H4亚型家养水禽流感病毒分离株的表面膜蛋白基因的序列测定和遗传进化分析

采用常规的血清学试验和特异性RT-PCR方法对华东地区家养水禽中流感病毒的带毒状况进行4年多的监测，分离鉴定出多株H4亚型禽流感病毒。对其中的A／Duck／Yangzhou／216／2002（简称Dk／YZ／216／02）、A／Duck／Yangzhou／526／2003（简称Dk／YZ／526／03）、A／Duck／Yangzhou／36／2004（简称Dk／YZ／36／04）的血凝素基因和Dk／YZ／526／03、Dk／YZ／36／04的神经氨酸酶基因进行了克隆测序，并与GenBank中收录的其它序列进行了比较，遗传进化结果表明Dk／YZ／216／02的血凝素基因（HA）与毒株Tk／Minnesota／833／80（H4N2）同源性最高，而Dk／YZ／526／03和Dk／YZ／36／04的血凝素基因（HA）均与Budgerigar／Hokkaido／1／77（H4N6）同源性最高；而神经氨酸酶基因（NA）遗传进化分析结果表明Dk／YZ／36／04（H4N6）的NA基因与毒株Pigeon／Nanchang／8-142／2000（H3N6）同源性最高，而Dk／YZ／526／03（H4N2）的NA基因与Dk／Hokkaido／13／00（H9N2）同源性最高，3株禽流感病毒的HA推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列均为P-E-K-A-S-R，为典型低致病性禽流感病毒的特征序列，与对SPF鸡的致病力试验相吻合。     

Pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of H5N1 subtype isolated in Thailand for different poultry species

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype have caused several rounds of outbreaks in Thailand. In this study, we used 3 HPAI viruses isolated in Thailand in January 2004 from chicken, quail, and duck for genetic and pathogenetic studies. Sequence analysis of the entire genomes of these isolates revealed that they were genetically similar to each other. Chickens, quails, domestic ducks, and cross-bred ducks were inoculated with these isolates to evaluate their pathogenicity to different host species. A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (H5N1), an HPAI virus isolated in Japan, was also used in the chicken and quail studies for comparison. All four isolates were shown to be highly pathogenic to chickens and quails, with 100% mortality by 10(6) EID50 inoculants of the viruses. They caused sudden death in chickens and quails within 2-4 days after inoculation. The mean death times (MDT) of quails infected with the Thai isolates were shorter than those of chickens infected with the same isolates. Mortality against domestic and cross-bred ducks ranged from 50 to 75% by intranasal inoculation with the 10(6) EID50 viruses. Neurological symptoms were observed in most of the inoculated domestic ducks and appeared less severe in the cross-bred ducks. The MDTs of the ducks infected with the Thai isolates were 4.8-6 days post-inoculation. Most of the surviving ducks infected with the Thai isolates had sero-converted until 14 dpi. Our study illustrated the pathobiology of the Thai isolates against different poultry species and would provide useful information for improving control strategies against HPAI.     

Severe nonpurulent encephalitis with mortality and feather lesions in call ducks (Anas platyrhyncha var. domestica) inoculated intravenously with H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus

One-day-old, 2-wk-old, and 4-wk-old call ducks (Anas platyrhyncha var. domestica) inoculated intravenously with the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/2004 isolate (Ck/Yama/7/04) were examined clinically, pathologically, and virologically. Clinically, the birds exhibited mild-to-severe neurologic signs and corneal opacity. All birds in the 1-day-old group and one bird in the 4-wk-old group died within 4 days after the virus inoculation. Histologic changes were characterized by severe nonpurulent encephalitis and necrotic lesions of feather epithelium on day 3 postinoculation (PI) or later. Focal necrosis of myocardial cells, pancreatic acinar cells, skeletal myocytes, and corneal epithelial cells was observed. Viral antigens were detected in association with necrotic changes. Viruses were isolated from all examined organs including the skin with many feathers. Serum antibody against the virus was detected in all surviving birds on day 10 PI by hemagglutination-inhibition tests. These results suggest that Ck/Yama/7/04 has a pathogenicity that causes neurologic sign, nonpurulent encephalitis with mortality, and feather lesions for call ducks. Feather lesions with viral antigens and the virus isolation from the skin suggest that Ck/Yama/ 7/04 has a predilection for feathers in call ducks.     

Development of vaccine strains of H5 and H7 influenza viruses

To establish vaccine strains of H5 and H7 influenza viruses, A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-1/04 (H5N1) [Vac-1/04 (H5N1)], A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-3/07 (H5N1) [Vac-3/07 (H5N1)], and A/duck/Hokkaido/ Vac-2/04 (H7N7) [Vac-2/04 (H7N7)] were generated from non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks. Vac-1/04 (H5N1) and Vac-3/07 (H5N1) were generated by genetic reassortment between H5N2 or H5N3 virus as an HA gene provider and H7N1 or H6N1 viruses as an NA gene provider. Vac-2/04 (H7N7) was a genetic reassortant obtained using H7N7 and H9 N2 viruses to give high growth character of the H9N2 virus in chicken embryonated eggs. The results of sequence analyses and experimental infections revealed that these H5N1 and H7N7 reassortant viruses were non-pathogenic in chickens and embryos, and had good growth potential in embryonated eggs. These viruses should be useful to develop vaccines against H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.     

1株H1亚型水禽流感病毒分离株的致病特性和表面膜蛋白基因的序列分析

采用常规血清学试验和特异性RT-PCR方法,对我国华东地区家养水禽流感病毒进行了长达4年的跟踪监测,分离到多株H1亚型禽流感病毒,并对其中的1株A/Duck/Yangzhou/163/2003(简称Dk/YZ/163/03)的血凝素基因进行了序列测定,并与GenBank中收录的其他序列进行了比较。结果发现,Dk/YZ/163/03的血凝素基因(HA)与禽流感日本分离株A/Japan/91(H1)的同源性最高;而神经氨酸酶基因(NA)与Mallard dk/A1b/35/1976(H1N1)同源性最高;其推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列为P-S-I-Q-S-R,是典型低致病性禽流感病毒的特征序列,这与该毒株对SPF鸡和BALB/c小鼠的低致病特性相吻合。     

Pathogenesis in call ducks inoculated intranasally with H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and transmission by oral inoculation of infective feathers from an infected call duck

To evaluate the possibility of virus transmission through feathers of call ducks, we performed two experiments, intranasal infection study and transmission study, using the Japanese H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/2004 (Ck/Yama/7/04). In Experiment 1, 1-day-old, 2-wk-old, and 4-wk-old birds were inoculated intranasally with Ck/Yama/7/04. Birds in all age groups exhibited necrosis and/or viral antigens in the feather epithelium. Nonpurulent encephalitis and focal necrosis of the pancreas and heart also were common to inoculated birds. In Experiment 2, nine 2-wk-old birds that were orally inoculated with feathers of an infected call duck exhibited the nonpurulent encephalitis, necrosis of the feather epithelium, and focal necrosis of the pancreas and heart, accompanied by viral antigens. These lesions were similar to those in intranasal infection. Some birds were positive for the virus isolation from cloacal swabs and hemagglutination inhibition antibody. The infection was confirmed in seven of nine birds. This study confirmed that the Japanese HPAIV can replicate in the feather epithelium, causing necrosis in call ducks through the natural infection route. It also suggests that feathers of call ducks infected with Ck/Yama/7/04 can be a potential source of infection for unaffected birds in nature.     

Characterization of an H5N1 avian influenza virus from Taiwan

In 2003, an avian influenza (AI) virus of H5N1 subtype (A/Duck/China/E319-2/03; Dk/CHN/E319-2/03) was isolated from a smuggled duck in Kinmen Island of Taiwan. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences revealed that the virus displayed high similarity to the H5N1 viruses circulating in Asia during 2004 and 2005. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the virus contained multiple basic amino acid residues (-RERRRKR-) adjacent to the cleavage site between the HA1 and HA2 domains, showing the highly pathogenic (HP) characteristics. The HP phenotype was confirmed by experimental infection of chickens, which led up to 100% mortality within 24-72h postinfection. The virus replicated equally well in the majority of organs of the infected chickens with titers ranging from 10(7.5) to 10(4.7) 50% embryo lethal dose (ELD50) per gram of tissue. In a mouse model the virus exhibits low pathogenic characteristics with a lethal infection observed only after applying high inoculating dose (>or=10(7.6) ELD50) of the virus. The infectious virus particles were recovered only from the pulmonary system including trachea and lungs. Our study suggests that ducks infected with H5N1 AIV of HPAI pathotype showing no disease signs can carry the virus silently and that bird smuggling represent a serious risk for H5N1 HPAI transmission.     

Molecular and serologic characterization, pathogenicity, and protection studies with infectious bronchitis virus field isolates from California

In this study, we characterized three variant infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains isolated in 2003 and 2004 from broiler chickens in California and compared them to previously isolated California variant viruses and to common vaccine serotypes used in the United States. We conducted genetic, serologic, and pathogenicity studies on all three isolates, then tested different vaccines against one of the viruses. Genetically the three variant IBV strains, designated CA557/03, CA706/03, and CA1737/04, were not related to each other. GenBank BLAST database search and phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the S1 subunit of the spike gene to determine the most closely related viruses to the three variants showed the CA557/03 variant to be 81.8% similar to the CAV/CA56b/91 whereas the CA706/03 and CA1737/04 variant viruses were only distantly related to Dutch/D1466/81 (72.2%), a vaccine strain used in Europe, and Korea/K142/02 (72.7%), a Korean field isolate, respectively. Cross virus-neutralization testing showed that none of the 2003-04 California IBV variant viruses were serologically related to each other or to Ark, Conn, or Mass vaccine strains. In addition the CA1737/04 isolate was also tested against DE072 and found not to be serologically related. All three variant viruses were pathogenic in 1-wk-old broilers and vaccination with Mass/Conn followed by Holland/Conn provided 80% protection against the CA1737/04 virus. The 2003-04 California variant viruses were not compared with variants isolated in California during 1970s and 1980s because, to our knowledge, no genetic information is available and those viruses are no longer obtainable. This study shows that the CA557/03 virus was distantly related to the CAV-type viruses isolated in California in the early 1990s, but that none of the 2003-04 viruses were similar genetically or serologically to the CAL99-type viruses, indicating that new IBV variants continue to emerge and cause disease in commercial chickens in California.     

一株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒分离株的生物学特性研究及其全基因组序列分析

本试验对1株2010年从广东省分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒A/chicken/Guangdong/QY/2010(H9N2)的生物学特性进行研究并对其全基因组序列进行分析。结果显示,该毒株的鸡胚半数感染量 EID₅₀为10^－9/0.1 mL,鸡胚最小致死量的平均死亡时间MDT为104 h,脑内致病指数ICPI值为0.51,静脉致病指数IVPI为0。用RT-PCR方法扩增病毒的基因组各片段,将扩增片段进行克隆、测序并进行序列分析。结果显示,该毒株的HA基因与Ck/HK/G9/97和Dk/HK/Y280/97在同一分支上,HA的裂解位点为PARSSR↓GLF,有8个潜在糖基化位点,226位氨基酸残基为L,较保守的202位受体结合位点由L突变为P,该毒株的HA和NA核苷酸序列与Dk/HK/Y280/97同源性较高,NS、PA、PB1的核苷酸序列均与Ck/SH/F/98同源性较高,NP基因与A/VN/ 1203/04(H5N1)的核苷酸序列同源性为95.3%。     

1株H6N5亚型禽流感病毒A/duck/Yangzhou/013/2008的全基因测序及遗传进化分析

在对华东地区家养水禽中流感病毒的带毒状况进行流行病学监测的过程中,采用常规的血清学试验和特异性RT-PCR方法,分离鉴定出1株H6N5亚型禽流感病毒A/duck/Yangzhou/013/2008(简称Dk/YZ/013/08)。为了探讨该亚型病毒在流感病毒生态分布中的作用,作者对Dk/YZ/013/08进行了全基因序列测定,并结合Gen-Bank中已收录的所有H6N5亚型病毒的基因组序列及其它参考序列进行了遗传进化分析。结果表明Dk/YZ/013/08的血凝素基因(HA)与近年中国台湾分离的鸭源毒株A/duck/Kingmen/E322/2004(H6N2)的核苷酸一致性最高(94%),推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列为"P-Q-I-E-T-R-G",为典型低致病性禽流感病毒的特征序列;神经氨酸酶基因(NA)与瑞士分离株A/mallard/Switzerland/WV4060167/2006(H3N5)的亲缘关系最近(核苷酸一致性96.9%);而碱性聚合酶2(PB2)基因则与A/duck/Zhejiang/11/2000(H5N1)的遗传距离最近,可能由H5N1亚型流感病毒提供,提示该毒株可能是一株重组病毒。     

鸭源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒分离株的致病性及表面蛋白基因序列分析

分析1株2004年从广东省分离获得的H5N1型禽流感病毒株A/Duck/GuangdongJiedong/23/2004对SPF鸡和鸭的致病性,并对其血凝素(HA)基因和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因的序列进行测定,与GenBank中收录的其他序列进行比较。结果,此分离株对SPF鸡和鸭均具有高致病性,且致死率达100%。HA基因与SCK/ST/475/04的同源率最高,而NA基因与Ck/GD/178/04同源率最高。进化分析结果表明,此毒珠与DK/Ch i-na/E319-2/03的HA、NA亲缘关系较近,推测它们来源于同一祖代毒株。推导的HA基因氨基酸裂解位点为-RRRKK-,具有典型高致病性禽流感的特征序列;NA基因颈部49~68位20个氨基酸缺失是近年来H5N1亚型优势流行株共同的遗传标志。     

鸭源新城疫病毒分离株的生物学特性鉴定

从河北某鸭场产蛋锐减而无其他典型新城疫症状的高抗体蛋鸭群中分离到1株病毒(命名为HB/1/06/Dk).经过鉴定,该分离株具有血凝性,可被新城疫病毒(NDV)标准阳性血清所抑制,不能被禽流感病毒(AIV H5与H9亚型)阳性血清和减蛋综合征病毒(EDSV)标准阳性血清抑制;该病毒致死鸡胚的平均时间(MDT)为67.2 h,1日龄SPF雏鸡的脑内接种致死指数(ICPI)为0.86,表明该病毒属中等毒力毒株.     

Intracerebral pathogenicity for chickens of avian influenza viruses isolated from free-living waterfowl in Japan

The pathogenicity for chickens of 91 strains of avian influenza A virus isolated from such free-living waterfowl as whistling swan, pintail, tufted duck, mallard and black-tailed gull in Japan was tested. The majority of the virus strains infected and were pathogenic for the chickens. The virulence of these viruses seemed not to be as high as that of fowl plague virus. There were no significant differences in the intracerebral index score among the viruses belonging to the same subtype, irrespective of year of isolation or host.     

10株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因的序列分析

为了解中国目前H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)血凝素(HA)基因的遗传变异情况,对中国不同地区分离的10株H9N2亚型AIV的HA基因进行扩增、克隆和测序,并对所获得的HA全序列进行同源性和遗传进化分析。结果表明,10个分离株的裂解位点均为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV的分子特征;10个分离株有7~9个潜在糖基化位点,由于基因突变有些HA基因出现了新的糖基化位点;与参考株相比,发现了4个抗原表位的突变,这些表位的突变可能引起病毒致病性的改变;受体结合位点除198位有变异外,其他位点均较保守;6株病毒234位氨基酸均为L,具有与哺乳动物唾液酸α,2-6受体结合的特征;10个分离株HA基因与国内疫苗株的核苷酸及氨基酸序列同源性分别为90.4%~99.2%和92.2%~98.7%;10个分离株同属于欧亚谱系中的A/duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97群,但差异显著,为此本试验又将其分为4个不同的亚群。人工感染排毒试验结果表明,BJ15和NJ17分离株在鸡体内具有较强的复制能力,排毒周期较长且排毒量也较大,而S145N的漂变导致在145-147位氨基酸多出1个糖基化位点NGT,可能是分离株复制能力增强的原因。     

Potential role of viral surface glycoproteins in the replication of H3N2 triple reassortant influenza A viruses in swine and turkeys

The H3N2 triple reassortant (TR) influenza viruses emerged in swine in 1998 and then in turkeys in 2003. It was then hypothesized that these viruses crossed the species barrier and transmitted from pigs to turkeys. In previous work we identified viruses with different transmission behavior between the two species, of which A/turkey/Ohio/313053/04 (TK04) transmitted both ways between swine and turkeys, and A/swine/North Carolina/03 (SW03) did not transmit either way between the two species. Utilizing the 12-plasmid reverse genetics (RG) system, we rescued two viruses (TK04 and SW03) with potentially different transmission behavior between pigs and turkeys. Single gene reassortants (SGR) were generated by switching the hemagglutinin (HA) or the neuraminidase (NA) genes between both viruses, and were evaluated for replication in vitro (pig and turkey tracheal/bronchial epithelial cells) and in vivo (pigs and turkeys). RG-created TK04 replicated more efficiently than SW03 in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, TK04 exhibited better binding affinity to plasma membrane preparations (PMP) from pig and turkey tracheal/bronchial epithelial cells compared to SW03. In study with SGR viruses, the HA protein was found to be essential for TK04 virus transmission amongst turkeys, but not sole factor contributing to the efficient replication of virus in turkeys and pigs. Such findings further highlight the polygenic nature of influenza virus pathogenesis.     

Two types of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from feral birds in Western Australia detected by monoclonal antibodies

Thirteen viruses isolated from feral birds and one isolated from a domestic duck, obtained in 1979-1980 during a survey of birds in Western Australia, were shown to be Newcastle disease viruses of low virulence for chickens. The binding of mouse monoclonal antibodies, raised against NDV-Ulster 2C to MDBK cells infected with the isolates was assessed using an indirect immunoperoxidase test. Five viruses caused binding of all 9 monoclonal antibodies tested, whereas the other 9 isolates induced binding of only 4 monoclonal antibodies.     

鸭源新城疫病毒的生物学特性

用鸡胚尿囊腔传代法从23个鸭泄殖腔拭子中分离到1株病毒，经血凝(HA)和血凝抑制(HI)试验鉴定为新城疫病毒。该毒株ELD50为5．85log10，鸡胚平均致死时间(MDT)为92．5h，1日龄鸡脑内致病指数(ICPI)为0．5，6周龄鸡静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)为0．3，属于中等偏弱毒力的毒株。该毒株不引起6周龄雏鸡发病。结果表明家鸭也能感染NDV。     

Genetic and antigenic analysis of Chlamydia pecorum strains isolated from calves with diarrhea

Chlamydia pecorum (designated 22–58) was isolated in 2010 in HmLu-1 cells from the jejunum of a calf which died of necrotizing enterocolitis in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. Immunohistochemical staining identified C. pecorum positive reactions in the jejunal villi. C. pecorum, designated 24–100, was isolated from the feces of a calf with diarrhea in another farm in Yamaguchi Prefecture in 2012. A significant increase in neutralizing antibody titers against C. pecorum was confirmed in paired sera. Nucleotide sequence identities of omp1 genes of the 2 isolates were 100%. The isolates were genetically and antigenically more closely related to C. pecorum Bo/Yokohama strain isolated from cattle with enteritis in Japan than to the other prototype strains, Bo/Maeda isolated from cattle with pneumonia and Ov/IPA isolated from sheep with polyarthritis. These results indicate that C. pecorum strains similar to 22–58 and 24–100 might be endemic in Yamaguchi Prefecture and cause enteric disease in cattle.     

番鸭新病——花肝病的研究：Ⅰ．分离毒的致病必及感染途径试验

番鸭花肝的是近年流行的一种新的番鸭疫病，其特征性病变是死亡番鸭的肝、脾、小肠等部位出现灰白色的坏死点，本文自广东省主要疫区分离到几株病毒，这些病毒在番鸭胚上可继代繁殖，其胚液可使番鸭妇病。不同途径感染试验表明该病毒通过肌肉注射、爪垫部注射、口服，同居感染均可使番鸭发病和死亡，并具有典型病变，分离毒不能使半番鸭，本地鸭，鸡发病。     

2株H3N8亚型禽流感病毒HA和NA基因遗传变异分析

采用RT-PCR技术扩增了2株H3N8亚型流感毒株A/duck/Guangxi/69/2009和A/chicken/Guangxi/2117/2010的HA和NA基因,并与GenBank中收录的其他毒株序列进行比较分析和遗传进化分析.结果表明,分离株的HA与NA基因全长分别为1 733 bp、1 432 bp.A/du...