分散式无动力生活污水处理装置处理效果分析

分散式无动力生活污水处理系统是我国农村生活污水处理的一个重要的组成部分,笔者在四川省乐至县选取了两种不同的无动力生活污水处理设施,对其处理效果进行了检测,检测数据表明:1)无动力生活污水净化装置对COD和SS去除明显,平均去除率可达到60%以上,出水COD多在100 mg·L~(-1)以下,SS在40 mg·L~(-1)以下;2)单独的生活污水净化池对于氨氮和磷的去除率都在10%以下,有时出水氨氮和磷会略高于进水;3)生活污水净化池+人工湿地的处理系统对于氨氮和磷的去除率较单独的生活污水净化池略有提高,5~6月份的去除率高于1~2月份去除率。     

农村径流生活污水控制模式探讨

为了解决社会主义新农村建设中生活污水污染问题,从农村生活污水及排放特点入手,提出实现生活污水有组织排放、形成生活径流污水,是避免村落环境受污染的前提,也是进行污水处理和实现污水资源化的基础;依据农村生活污水的特点,因地制宜地提出了沼气池处理、分区处理、统一处理、接入管网等污水源头控制模式和沿程生态利用等农村径流生活污水控制模式.最后,针对建设和运行费用,分别提出了"谁污染、谁治理"和"谁受益、谁付费"的资金来源对策.     

温室大棚污水灌溉土地处理复合系统示范应用研究

基于污水灌溉土地处理复合系统具备的水力负荷较大、污染物去除效果明显等特点,将其与温室大棚作物灌溉相结合,建立起相应的示范应用工程构造型式与运行管理模式,开展工程去污效果的应用研究与工程投资和效益分析。研究结果表明,采用将污水灌溉土地处理复合系统与温室大棚作物灌溉相结合的方式,不仅可获得良好的污水处理效果,还能获得不低于常规灌溉的相应作物产量,且对油菜作物品质没有产生不良影响。污水灌溉土地处理复合系统在温室大棚灌溉中的应用在经济上具有可行性。     

厌氧消化+A~2/O+氧化塘处理猪场粪污水研究

山东文登东来养猪场采用厌氧消化+A~2/O+氧化塘污水处理工艺对养猪场的粪污水进行处理,最后实现污水的农田灌溉和达标排放。笔者通过对工程运行的连续监测,研究分析猪场粪污水在各处理单元中有机物浓度降解和氨氮去除效果。结果表明:采用IC反应器处理猪场粪污水,COD的平均去除率可达85.39%。而在A~2/O处理阶段,氨氮的平均去除率高达82.64%。经氧化塘后出水中COD和氨氮的平均值分别为198.01 mg·L~(-1),45.5 mg·L~(-1)。整个污水处理系统COD和氨氮的平均去除率分别为95.82%,95.44%,该系统运行效果稳定。     

生活污水源分离、分质处理与资源化

本文讨论了集中式和分散式污水处理系统的技术现状、作用和优缺点,指出生活污水源分离、分质处理和回用是实现最少化排污、最大化营养物再利用和水资源循环的可行选择.文章进一步讨论了生活污水源分离后的灰水、黑水、黄水和雨水等分类收集处理的技术发展现状和进展.     

地下渗滤系统处理分散式生活污水的研究

根据分散污水的特点,探讨了地下渗滤系统处理分散式生活污水的方法,并总结分析地下渗滤系统的3种类型及运行时注意的问题,概括分析了地下渗滤系统处理生活污水的关键性问题及解决办法:土壤选配问题;土壤的堵塞问题;氮的去除问题。     

小城镇污水化学强化一级处理试验研究

采用三氯化铁(FeCl3)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)为试验药剂.对小城镇污水强化一级处理进行研究,并分析了不同聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)投加量条件下的污染物去除效果.试验结果表明:对以对CODCr、浊度、TP为去除对象的小城镇污水,采用聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)效果最好;投药量为90mg/L时,对CODCr、浊度、TP的去除率分别为63.7%、91.4%、72.8%.     

城镇污水沼气净化实用技术及其效益浅析

随着经济建设步伐的加快 ,人们生活水平的提高 ,城镇有机废水的排放也逐年增加。据统计 ,2 0 0 0年全国城镇居民生活污水年排放量达到 2 2 3×10 8m3,BOD5排放量达 4 79万t。然而受经济的制约 ,污水处理设施的建造与运行远远滞后于新增加的污染量 ,大或已有的多数生活污水处理设施不配套或不完善 ,因此 ,95 %以上的居民生活污水和粪便污水基本未进行有效达标治理 ,就直接排入地下、江河、湖泊 ,对当地的水源和环境造成严重的污染 ,使环境越来越恶化。近 2 0年来 ,我国城镇污水沼气净化技术 ,逐步完善 ,对处理城镇污水起到非常好的作用。它…     

三峡库区小城镇污水处理厂的设计

根据三峡库区小城镇污水处理的工艺流程及技术特点，分析和介绍了库区1座0．5万m/d的污水处理厂的城镇概况和设计规模、进出水水质及处理程度、工艺设计等．并对三峡库区小城镇污水除磷工艺进行了讨论。     

新农村建设中污水处理系统研究

随着水体污染日趋严重,新农村建设步伐加快,污水处理已成为我国新农村建设的重大问题,必须根据农村污水特点等,建立完善的农村污水处理系统。本文介绍了国内外农村污水处理的模式和工艺,并比较分析了现有工艺的特点;根据我国农村污水的主要特点等,提出相应的污水处理模式和工艺,为新农村污水处理系统建设提供参考。     

Plant pathogens in recycled irrigation water in commercial plant nurseries and greenhouses: their detection and management

With water conservation and reuse a priority for communities worldwide, recycling irrigation water in commercial plant nurseries and greenhouses is a logical measure. Plant pathogenic microorganisms may be present in the initial water source, or may accrue and disperse from various points throughout the irrigation system, constituting a risk of disease to irrigated plants. The continual recycling of this water is exacerbating this plant disease risk. Accurate and timely detection of plant pathogenic propagules in recycled irrigation water is required to assess disease risk. Both biological and economic thresholds must be established for important plant-pathosystems. Plant pathogens in recycled irrigation water can be managed by a variety of treatment methods that can be arranged in four broad categories: cultural, physical, chemical, and biological. An integrated approach using one or more techniques from each category is likely to be the most effective strategy in combating plant pathogens in recycled irrigation water.     

Use of treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture—Review of some practices in Spain and Greece

Approximately, seventy (70) percent of world water use including all the water diverted from rivers and pumped from underground is used for agricultural irrigation, so that the reuse of treated municipal wastewater for purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation reduces the amount of water that needs to be extracted from natural water sources as well as reducing discharge of wastewater to the environment. Thus, treated municipal wastewater is a valuable water source for recycling and reuse in the Mediterranean countries and other arid and semi-arid regions which are confronting increasing water shortages. Treated wastewater reuse in agriculture is a common practice in the Mediterranean countries and there is a considerable interest in the long-term effects of treated wastewater on crops intended for human consumption. This paper reviews the fundamentals of agricultural irrigation using treated municipal wastewater and the status of municipal wastewater reuse in Greece and Spain with studies related to the effects on soils and plants.     

Reuse of tertiary municipal wastewater effluent for irrigation of Cucumis melo L.

The reuse of tertiary wastewater for crop irrigation presents itself as an alternative to the scarcity of quality water suffered by many countries in the Mediterranean region. Furthermore, this resource can provide an important saving of fertilizers as well as benefits to the environment, as it avoids the discharge of contaminated water into public waterways. This study focuses on the effect of irrigation with ozonized wastewater on the melon crop. In this study, melon crops were irrigated with either ozonized wastewater or ground water commonly used in the agricultural area (control treatment). Fertigation, by means of drip irrigation, was delivered according to the crop’s needs, evaluating the fertilizers contributed by each of the waters and that added in mineral form. Throughout the crop’s development, the characteristics of the water, soil and plant (leaf and fruit) were studied from a chemical, physicochemical and microbiological perspective. The results obtained show that irrigation with ozonized wastewater, in these conditions of crop growth, produces similar effects as ground water on the soil properties, on the concentration of macroelements in the leaf and fruit and on the yield of melon fruit. Furthermore, the reuse of this effluent leads to a greater saving in nitrogenous and potassium fertilizers compared to fertigation of the crop with ground water.     

基于半集中式理念的城市污水处理与回用——德国DEUS 21 示范项目介绍

为实现城市的可持续发展，一个非常适用、经济可行的新理念——分散式或半集中式水处理系统正受到越来越多的关注。德国Fraunhofer IGB承担了DEUS 21研究项目，并将半集中式理念在柯尼特林根进行了示范应用研究。污水处理系统的核心单元是厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR），运行结果表明，装置出水COD浓度相对较低，无颗粒物，几乎没有致病菌，并且营养元素氮和磷的浓度相对较高，可回用于农业生产或绿化。这种半集中式水处理模式非常适合那些气候温暖、需要灌溉用水并且还没有污水处理设施的地区，能够实现水、营养元素和能量的几乎闭合循环      

Surface topographic characteristics of suspended particulates in reclaimed wastewater and effects on clogging in labyrinth drip irrigation emitters

Drip irrigation is the most effective and reliable method for reclaimed wastewater irrigation. Emitter clogging is the major problem for extending the drip irrigation technology. The existence of suspended particulates in irrigation water is the main reason for the emitter clogging. However, the reclaimed wastewater quality is extremely complex, and there is a series of physical, chemical, and biological reactions between suspended particulates and other materials contained such as microorganisms, which make the characteristics of suspended particulates in reclaimed wastewater complicated. In this paper, two types of widely used wastewaters treated with fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and biological aerated filter (BAF) processes respectively were selected. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology and fractal theory were used to quantitatively describe the characteristics of the surface topography of suspended particulates. The results showed that the suspended particulates in two reclaimed wastewater were flocculent and porous. The pore system mainly consisted of solid suspended particulates, and most areas between the particulates were filled with microbes and extracellular polymers (EPS). The complex structure of biofilms was formed. That the biofilms grew and detached in irrigation system and deposited continuously at the inlet and outlet of labyrinth path was the major reason for the emitter clogging. The surface topography of suspended particulates in both reclaimed wastewaters showed fractal and multifractal characteristics, and the fractal dimension could not characterize the local and microsingularity of particulates but multifractal dimension could. The uniformity of the distribution of sediment pores increased with the size. Comparatively, the uniformity of suspended particulates in reclaimed wastewater treated by FBR was lower. With operation of reclaimed wastewater irrigation system, the average discharge of emitters decreased continuously with obvious fluctuations. The clogging degree of emitters was low during the first 256 h, and the clogging degree of the two types of reclaimed water was similar. But then, the degree of clogging increased greatly, and the FBR treatment on the emitters discharge were more obvious than BAF. It was closely related to the growth, detachments and sediment of biofilms in the irrigation system. Hence, using the reclaimed wastewater treated by BAF for drip irrigation is more suitable.     

Wastewater production, treatment, and irrigation in Middle East and North Africa

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is the driest region of the world with only 1% of the world’s freshwater resources. The increasing competition for good-quality water has cut into agriculture’s water share but since the use of freshwater for domestic, industrial and municipal activities generates wastewater, the volume of wastewater used in agriculture has increased. About 43% of wastewater generated in the MENA region is treated; a relatively high percentage compared to other developing-country dominated regions. This is because of the perceived importance of wastewater as a water resource and several oil-rich countries with the resources to treat wastewater. The MENA region has an opportunity for beneficial reuse of wastewater but few countries in the region have been able to implement substantial wastewater treatment and reuse programs. The major constraints leading to seemingly slow and uneven reuse of wastewater are: inadequate information on the status of reuse or disposal of wastewater and associated environmental and health impacts; incomplete economic analysis of the wastewater treatment and reuse options, usually restricted to financial feasibility analysis; high costs and low returns of developing wastewater collection networks and wastewater treatment plants; lack of wastewater treatment and reuse cost-recovery mechanisms and lack of commitment to support comprehensive wastewater treatment programs; mismatch between water pricing and regional water scarcity; preference for freshwater over wastewater; and inefficient irrigation and water management schemes undermining the potential of wastewater reuse. However, some countries such as Tunisia, Jordan, and Israel have policies in place that address wastewater treatment through a range of instruments. Policymakers in these countries consider use of treated wastewater to be an essential aspect of strategic water and wastewater planning and management. With flexible policy frameworks addressing rapid demographic changes and increasing water scarcity in the MENA region, water reuse has great potential if integrated with resource planning, environmental management and financing arrangements.     

Water resources management in Crete (Greece) including water recycling and reuse and proposed quality criteria

In Crete, Greece despite having adequate atmospheric precipitation, water imbalance is often experienced, because of temporal and spatial variations in the precipitation, an increase in water demand during summer months and the difficulty of transporting water due to the mountainous terrain. Crete can be regarded as a representative mediterranean region with a relatively high potential for wastewater recycling and reuse. Preliminary estimates show that the implementation of wastewater recycling and reuse plans would lead to water savings of up to 5% of the total irrigation water. The basic aim of this paper is to present views on integrated water resources management in Crete, Greece including the potential for the recycling and reuse of treated wastewater. A preliminary inventory, distribution and mapping of wastewater treatment systems in Crete is also presented. Furthermore, the quality of treated effluents, disposal sites, irrigated areas, and environmental, social, economical, and agronomical impacts are considered. Finally, quality criteria for reuse of treated wastewater in Greece and maybe for other mediterranean countries are proposed.     

Assessing environmental impacts of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in paddy fields using bioindicator

Irrigation water quality influences many aspects of agroecosystems, but less is known about how complex microbial and biological communities respond to changing water quality due to causes such as reuse irrigation. The objectives of this study are to monitor and assess the environmental impacts of reclaimed wastewater irrigation on water quality and soil that might cause potential health hazards and to assess its agro-environmental effects. Two sites, which are irrigated by filtered wastewater after UV (Ultraviolet) treatment and from an agricultural reservoir that satisfied the agricultural water quality standards of Korea, were selected as treatment and control, respectively. The environmental impacts of irrigation water quality on paddy soil, microorganisms, and arthropods were investigated. Monitoring results for water, soil, health risks, and eco-environments of the reclaimed wastewater irrigation site demonstrated no adverse effects in the paddy field. This research showed that reclaimed wastewater irrigation did not present significant environmental risks for the rice paddy agroecosystem, although long-term monitoring is needed to fully characterize its effects.     

Wastewater treatment,renovation and reuse for agricultural irrigation in small communities

The necessity for water and the risks associated with inadequate sewage treatment have stimulated attempts to reuse domestic wastewater for diverse purposes, primarily for agricultural irrigation. This strategy has now become practical. The use of wastewater in small communities depends on a series of factors, such as community size, socio-economic aspects, relative location to other communities, and land availability for effluent reuse. Two main types of small and isolated communities can be identified. One has limited water supply and land resources, and its' main problems are associated with wastewater treatment and disposal. The second has enough land for effluent reuse, but lacks the additional amounts needed for cultivation. The extra amounts of effluent can be obtained from an adjacent municipality of the first type which, for its part, needs to solve wastewater disposal problems.     

Urban agriculture, using sustainable practices that involve the reuse of wastewater and solid waste

This study proposes a safe method for the disinfection of wastewater destined for reuse in urban agriculture. It also discusses the year-round production of fresh vegetables in confined urban spaces, using sustainable practices that involve the recycling and reuse of waste while at the same time saving water. To address the aforementioned problems, this study aimed to determine the efficiency of applying organoponic techniques to urban crops, using selected organic compounds and recyclable solid waste products, plus home-made organic fertilizers and treated wastewater. The results obtained demonstrate that in addition to disinfecting the wastewater, ozone contributes oxygen and nutrients to the soil, thereby reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. Ozone also reduces the risk of infection by eliminating highly pathogenic micro-organisms, and increases the rate of plant growth such as: radishes (Raphanus sativus L.), tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum), spearmint (Mentha piperita), camomile (Matricaria recutita), Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa). Great benefits can therefore be derived from employing these urban agriculture techniques because, in addition to putting to good use waste products that are generated by the ton, these techniques also produce quality food plants that are 100% organic.