浅谈复混肥料中钾含量的测定

复混肥料中钾含量的测定采用四苯硼酸钾重量法，新标准GB15063－2001《复混肥料（复合肥料）》颁布实施后，测定方法中的分析步骤有所改变，取消原标准中加甲醛步骤。本文对比用新旧标准两种方法得到的实验结果，并从理论上加以分析，说明新标准的科学性、准确性。     

浙江省复混肥料、有机-无机复混肥料和有机肥料品质的研究

浙江省61个具有代表性的复混肥料、有机-无机复混肥料和有机肥料产品的养分含量、物理性状及重金属含量的检测结果表明,浙江省复混肥料、有机-无机复混肥料、有机肥料的养分含量和物理性状总体较好。三类肥料的养分含量合格率分别为:有机肥料95.0%、有机-无机复混肥料72.2%、复混肥料86.3%。从三类肥料的重金属含量的检测情况看,有机肥料中的铜、锌、铅、镉、铬含量均高于有机-无机复混肥料和复混肥料,而且高含量段的分布频率也大。按相应标准判定,有机肥料中35%的样品镉含量超过限量标准,10%的样品铅含量超过限量标准,所有样品的铬含量均在限量标准内;有机-无机复混肥料样品中三种重金属元素均在限量标准内。对有机肥料中的有机肥肥源的重金属含量检测结果表明,有机肥料与其相应的有机肥源中的铜、锌、铅、镉、铬等五种重金属元素的含量均呈显著正相关。     

海藻酸增效复混肥料在冬小麦上的施用效果

为综合评价海藻酸增效复混肥料在冬小麦上的应用效果,设置田间试验,共8个处理:CK0(不施肥);CK1(施用磷钾肥不施用氮肥);CK2(施用氮钾肥不施用磷肥);CK3(施用氮磷肥不施用钾肥);CF(常规复混肥料);AF(海藻酸增效复混肥料);CF减量20%(常规复混肥料减施20%);AF减量20%(海藻酸增效复混肥减施20%)。结果表明:与常规复混肥相比,施海藻酸增效复混肥提高小麦粒重和穗数,显著增产15.33%,而且肥料减施20%较全量施肥处理产量差异不显著;促进小麦对养分的吸收,使氮、磷、钾养分吸收量分别增加了15.63%、12.54%和8.13%;0～20 cm土层硝态氮含量提高了12.96%,40～60 cm土层硝态氮含量降低了13.80%;土壤表层铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别提高了11.90%、11.54%和14.29%;海藻酸增效复混肥的氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别增加了14.85、9.54和13.50个百分点,氮、磷、钾农学效率分别提高了3.72、4.65和11.63 kg·kg~(-1)。综合考虑产量、养分吸收、肥料利用率和环境压力,海藻酸增效复混肥可对常规复混的增效改性。     

超声提取-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定复合肥料中钾含量的研究

研究建立了超声提取-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定复合肥料中钾含量的新方法。分别使用新方法和国家标准GB/T 8574—2010《复混肥料中钾含量的测定》中的传统方法(加热煮沸-四苯硼酸钾重量法),对钾成分标准物质以及10种不同钾含量、不同基础肥料的复合肥料样品进行测定。t检验结果表明,超声提取与传统煮沸提取的提取结果无显著性差异;电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法与传统重量法的测定结果无显著性差异。新方法的钾成分标准物质回收率为99.33%,6次平行测定的相对标准偏差为0.89%,该方法方便快捷、准确度高、精密度高、适用性广。     

有机复合肥对龙眼秋梢及果实品质的效应

试验探讨不同类型复合肥对龙眼秋梢及果实品质的影响,结果表明:①活力素复混肥料对秋梢及夏延秋梢的质量,表现良好的效应,与进口复合肥比较无显著的差异,可以取代进口复合肥,减少外汇支出;②活力素复混肥料对提高龙眼果实品质有极显著的作用,可作为龙眼施肥的主要肥料;③在较低用量的活力素复合肥料的基础上,增施神力钾王,能显著地提高龙眼果实的单果重。     

海藻酸复混肥料对玉米产量及品质的影响

为探讨不同海藻酸含量复混肥料对玉米产量及品质的影响,采用田间试验,以施基肥的方式,研究不同施肥处理条件下玉米品质及产量的变化。结果表明,施肥量相同的条件下,海藻酸复混肥料能显著增加玉米茎粗、穗长、百粒重,增加玉米籽粒、茎叶产量及籽粒中淀粉、蛋白质的含量,缩短玉米秃尖,提高玉米籽粒对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,但对玉米株高影响不显著。     

淀粉粘结剂在有机复混肥造粒中的应用

目前无机粘结剂在有机复混肥造粒生产中应用相当广泛,但其自身不可避免的缺点越来越限制它在有机复混肥中的应用。试验表明:天然玉米淀粉不适于直接作为有机复混肥造粒粘结剂,但将玉米淀粉进行改性后的液体粘结剂A和干粉粘结剂B作为有机复混肥造粒粘结剂,符合中国复混肥标准的要求,且优于国家标准;颗粒成粒率大于93%,其返料率低,用量不超过1%;颗粒的抗压碎力大于10N,且颗粒完好率为100%。将改性淀粉基粘结剂替代无机粘结剂凹凸棒,在有机复混肥造粒生产上完全可行,且可用作高浓度养分含量的有机复混肥造粒。     

阿图什市有机无机复混肥料肥效试验总结

验证有机-无机复混肥料在玉米生产上的应用效果,通过小区试验,验证有机无机复混肥料在新疆阿图什市松它克乡肖鲁克村玉米上施用效果,为大面积推广应用提供科学依据。     

腐植酸增效复混肥对不同盐渍化程度土壤小麦产量和氮素利用的影响

在不同盐渍化程度土壤上研究了腐植酸增效复混肥料对小麦产量和氮肥利用率的影响,设置了空白(CK)、磷钾肥对照(CK1)、常规复混肥料(CF)和腐植酸增效复混肥料(HF)处理,在轻度(S1)、中度(S2)、重度(S3)3种盐渍化程度土壤上,连续2年进行了小麦的田间试验,以探究腐植酸增效复混肥料对小麦产量、氮肥吸收利用及小麦全生育期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮动态变化的影响。结果表明,与常规复混肥料相比,施用腐植酸增效复混肥料,1)有效提高小麦产量,平均提高幅度为25.26%(2018年)和19.17%(2019年),不同盐渍化程度土壤上小麦的穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均有所增加;2)促进小麦对氮素的吸收,氮素总累积量增幅为11.25～36.75 kg/hm²(2018年)和9.90～49.80 kg/hm²(2019年),在轻、中、重度盐碱土壤上,腐植酸复混肥料增产幅度分别为31.68%、20.53%、23.56%(2018年)和33.28%、18.86%、5.36%(2019年);3)氮肥利用率提高6.29～16.73个百分点(2018年)和5.47～27.69个百分点(2019年);4)明显增加0～20 cm土壤硝态氮含量,土壤铵态氮含量则下降;5)土壤盐渍化程度直接影响小麦产量、氮素吸收等,施用腐植酸增效复混肥料较常规复混肥料促进植株氮素吸收,小麦产量及氮肥利用率随土壤盐渍度降低而提高,建议低度、中度盐渍化土壤上施用腐植酸增效复混肥料。     

重庆市肥料质量状况与对策

通过对重庆市农资市场肥料连续3年的跟踪监测发现,肥料3年抽检平均合格率为69.3%,2006年为58.8%。过磷酸钙3年抽检平均合格率为63.1%,2006年抽检合格率为36.4%;氮磷钾三元复混肥料3年抽检平均合格率为77.5%,其中低浓度复混肥料3年抽检平均合格率为64.0%,中浓度复混肥料3年抽检平均合格率为80.0%,高浓度复混肥料3年抽检平均合格率为98.2%;微量元素叶面肥料、磷酸二氢钾等其他肥料抽检平均合格率为28.6%,2006年抽检合格率为23.1%。对此,提出了4项对策。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.