Varietal Differences of Wheat and Triticale to Water Stress

Six wheat ( Triticurn aestivum L.) and ten triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivars were screened for water stress tolerance during germination and seedling stages in the laboratory and growth chamber, respectively. Germinating seeds and hydroponically-grown seedlings were subjected to osmotic stresses of –0.3 and –0.6 MPa using polyethylene glycol M. W. 8000. Both species and cultivar differences were found among the tested genotypes for all the parameters analyzed in both germination and seedling tests. Germination stress index was lower for seed exposed to -0.6 MPa than for -0.3 MPa osmotic stress. A significant relationship was found among plant height, fresh weight and dry weight stress indices evaluated during the seedling test. The cultivars that grew taller under stress conditions had greater dry matter accumulation, as well as higher germination and water uptake stress indices indicating the reliability of height to predict cultivar performance under such conditions. The cultivars Stacy (wheat) and Eu 14/15 (triticale) had higher dry matter accumulation, higher water uptake and leaf water potential, greater height and better germination under stress conditions than the other cultivars tested. Conversely, the cultivars GA 781014 (wheat) and Am 4147 (triticale) performed poorly with respect to all the parameters analyzed. Based on results from germination and seedling tests, the cultivars Stacy and Eu 14/15 were selected for more stress studies in the greenhouse and field.     

Screening for Drought Tolerance: Evaluation of Seed Germination and Seedling Growth for Drought Resistance in Legume Plants

Experiments were performed to evaluate seed germination and seedling growth in simulated drought as screening techniques for drought tolerance raring. Several laboratory screening tests were evaluated for ability to estimate drought resistance in 18 cultivars of legume plants (field bean, soybean, field pea, lupine). Drought was simulated by a water solution of mannitol of chemical water potential ψ= -0.3 and -0.6 MPa. Both solutions significantly affected seed germination (final germination and promptness index) and seedling growth parameters (seedling height, dry matter of shoot and root as well as leaf injury by drought and high temperature). The tested cultivars could be grouped as drought resistant and drought susceptible plants. Drought tolerance ratings of legume plants in the laboratory tests were, on the whole, consistent with the ratings based on estimation of direct effects of soil drought on seed yield in field experiments. Measurements of electroconductivity of leaf diffusate to evaluate invisible injury caused by drought or high temperature were found to be an adequate criterion for drought tolerance rating. It is concluded that tolerance to drought stress in growing seedlings can be screened for by using mannitol containing nutrient solution. According to the results collected in this research, varieties differences in seed germination, seedling growth and leaf injury affected by drought or heat temperature were evident, however, not all treatments appeared to be equally useful for screening of legume species cultivars.     

盐生植物盐穗木种子和幼苗对干旱胁迫的响应

摘 要：以盐生植物盐穗木的种子和幼苗为材料,研究干旱胁迫下盐穗木种子的萌发特性和幼苗的生理变化,以确定其对干旱胁迫的适应能力。利用PEG人工模拟干旱胁迫,检测盐穗木种子萌发期和幼苗期生长指标和生理指标的变化。结果表明：高渗透势(-0.6~-0.4 MPa)对盐穗木种子萌发有促进作用,提高其初始萌发率,并缩短其达到最终萌发率的时间,且高渗透势处理的最终萌发率与CK无显著差异,而中、低渗透势(-2.0~-0.8 MPa)对盐穗木种子萌发则有抑制作用,降低其初始萌发率,并延长其达到最终萌发率的时间;中、高渗透势(-0.7~-0.3 MPa)刺激了盐穗木幼苗做出积极的生理反应,表现为相对电导率下降、可溶性糖含量增加、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性增强;综合种子萌发期和幼苗期的表现,盐穗木对在中、轻度干旱环境（渗透势为-0.7~-0.3 MPa）有较好的适应。     

Sensitivity to Drought Stress of Three Soybean Cultivars During Different Growth Stages

Three soybean ( Glycine max L.) culivars, Lee-74, Wright , and Ra 401 , were subjected to 100 % (control), 75 %, and 50 % of field capacity during vegetative (VI), flowering (R2), and pod-filling (R4) stages in greenhouse and field studies. Stress applied at R2 significantly reduced the yield in the greenhouse, while in the field, the maximum reduction was observed when the plants were subjected to stress at R4. Stress during VI reduced the yield components less than stress applied during R2 or R4 stages in both studies. The pod number and seed weight were the yield components most affected by drought stress, and the number of seeds per pod the least affected. Yield stress index was significantly correlated with the yield and its components. The reproductive stage was clearly more sensitive to drought than the vegetative stage. The cultivar Lee 74 had the highest yield and the second highest yield stress index whereas the cultivar Ra 401 had the lowest yield.     

褪黑素对扁茎黄芪种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

探讨不同温度与盐和干旱交互胁迫的条件下,褪黑素对扁茎黄芪种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。利用6个不同浓度的褪黑素溶液对扁茎黄芪种子进行浸种处理,NaCl和PEG溶液分别模拟盐和干旱环境为实验组,蒸馏水处理为对照组,处理过的种子分别置于4个温度下(15、20、25、30℃),萌发实验结束后进行萌发指标和幼苗生长指标测定。结果表明,同一温度下随着干旱程度的增加,扁茎黄芪种子最终发芽率降低(P<0.05);盐胁迫和干旱胁迫下,各温度下平均发芽时间随着胁迫程度的增加而增加(P<0.05);同一温度下,胚根长和子叶随着盐胁迫和干旱胁迫渗透势的增加而降低;同一渗透势胁迫下,胚根长随着温度的增加而先增加后减少;30℃下胁迫为-0.7 MPa时,扁茎黄芪在盐胁迫下种子萌发后幼苗的生长受到抑制,而干旱胁迫下某些处理组种子未发芽。25℃和20℃分别是本实验中适合扁茎黄芪在盐和干旱条件下萌发与生长的最适温度;在相同温度下其耐盐性大于耐旱性,且随着胁迫程度的增加,其生长受到抑制;褪黑素处理在一定程度上缓解了胁迫对扁茎黄芪造成的影响。     

Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The treated seeds (control, KNO₃ and hydropriming) of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivar Sanbro were evaluated at germination and seedling growth for tolerance to salt (NaCl) and drought conditions induced by PEG-6000 at the same water potentials of 0.0, −0.3, −0.6, −0.9 and −1.2 MPa. Electrical conductivity (EC) values of the NaCl solutions were 0.0, 6.5, 12.7, 18.4 and 23.5 dS m⁻¹, respectively. The objective of the study was to determine factors responsible for germination and early seedling growth due to salt toxicity or osmotic effect and to optimize the best priming treatment for these stress conditions.

Results revealed that germination delayed in both solutions, having variable germination with different priming treatments. Germination, root and shoot length were higher but mean germination time and abnormal germination percentage were lower in NaCl than PEG at the same water potential. Seeds were able to germinate at all concentrations of NaCl but no seed germination was observed at −1.2 MPa of PEG treatments. NaCl had less inhibitor effect on seedling growth than the germination. It was concluded that inhibition of germination at the same water potential of NaCl and PEG resulted from osmotic effect rather than salt toxicity. Hydropriming increased germination and seedling growth under salt and drought stresses.     

Smoke-Water and a Smoke-Isolated Butenolide Improve Germination and Seedling Vigour of Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter under High Temperature and Low Osmotic Potential

The seeds of Eragrostis tef are often exposed to high temperatures and low water availability during unfavourable climatic conditions. This affects germination and seedling stand establishment of the crop. Smoke is currently widely studied for its stimulatory role in seed germination. The effect of smoke-water and a smoke-isolated butenolide was investigated on E. tef seed germination and seedling growth at different temperatures, light conditions and osmotic potentials. Treating E. tef seeds with smoke-water and butenolide increased the percentage germination relative to the control at all tested temperatures. These treatments significantly improved seedling length and the vigour index at 25, 30, 35 and 40 and 30/15 °C. Smoke-water and butenolide increased percentage imbibition from high to low osmotic potential. In comparison with the control, smoke-water- and butenolide-treated seeds of E. tef showed higher percentage germination with decreasing osmotic potential. Smoke-water treatment exhibited significantly longer and more vigorous seedlings than the control between 0 and −0.30 MPa osmotic potential. The findings of this study suggest the possibility of using smoke treatments for minimizing E. tef seedling losses at elevated temperatures and water stress.     

An evaluation of seed and seedling drought tolerance screening tests in wheat

Summary A series of experiments was performed in order to evaluate the significance of seed germination and seedling growth in osmotic media as screening methods for drought tolerance.Ten spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) and one durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were tested under controlled environments, using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG) solutions as the moisture stress inducing media.Tolerance in the rate of endosperm utilization, under stress, prior to the onset of germination varied among cultivars.Germination rate or injury to germination at various concentrations of PEG differed significantly among cultivars. Cultivar rating with respect to injury to germination changed with stress levels. Injury to germination did not correlate with endosperm utilization rate in PEG or in water.Germinating seedlings were tolerant to extreme desiccation up to the stage of emergence of the first leaf from the coleoptile.Growth of photosynthesizing seedlings was monitored as they were carried through an increasing concentration gradient of PEG solutions, ranging from –5.9 to –11.3 bars of water potential. Cultivars significantly differed in seedling growth tolerance to increasing levels of water stress. Seedling growth tolerance across cultivars was not correlated with their germination responses under srress.It is concluded that tolerance to water stress in growing seedlings can be screened for by using PEG-containing nutrient solutions. It can not be predicted from germination tests in osmotica.Work was done under a US-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) Grant no. 1654/78.Contribution from Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel, No. 192-E, 1979 series.     

PEG胁迫对西伯利亚冰草种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

以PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,分析西伯利亚冰草种子发芽率、发芽势、胚根和胚芽长及三叶期幼苗相对电导率、丙二醛和游离脯氨酸含量的动态变化规律.结果表明:1)高渗透势PEG溶液(-0.2,-0.4 MPa)能够促进种子萌发,在-0.4 MPa时,发芽率和发芽势均达到峰值.2)高渗透势PEG溶液(-0.2,-0.4,-0.6 MPa)对胚根伸长具有一定的促进作用,-0.4 MPa最大,但对胚芽表现出一定的抑制作用.3)随着渗透势的降低,发芽率、发芽势、胚根长和胚芽长不断下降,胚根/胚芽的比值持续上升.4)3叶期幼苗相对电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量随胁迫强度的增加,胁迫时间的延长持续增加,相对电导率、丙二醛含量除了-0.4 MPa,1d处理外,其他处理均极显著(p＜0.01)高于对照,脯氨酸含量各处理均极显著(p＜0.01)高于对照,相对电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸这3个指标均可作为抗旱性评价指标.     

干旱胁迫下外源亚精胺、甜菜碱对菘蓝种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

以菘蓝为试验材料,在10%聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）干旱胁迫处理下,研究了外源亚精胺（Spd）和甜菜碱（GB）对菘蓝种子萌发和幼苗渗透调节物质、活性氧生成及膜质过氧化的影响。结果表明,外源Spd（≤75mg/L）和GB（≤30mmol/L）处理可显著促进干旱胁迫下菘蓝种子的萌发;25~100mg/L的Spd和10~40mmol/L的GB处理均可提高幼苗叶绿素含量,降低脯氨酸含量、丙二醛积累和细胞膜透性,可有效缓解干旱胁迫伤害,且幼苗中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势,并在Spd 75mg/L和GB 30mmol/L时达到最大值。由此可见,75mg/L的Spd或30mmol/L的GB能有效缓解干旱胁迫对菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗生长产生的伤害,提高种子及幼苗的抗旱能力。     

低温胁迫对棉花种子萌发的影响

为了研究低温胁迫对棉花种子萌发特性的影响,以新陆中88为试验材料,采用纸培和砂培的方式进行种子萌发试验,将棉花种子的发芽温度设置为5℃、10℃和15℃不同的低温,低温持续时间分别为1 d、2 d、3 d、4 d、5 d。结果表明,在同一温度下低温持续时间对种子发芽率、发芽势、幼苗高度、主根长度、叶面积、电导率均有所影响,持续时间越久抑制越严重;同一持续时间下温度越低导致发芽率越低、幼苗高度越矮、主根长度越短、叶面积越小。因此,适当推迟棉花播期,可以预防棉花苗期的冻害,有效防止苗期病害的发生,并且有利于棉花出苗整齐、长势健壮,提高幼苗的抗逆能力。     

褪黑素与2,4-表油菜素内酯浸种对盐胁迫下荞麦发芽与幼苗生长的促进效应

土壤盐渍化是影响农作物种子萌发出苗以及生长发育的重要限制因素,探究外源激素对盐胁迫条件下荞麦种子萌发与幼苗生长的缓解作用具有重要意义。本试验以荞麦品种西农9976为材料,采用培养皿萌发和盆栽发芽2种方法,研究褪黑素(MT)与2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)浸种对不同盐浓度胁迫下荞麦种子萌发、幼苗生长、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫增加了荞麦种子和幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖含量和抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,降低了荞麦种子发芽势、发芽率和成苗率,使荞麦种子胚芽长度、胚根长度和幼苗高度显著下降。MT、EBR浸种荞麦种子可有效缓解盐胁迫危害,使荞麦种子发芽势、发芽率和成苗率较对照分别增加14.9%～33.3%、11.5%～27.3%和20.0%～46.2%,显著提高荞麦种子胚根长度、胚芽长度、胚芽鲜重和干重、幼苗高度、幼苗鲜重和干重,并显著增加荞麦种子和幼苗叶片中可溶性糖含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性,降低MDA含量。综上所述, MT和EBR浸种均能通过提高荞麦种子保护酶活性、减少活性氧积累、增加渗透调节物质含量,促进盐胁迫条件下荞麦种子发芽及幼苗生...     

土壤水分胁迫下小麦叶片的渗透调节与膨压维持

两年的试验结果表明,在土壤缓慢脱水和长期水分胁迫下,四个小麦品种叶片均产生渗透调节,孕穗期和灌浆期渗透调节能力较强,渗透调节的幅度为0.40～0.64MPa,抗旱性强的品种大于抗旱性弱的品种.由于渗透调节在土壤含水量60%左右或轻度胁迫下,叶片膨压基本不变.五个生育期四个处理水平叶水势与膨压回归分析,从水势每下降一个单位,膨压降低的单位数看,昌乐5号(0.146)<山农587(0.151)<烟农15(0.162)<济南13(0.240),抗旱性强的品种由于渗透调节能力强,膨压降低的单位数小,维持膨压的程度高.     

Comparative Effects of NaCl and Polyethylene Glycol on Germination, Emergence and Seedling Growth of Cowpea

Seeds of Paceño and Cuarenteño cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) were tested for salt and drought tolerance at germination, seedling emergence and early seedling growth in NaCl and PEG‐8000 solutions of different osmotic potentials (0, ?0.2, ?0.4, ?0.6, and ?0.8 MPa). Daily and final germination and emergence percentage, as well as germination and seedling emergence rate, and seedling growth were recorded under controlled conditions. Results showed that germination and emergence rate were delayed by both solutions in both cultivars, with differences between cultivars among growth stages, given that cultivar Cuarenteño, showed a higher germination rate than Paceño in NaCl, but Paceño was less affected by NaCl and PEG solutions at the emergence stage. Sodium chloride had a lesser effect on both cultivars in terms of germination rate, emergence rate and the final germination and emergence percentage than did PEG‐8000. This conclusively proves that the adverse effect of PEG‐8000 on germination, emergence and early seedling growth was due to the osmotic effect rather than the specific ion. Seedling growth was reduced by both stresses, but NaCl usually caused less damage than PEG to cowpea seedlings, suggesting that NaCl and PEG acted through different mechanisms.     

6个燕麦品种种子萌发期抗旱性比较

为探讨燕麦萌发期抗旱性,以6个燕麦品种种子为材料,用不同浓度(0、5％、10％、15％、20％、25％)PEG溶液模拟干旱条件,测定种子的发芽势、发芽率、幼苗活力指数、主根长、苗高等5个指标,利用方差分析法、隶属函数法及主成分分析法进行综合评价.结果表明,6个燕麦品种的萌发期抗旱性依次为:美达>魅力>牧王>贝勒2代>领...     

土壤水分胁迫对冬小麦叶片渗透调节及叶绿体超微结构的影响

土壤水分胁迫下 ,抗旱性强的小麦品种昌乐 5号、北农 2号与抗旱性弱的济南 13、鲁麦 5号相比 ,渗透调节能力高 0 4 1～ 0 60MPa ,相对含水量少降 6 39～ 10 74个百分点 ,叶水势少降 0 19～ 0 63MPa。水分胁迫使小麦叶片光合能力下降 ,水分胁迫全过程下降平均百分数 ,抗旱性强的品种比抗旱性弱的品种光合速率少降 17 7%～ 2 2 5% ;气孔导度少降 2 1 0 6%～2 3 75%。小麦叶肉细胞叶绿体的超微结构发生变化且随水分胁迫的加重而加剧 ,但变化程度与小麦的抗旱性及渗透调节能力成负相关。胁迫导致叶绿体外形变圆 ,类囊体肿胀 ,片层间距加大 ,基质片层模糊 ,最终叶绿体解体     

Screening Soybean Genotypes for Drought and Heat Tolerance

Several soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasms from maturity groups III through VII were evaluated at three osmotic potential levels (-0.017, 0.3 and -0.5 MPa) using polyethylene glycol M.W. 8000 and four temperature regimes (10, 25, 50 and 110°C) for drought and heat tolerance, respectively. Heat injury varied significantly among growth stages with the highest heat injury occurring at the flowering stage. Susceptibility to heat injury decreased toward maturity with the exception of a few genotypes. Genotypic variability was found among the lines in both drought and heat tolerance tests. This study identified the lines PI 408.155, PI 423.827B, PI 423.759 and Pershing as both drought and heat tolerant. In general, the larger-seeded lines failed to germinate at -0.50 MPa. A positive and significant relationship between promptness index and germina-tion stress index was found. However, no significant correlation was observed between germination stress index and the heat tolerance test. Based on the results from the germination test, lines PI 393.550, PI393.547, PI 86.103, PI 171.437, PI 86.490 and PI 423.852 had high germination stress indices and need further testing for heat stress tolerance.     

7个玉米品种萌发和幼苗抗旱性研究

用高渗溶液PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫，对7个玉米品种进行发芽和幼苗培养试验。结果表明，干旱胁迫下所有玉米品种的发芽率、苗干旱存活率、苗高、根长、根数、苗鲜重、根鲜重、根冠比、叶面积、叶片失水率等性状都比正常水分下有所下降，但品种间表现出较大差异。用灰色关联分析综合评价玉米品种的抗旱性，初步筛选出3个抗旱较强品种：豫玉28、中科4号、秀青73-1。     

绿豆种质资源苗期抗旱性鉴定

鉴定筛选苗期抗旱绿豆种质,对改良绿豆品种抗旱性、促进绿豆产业发展具有重要意义,同时,也为"绿豆抗旱性鉴定评价技术规范"的制定提供方法和信息支撑。本研究以70份绿豆种质为材料,采用苗期反复干旱法,测定幼苗存活率、萎蔫指数、株高、叶片鲜重、叶片干重、叶片含水量、生物量和胁迫指数等指标,分析各指标间的相关性,结果显示第1次旱胁迫后的幼苗存活率与第2次旱胁迫后的幼苗存活率呈极显著正相关;萎蔫指数、株高与幼苗存活率呈极显著负相关,故遴选出第1次旱胁迫幼苗存活率、萎蔫指数和株高为绿豆苗期抗旱性评价的适宜指标。采用隶属函数法,综合分析划级,获得高抗旱种质16份、抗旱种质20份,中抗种质23份、敏感种质8份和极敏感种质3份。以第1次旱胁迫幼苗存活率、萎蔫指数和胁迫株高分别评价绿豆的抗旱性并与综合评价结果相比较,一致率分别为70.0%、58.6%和51.4%。认为第1次旱胁迫幼苗存活率可以作为大规模绿豆种质苗期抗旱筛选的鉴定指标。     

PEG胁迫下新疆主要加工番茄萌芽期耐旱性评价

在PEG模拟干旱胁迫下,对新疆14个主要加工番茄品种进行萌芽期和幼苗期耐旱性鉴定。在PEG半致死浓度（11.4%）下,对加工番茄发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根长度、幼苗鲜重、幼苗干重等指标进行聚类分析和差异比较。结果表明,不同基因型加工番茄的耐旱性能具有较大差异。14个加工番茄品种中,早得、佳禾红运、石红15号、红果3号、麒麟钻石为耐旱性较强品种,里格尔87-5、美国世纪红、佳禾9号、新选里格尔87-5、昌农020耐旱性较弱,石红6号、麒麟020、麒麟87-5、佳义200耐旱性最差。加工番茄萌发能力参数聚类分析和幼苗生长参数差异分析结果较为一致,在加工番茄萌芽期和幼苗期可对其耐旱性进行快速鉴定。