Cilia isolated from tetrahymena after membrane stabilization by 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

The tendency for Tetrahymena pyriformis cells to lyse when they are centrifuged at speeds above 120g and then exposed to an ethanolic deciliating medium is inhibited by treatment with 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. This treatment facilitates greater yields and purer preparations of isolated cilia. Cilia from treated and untreated cells do not differ in some of their biochemical properties.     

Potassium ion: is the bulk of intracellular K+ adsorbed?

When a major portion of the intracellular K(+) in frog muscle is reversibly replaced by Na(+), the extra Na(+) gained by the cells does not show the nuclear magnetic resonance signal that free Na(+) does. The data contradict the membrane theory but are in accord with the concept that the bulk of intracellular K(+) is adsorbed.     

D-glucose: preferential binding to brush borders disrupted with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane

The actively transported sugar D-glucose binds to brush borders disrupted with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane in preference to D-mannose and L-glucose, which are not actively transported. This preferential binding of D-glucose is not dependent on either added Na(+) or adenosine triphosphatase activity stimulated by Na(+) with K(+) and Mg(2+), but it is temperature-dependent and is completely inhibited by 0.1 millimolar phlorizin and 1 millimolar mercuric chloride.     

几种离子对豇豆根瘤腺苷酸琥珀酸裂解酶活性和最适PH值的影响

在含１５％（ｖ／ｖ）甘油和ｐＨ８．０的１００ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＴｒｉｃｉｎｅ缓冲液中，当离子浓度＜１５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，Ｋ＋和Ｎａ＋离子是豇豆根瘤腺苷酸琥珀酸裂解酶（ＡＳＡＬ）的激活剂，其最适浓度约为７５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，可分别提高酶活性４０％和３５％。Ｍｇ２＋离子是ＡＳＡＬ的抑制剂，能拮抗Ｋ＋和Ｎａ＋离子的激活效应。ＨＰＯ二４离子可显著降低酶活性，抑制效应与ＨＰＯ二４离子浓度呈正相关。在含１５％（ｖ／ｖ）甘油和ｐＨ６．６～８．０的１００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸盐缓冲液中，ＡＳＡＬ的最适ｐＨ值约为７．４，而在含１５％（ｖ／ｖ）甘油和ｐＨ７．４～８．６的Ｔｒｉｃｉｎｅ缓冲液中，ＡＳＡＬ的最适ｐＨ值约为８．２。     

Activities of sodium and potassium ions in epithelial cells of small intestine

Intracellular molar Na(+) activity (a(Na)), measured with cation-selective glass microelectrodes, in epithelial cells of isolated bullfrog small intestine immersed at 26 degrees C in a sodium sulfate Ringer solution containing mannitol was 0.0144 +/- 0.0031 (average value plus or minus standard deviation). The corresponding K(+) activity (a(K)) was 0.0854 +/- 0.0060. Combination of these values with previous estimates of intracellular Na(+) and K(+) concentrations under identical conditions indicated that a substantial fraction of the cellular Na(+) is in an osmotically inactive state. When the cells were exposed to a Ringer solution in which 26 millimoles of mannitol per liter were replaced by 3-O-methyl glucose, highly significant decreases in a(K) and a(Na) were observed. The decrease in a(K) was proportionately larger than the corresponding decrease in a(Na).     

Alteration of alpha 1 Na+,K(+)-ATPase 86Rb+ influx by a single amino acid substitution

The sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K(+)-ATPase) maintains the transmembrane Na+ gradient to which is coupled all active cellular transport systems. The R and S alleles of the gene encoding the Na+,K(+)-ATPase alpha 1 subunit isoform were identified in Dahl salt-resistant (DR) and Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats, respectively. Characterization of the S allele-specific Na+,K(+)-ATPase alpha 1 complementary DNA identified a leucine substitution of glutamine at position 276. This mutation alters the hydropathy profile of a region in proximity to T3(Na), the trypsin-sensitive site that is only detected in the presence of Na+. This mutation causes a decrease in the rubidium-86 influx of S allele-specific sodium pumps, thus marking a domain in the Na+,K(+)-ATPase alpha subunit important for K+ transport, and supporting the hypothesis of a putative role of these pumps in hypertension.     

表鱼藤酮对映体杀虫作用机理的研究

 【目的】阐明表鱼藤酮对映体（-）-5′α-表鱼藤酮与（+）-5′β-表鱼藤酮的杀虫作用与机理。【方法】以3龄家蚕幼虫为试虫，比较药剂处理24、72 h后中毒症状，及对线粒体呼吸酶复合体Ⅰ、Na+，K+-ATP酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性差异。【结果】表鱼藤酮对映体处理后的3龄家蚕幼虫中毒症状明显不同；对线粒体呼吸酶复合体Ⅰ都有抑制活性，5′α-表鱼藤酮、5′β-表鱼藤酮抑制中浓度IC50分别为7.81、54.14 mg•L-1；对家蚕头部Na+，K+-ATP酶都有抑制作用；5′β-表鱼藤酮对中肠Na+，K+-ATP酶表现为抑制作用，5′α-表鱼藤酮表现为激活作用；对琥珀酸脱氢酶5′α-表鱼藤酮有激活作用；对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性没有影响。【结论】表鱼藤酮对映体的毒力及对线粒体呼吸酶复合体Ⅰ抑制活性有差异；对映体间引起的中毒症状差异与线粒体呼吸酶复合体Ⅰ的结合方式和中肠Na+，K+-ATP酶，琥珀酸脱氢酶有关。     

Sodium- and potassium-sensitive glass electrodes for biological use

Continuous, accurate recording in circulating fluids from a sodium and a potassium electrode is described. The Na electrode is capable of discriminating Delta[Na(+)] of less than 1 meq/lit. in 140 meq/lit., and the K electrode is capable of discriminating Delta[K(+)] of less than 1 meq/lit. in the range of 1 to 10 meq/lit. with good reproducibility. The electrodes may be used singly or in pairs with a common reference calomel electrode for simultaneous monitoring of A [Na(+) 1 and Delta[K(+)] in mixed solutions. Problems of streaming potential dependent on flow rate and electrode shape, as well as transient K(+) response by the Na electrode, are discussed.     

Seawater teleosts: evidence for a sodium-potassium exchange in the branchial sodium-excreting pump

The net sodium extrusion rate by the gill of the seawater-adapted euryhaline flounder is identical to the potassium influx. The excretion of sodium is blocked in K(+)-free seawater solutions. The instantaneous sodium outflux readjustment pattern of flounders transferred from seawater to solutions of various sodium chloride or potassium chloride concentrations is consistent with the hypothesis of a linkage between Na(+) outflux and K(+) influx through a common exchange carrier. External Na(+) and K(+) compete for this comnmonz carrier. It is suggested that the exchange diffusion mechanism (linkage of sodium influx and outflux) and the high internal sodium turnover rate which characterizes all seawater teleosts are the results of this competitive process. The sodium-potassium dependent adenosine triphosphatase system occurring in the gill of the seawater teleosts may play a central role in this sodium-potassium exchange pump.     

胞外ATP、H2O2、Ca2+与NO调控木榄根系离子平衡机理研究

运用非损伤微测技术(NMT),研究了短期盐胁迫下胞外ATP(eATP)、H2 O2 、Ca2 + 与NO 对非泌盐红树木榄根 系K+/Na+ 平衡的调控作用。NaCl(100 mmol/L,24 h)与等渗甘露醇处理的实验表明,木榄根尖对盐胁迫的响应具 有高度的离子特异性。盐胁迫增强了木榄根尖的Na+ 外流,但Na+ 外流被Na+ /H+ 逆向转运蛋白抑制剂Amiloride 和质膜H+ -ATPase 抑制剂Vanadate 抑制,表明Na+ 外流源于根尖表皮细胞质膜Na+ /H+ 逆向转运系统驱动的Na+ 外排。短期盐胁迫处理能诱导木榄根尖K+ 外流,但被氯化四乙胺(TEA,外向K+ 通道抑制剂)明显抑制,证明K+ 外流是由激活的去极化外向型离子通道KORCs 介导。胞外ATP(300 mol/L)、H2 O2 (10 mmol/L)、Ca2 + (10 mmol/ L)与SNP(NO 供体,100 mol/L)均能增加短期盐胁迫下的Na+ 外流,同时抑制K+ 外流。其中,促进Na+ 外流效果 较强的是H2 O2 和Ca2 + ,而Ca2 + 和NO 抑制K+ 外流的效果突出。这些实验结果表明,胞外ATP、H2 O2 、Ca2 + 与NO 这4 种盐胁迫信使是通过上调木榄根系细胞质膜Na+ /H+ 逆向转运体系(Na+ /H+ 逆向转运体和H+ 泵)活性,在促 进Na+ 和H+ 逆向跨膜转运的同时,抑制去极化激活的K+ 离子通道来减少盐诱导的K+ 外流。      

钙对盐胁迫水稻生长和营养元素吸收的影响

为揭示Ca对盐胁迫水稻的生长和营养元素吸收的影响,以日本晴水稻为材料,采用水培方式,设置不同浓度Ca和Na处理以及正常营养液处理开展对比试验,结果表明:盐胁迫水稻地上部的生长损害较为严重,外界供应5 mmol/L Ca能够修复25 mmol/L Na造成的生长损害。Ca对盐胁迫水稻的修复作用不是通过提高根系活力,而是通过降低水稻Na的吸收同时恢复根系K的吸收从而扩大根冠比实现的。水稻根系Ca含量对外界Ca和Na浓度的变化反应顿感,但地上部变化与Ca浓度成正相关。Na和Ca对Mg吸收的竞争作用主要表现在地上部的差异,根系几乎不受影响,但高Na能显著抑制水稻体内N的累积。     

Comet encke: meteor metallic ion identification by mass spectrometer

Metal ions including 23(+) (Na(+)), 24(+) (Mg(+)) 28(+) (Si(+)), 39(+) (K(+)), 40(+) (Ca(+)), 45(+) (Sc(+)), 52(+) Cr(+)). 56(+) (Fe(+)), and 58(+) (Ni(+)) have been detected in the upper atmosphere during the period of the Beta Taurids meteor shower. The abundances of these ions relative to Si(+) show, agreement in most instances with abundances in chondrites. A notable exception is 45(+), which, if it is Sc(+), is 100 times more abundant than neutral scandium found in chondrites.     

不同浓度的NaCl处理对海马齿叶片中Na+和K+含量的影响

为了解Na＋在植物盐境生长时发挥的作用,笔者采用不同浓度的NaCl（0,300,600,900mmol·L-1）处理,研究盐生草本植物海马齿（Sesuvium portulacastrum）叶片中Na＋和K＋的变化规律。结果表明,300mmol·L-1的NaCl处理条件下海马齿的生物量显著增加;原子吸收光谱与X-Ray-能谱-扫描电镜分析结果显示,海马齿的叶片中积累了大量的Na＋,且随着NaCl浓度的增加,Na＋含量呈显著增加而K＋含量降低。这表明Na＋作为海马齿的营养元素在一定浓度范围内可以促进植株生长,但其浓度过高时则影响钾离子的吸收产生毒害作用。     

NaCl胁迫对海滨木槿种子萌发及Na~+、K~+含量的影响

[目的]探索不同浓度NaCl处理对海滨木槿种子萌发及种皮和种胚中Na+、K+含量的影响。[方法]用NaCl浓度分别为0、50、100、150、200mmol/LNaCl的1/4Hoagland营养液培养材料,培养5、10d后以FP-640火焰分光光度计测定种皮和胚中的Na+、K+含量;培养15d后,将含有NaCl的营养液未萌发的种子分别转入1/4Hoagland培养液继续培养,测定解除盐胁迫后种子萌发的恢复率。[结果]随着培养液中NaCl浓度的升高,海滨木槿种子的萌发率逐渐降低,在NaCl浓度为200mmol/L时种子的萌发率最低。种皮和胚中Na+含量随着培养液中NaCl浓度的升高和处理天数的延长而增大;在相同的盐浓度下,胚中Na+含量明显低于种皮。随着培养液中NaCl浓度的升高,种皮中K+含量逐渐升高,胚中K+含量逐渐降低,但胚中K+含量明显高于种皮。种皮和胚中Na+/K+随着NaCl浓度的升高而增大,胚中Na+/K+明显低于种皮。[结论]海滨木槿的种皮是阻挡Na+进入种子的一道屏障;NaCl处理下胚保持较高含量的K+和较低的Na+/K+可能是海滨木槿种子耐盐的主要原因之一。     

Phosphate Glass Electrode with Good Selectivity for Alkaline-Earth Cations

A phosphate glass has been found to have a significant electrode specificity toward alkaline-earth ions. The order of selectivity is 2H(+) > Ba(++) > Sr(++) > Ca(++) > 2K(+) > 2Na(+) > Mg(++). Exchange properties are discussed in relation to possible structure. Its use to determine activity of Ca(++) in natural systems containing Mg(++) is sug gested.     

Conformation of macromolecules in the gas phase: use of matrix-assisted laser desorption methods in ion chromatography

Conformational data for macromolecules in the gas phase have been obtained by the coupling of a matrix-assisted laser desorption ion source to an ion chromatograph. A series of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers "cationized" (converted to a cation) by sodium ions (Na(+)PEG9 to Na(+)PEG19) and a protonated neurotransmitter protein, bradykinin, were studied. Mobilities of Na(+)PEG9 to Na(+)PEG19 are reported. Detailed modeling of Na(+)PEG9 with molecular mechanics methods indicates that the lowest energy structure has the Na(+) ion "solvated" by the polymer chain with seven oxygen atoms as nearest neighbors. The agreement between the model and experiment is within 1 percent for Na(+)PEG9, Na(+)PEG13, and Na(+)PEG17, giving strong support to both the method and the deduced structures. Similar agreement was obtained in initial studies that modeled experimental data for arginine-protonated bradykinin.     

H_2O_2预处理对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和K~+,Na~+,Cl~-分布的影响

以黄瓜品种津春2号为试材,采用营养液水培,研究了H2O2预处理对NaCl胁迫下幼苗植株不同器官中K+,Na+和Cl-含量的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下黄瓜植株体内K+含量下降、Na+和Cl-含量升高、K/Na和Cl/Na比值降低;H2O2预处理抑制了盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗植株体内K+含量的降低,减少了Na+和Cl-在叶片的积累,提高了K+,Na+吸收和运输的选择性及K/Na比值,缓解了盐胁迫的伤害,改善了盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的生长,显著提高了根、茎、叶的干重和幼苗株高。说明,叶面喷施外源H2O2可通过调控盐胁迫下植株体内离子在器官水平的区域化分布,进而提高黄瓜幼苗的耐盐性。     

Ion selectivity in a semisynthetic K+ channel locked in the conductive conformation

Potassium channels are K+-selective protein pores in cell membrane. The selectivity filter is the functional unit that allows K+ channels to distinguish potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) ions. The filter's structure depends on whether K+ or Na+ ions are bound inside it. We synthesized a K+ channel containing the d-enantiomer of alanine in place of a conserved glycine and found by x-ray crystallography that its filter maintains the K+ (conductive) structure in the presence of Na+ and very low concentrations of K+. This channel conducts Na+ in the absence of K+ but not in the presence of K+. These findings demonstrate that the ability of the channel to adapt its structure differently to K+ and Na+ is a fundamental aspect of ion selectivity, as is the ability of multiple K+ ions to compete effectively with Na+ for the conductive filter.     

K+ channel mutations in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas and hereditary hypertension

Endocrine tumors such as aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas (APAs), a cause of severe hypertension, feature constitutive hormone production and unrestrained cell proliferation; the mechanisms linking these events are unknown. We identify two recurrent somatic mutations in and near the selectivity filter of the potassium (K(+)) channel KCNJ5 that are present in 8 of 22 human APAs studied. Both produce increased sodium (Na(+)) conductance and cell depolarization, which in adrenal glomerulosa cells produces calcium (Ca(2+)) entry, the signal for aldosterone production and cell proliferation. Similarly, we identify an inherited KCNJ5 mutation that produces increased Na(+) conductance in a Mendelian form of severe aldosteronism and massive bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. These findings explain pathogenesis in a subset of patients with severe hypertension and implicate loss of K(+) channel selectivity in constitutive cell proliferation and hormone production.     

不同钾钠比的查氏培养基对大丽轮枝菌生物学性状及致病力的影响

研究了大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)在不同钾钠比(K~+/Na~+)的查氏培养基中生长的生物学特性及致病力的变化。结果表明,菌株在0K~+/Na~+≤5.248的固体培养基上生长呈近M型,在K~+/Na~+5.248的固体培养基上生长呈近W型。与常规查氏培养基(CK,K~+/Na~+为1.312)相比,菌株在0K~+/Na~+5.248区间的固体培养基上,生长速率明显上升;在K~+/Na~+5.248的固体培养基上,生长速率无显著性差异;在K~+/Na~+为5.248的固体培养基上,菌核型菌株的微菌核产量最大;但在无K~+条件下同样有微菌核的产生,说明K~+对微菌核的产生有一定影响,在适中情况下会增加菌株微菌核的产量,但非必要产生因素。K~+浓度会影响到菌株的致病力,当K~+/Na~+≤2.624时,随着K~+浓度的上升,菌株的致病力有所增强,当K~+浓度过高,K~+/Na~+达到26.24时,菌株的致病力反而减弱。在K~+浓度不变时,Na~+浓度与病原菌的致病力初步呈正相关,Na~+浓度升高,钾钠比下降,病原菌的致病力增强;反之亦然。