材线虫传入黑龙江省具有较高风险,水稻茎线虫风险较低、椰子红环腐线虫无风险。应该加强对风险较高的几种线虫的风险管理。     

Parasitism and pathogenicity of Radopholus similis to Ipomoea aquatica,Basella rubra and Cucurbita moschata and genetic diversity of different populations

Ten populations of Radopholus similis from different ornamental hosts were tested for their parasitism and pathogenicity to water spinach(Ipomoea aquatic), malabar spinach(Basella rubra), and squash(Cucurbita moschata) in pots. The results showed all three plants were new hosts of R. similis. Growth parameters of plants inoculated with nematodes were significantly lower than those of healthy control plants. All R. similis populations were pathogenic to the three plants, but pathogenicity differed among populations from different hosts. The same R. similis populations also showed different pathogenic effects in the three different plants. Rad N5 population from Anthurium andraeanum had the highest pathogenicity to the three studied plants. Rad N1 from A. andraeanum had the lowest pathogenicity to squash and Rad N7 from Chrysalidocarpus lutesens had the lowest pathogenicity to water spinach and malabar spinach. R. similis is usually associated with root tissues, but here we report that it could be found to move and feed in the stem bases of all three studied plants. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of DNA markers of the 18 S r RNA, 28 S r RNA, ITS r RNA, and mitochondrial DNA gene sequences of ten R. similis populations revealed significant genetic diversity. Rad N5 and Rad N6 populations from anthurium showed a close genetic relationship and could be distinguished from other populations by PCR-RFLP. At the same time, Rad N5 and Rad N6 populations were the most pathogenic to three studied plants. These results confirm the e xistence of large biological variability and molecular diversity among R. similis populations from the same or different hosts, and these characteristics are related to pathogenic variability.     

香蕉穿孔线虫对烟草和芒果的寄生性和致病性

 【目的】利用从进口观赏植物上截获,并培养保存在胡萝卜愈伤组织上的香蕉穿孔线虫10个种群,研究香蕉穿孔线虫对烟草和芒果的寄生和致病性。【方法】采用温室盆栽接种方法,进行寄生和致病性测定。【结果】香蕉穿孔线虫在烟草和芒果根际的繁殖率Rf＞1,接种香蕉穿孔线虫的烟草和芒果植株生长缓慢、矮小,根系衰弱、变色腐烂,有明显受害症状。【结论】烟草和芒果是香蕉穿孔线虫新的适合寄主植物,香蕉穿孔线虫对这2种植物具有明显的致病性,不同种群的致病力有差异。     

Assessment of Non-chemical Alternatives for Controlling the Burrowing Nematode on Banana in Costa Rica

The objective of this study was to technically and economically assess the effect of biopesticides on the serious plant parasitic nematode Radopholus similis on banana in Costa Rica. The following treatments were evaluated： a mixture of nematode trapping fungi-Arthrobotrys oligospora, A. botryospora, Dactylella brochophaga and Drechmeria coniospora; DiTera DF which consist of a ＂dead＂ fungus Myrothecium spp. and its fermentation substrate; Savitan produced from desert plant extracts; QL Agri which contain Quillaja saponaria extracts; Japanese-style compost called Bokashi; two application of a chemical nematicide; and an absolute control. Results of root sampling on a six month basis showed that the biopesticides had lower nematode population densities than the control with the nematode trapping-fungi having statistically significant differences over the other treatments. Chemical control was highly effective and produced the lowest nematode density. However, there were no significant differences between the chemical treatment and the trapping-fungi treatment. The functional root weight and bunch weight showed no significant differences between treatments. Conversely, economic analyses indicated that using nematode trapping-fungi, chemical nematieide, or the QL Agri treatments gave a detectable profit. The land expectation value （LEV） of the banana plantation was higher than the price of banana land which indicated that under normal conditions in the banana sector, production is economically sustainable / profitable. Other results confirm that profit in banana production is affected by the price of a banana box, production and discount rate. The optimal production cycle was obtained in year ten after farm establishment, which refers to the year with the highest profit following plantation renewal. Finally, economical results highlighted the importance of nematodes control, since profitability indexes were sensitive to the efficiency and cost of nematode management technology adopted by the banana company.     

相似穿孔线虫在中国的适生区预测

 【目的】相似穿孔线虫（Radopholus similis）是中国一类检疫对象，随着国际贸易日益加剧，该线虫传入中国的风险也日益加大，急需对其适生性进行分析。【方法】利用已广泛用于物种潜在分布预测的GARP与MAXENT两种生态位模型预测相似穿孔线虫在中国的适生区，并对预测结果进行了阈值依赖和非阈值依赖比较。【结果】两个模型均能较好地预测相似穿孔线虫的潜在地理分布；预测在中国适生区主要分布在南方各省，包括海南、广东、福建、云南、台湾等省区；经检验MAXENT预测结果较GARP好。【结论】相似穿孔线虫可随花卉苗木的国际运输传入中国，并可在中国南方沿海地区及花卉进出口大省云南省等地区发生；上述地区的进出口口岸应加强对相似穿孔线虫的检疫工作。     

南方根结线虫、香蕉穿孔线虫和尖孢镰刀菌4号 生理小种对巴西蕉致病力的测定

通过室内盆栽接种测试的方法,测定南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)香蕉穿孔线虫Radopholus similis和尖孢镰刀菌4 号生理小种(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4) 对巴西蕉的致病力。结果表明种病原 微生物进行单独侵染和复合侵染均能抑制巴西蕉的生长且复合侵染对巴西蕉的生长量影响更大,南方根结线虫单 独侵染巴西蕉的根结指数要比复合侵染的高,香蕉穿孔线虫单独侵染巴西蕉的病情指数要比复合侵染的高,而尖孢 镰刀菌4 号生理小种与根结线虫和香蕉穿孔线虫同时侵染巴西蕉时香蕉枯萎病病情指数相对最高。