外生菌根提高树木抗旱性机理的研究进展

综述了国内外关于外生菌根提高树木抗旱性机理研究的现状与进展,认为外生菌根主要通过形态特征的变化,生理生态特性的改变,以及酶活性的提高来增强林木在干旱胁迫环境中的生存能力;并提出在积极建立干旱、半干旱地区外生菌根真菌资源库,开发优良乡土菌株的基础上,尝试引入适应性强的优良外来菌根真菌,或采取基因重组等分子生物学技术培育抗旱性菌株的思想,这将为菌根技术在西部极度干旱及退化的生态系统中植被恢复提供新思路。     

主要环境因子对两株松树外生菌根真菌生长的影响

研究了培养基、pH、温度及水势对松林下常见外生菌根真菌牛肝菌(Boletus sp.)和乳菇(Lactariussp.)生长的影响。结果表明,在所选择的培养基上,两种菌株都能生长,在添加维生素类物质的天然培养基上,生长旺盛;对pH适应范围较广;L.sp.在弱碱性条件下生长较好,而B.sp.在弱酸性条件下生长较好;温度对菌株生长影响较大,两种菌株最适生长温度均为25℃;极端水势条件下,L.sp.和B sp.均不能生长,轻度水分胁迫能促进L.sp.和B.sp.的生长。L.sp.是一种适应性较强的菌株。     

树木外生菌根真菌多样性研究方法进展

树木外生菌根真菌在森林生态系统中发挥着重要的作用,其多样性研究能反映外生菌根真菌的种群结构。随着分子生物学技术在多样性研究中的应用,打破了传统方法诸如大多数微生物处于不可培养状态的局限性,提高了人们对外生菌根真菌群落结构的认识。本文主要介绍了几种外生菌根真菌多样性研究常用的方法,综述了它们在菌根研究中的应用状况,为森林生态系统生物多样性研究提供参考。     

樟子松幼苗对接种外生菌根真菌与指数施肥的响应

以普通苗圃培育的2年生樟子松幼苗为研究对象,通过接种外生菌根真菌和指数施肥双因素处理,探讨不同接菌处理与施肥处理对幼苗的生长效应,旨在为樟子松菌根化育苗中苗木精准施肥提供理论依据.试验采用8种外生菌根真菌混合接种处理,同时设不接种菌剂作为对照.设置指数施肥(EF)、2倍指数施肥(DEF)、常规施肥(CF)、接菌+指数施...     

丛枝菌根真菌的外生菌丝对土壤水稳性团聚体形成的影响

应用三室根箱装置 ,研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌 Glomus mosseae和 Glomus versiform对玉米根分泌物以及菌根真菌外生菌丝对沙土的水稳性大团聚体形成的作用。结果表明 :接种 Glom us mosseae和 Glomus versiform提高了玉米根系分泌物的总量 ,进而增加了根系粘结的土壤重量。菌根菌丝对土壤中 5～ 2 mm水稳性大团聚体形成的贡献为 10 0 % ;在土壤中菌根菌丝的密度分布与 2～ 1mm水稳性团聚体的含量分布是一致的 ,都表现出随着距离根系表面距离的增加而增加的趋势。这些结果说明菌根菌丝直接促进了土壤团聚体的形成 ,对 5～ 2 m m水稳性大团聚体而言 ,没有菌根菌丝的作用就不能形成 ;菌根菌丝对 5～ 2 mm和 2～ 1m m水稳性团聚体的形成主要是通过其分泌物粘结和菌丝网络对土壤的缠绕作用所致 ,菌根菌丝对这两种水稳性团聚体形成的贡献甚至超过了根系的作用。     

沉水植物与环境关系评述

综述了沉水植物在水生态系统中的环境价值和渔业价值，生物环境与非生物环境因子对沉水植物的影响，以及受损水域中重建沉水植被的研究进展。     

外生菌根真菌对土壤无机磷迁移的影响

Ectomycorrhizal(EM) fungi could form symbiosis with plant roots and participate in nutrient absorption; however, many EM species commonly found in forest soils, where phosphorus(P) concentration and availability are usually very low, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas, have not yet been investigated for their efficiencies to mobilize soil P. In this study, fungal growth, P absorption,efflux of protons and organic acids, and soil P depletion by four isolates of EM fungi isolated either from acidic or calcareous soils were compared in pure liquid culture using soil as a sole P source. Boletus sp. 7(Bo 7), Lactarius deliciosus 3(Ld 3), and Pisolithus tinctorius 715(Pt 715) from acidic and P-deficient soils of southwestern China showed higher biomass and P concentration and accumulation than Cenococcum geophilum 4(Cg 4) from a calcareous soil of Inner Mongolia, northern China, after 4 weeks of liquid culture. Oxalate, malate, succinate, acetate, and citrate concentrations in the culture solutions varied significantly with fungal species,and oxalate accounted for 51.5%–91.4% of the total organic acids. Organic acids, particularly oxalate, in the culture solutions may lead to the solubilization of iron-bound P(Fe-P), aluminum-bound P(Al-P), and occluded P(O-P) from soil phosphates. Fungal species also varied greatly in proton efflux, which decreased the culture solution pH and may dissolve calcium-bound P(Ca-P) in soil.This could be the reason for the increment of both inorganic P in the culture solutions and Olsen P in the soil when EM fungi were present. Total inorganic P, the sum of Al-P, Fe-P, O-P, and Ca-P, in the culture solutions was positively correlated with the total concentration of organic acids in the culture solutions(r = 0.918*, n = 5), but negatively with both the total inorganic P in soil(r =-0.970**, n = 5) and the culture solution pH(r =-0.830*, n = 5). These suggested variable efficiencies of EM fungal species to mobilize inorganic P fractions from soil, which could make EM trees to utilize inorganic P in the same way like EM fungi and adapt to the soils with various P concentrations and availabilities.     

内外生菌根真菌对重金属的耐受性及机理

本文从内外生菌根真菌对重金属的耐受性和耐受机理,以及将菌根真菌作为重金属污染程度的生物指示剂和重金属生物修复等方面对菌根真菌和重金属的相互作用作了较全面的论述。重金属对生物圈的污染是一个严重的环境和健康问题。某些内外生菌根真菌对重金属具有耐受性。菌根真菌菌丝能与金属相结合而限制它们向菌根植物地上部迁移,从而可达到植物稳定和保护植物免遭重金属毒害的目的。内外生菌根真菌对重金属的耐受性因菌种、重金属种类和浓度、与宿主植物共生与否以及所生长的土壤条件等而异,同时种内菌株之间也有差异。菌根真菌通过离子交换,络合物的形成,沉淀或结晶化作用等方式获得对重金属的耐受性,其子实体内重金属含量,繁殖体密度和侵染势可作为重金属污染程度的生物指示剂。     

城市污泥农用的环境效应及控制标准的发展现状

由于城市污泥中富含植物生长所需要营养元素和有机质, 城市污泥农用已成为污泥资源化进程中的重要方式之一。近十几年来, 国内外在污泥重金属的形态、生物有效性及其在污泥-土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化规律等方面进行了广泛的研究, 并取得显著进展。同时, 污泥中有机污染物质和病原体的环境效应也越来越受到关注。但是在我国, 污泥农用的环境风险评价的长期性、系统性和田间数据验证还需进一步加强, 为合理制定或修改污泥农用标准积累有效的科学数据和提供可靠的科学依据。本文简述了国内外城市污泥的理化性质、污泥农用环境效应以及我国污泥农用标准的研究现状和进展, 并对污泥农用研究进行了展望, 以期为我国污泥农用的研究和发展提供参考依据。     

不同环境因子对西洋参蒸腾特性的影响研究

试验研究不同环境因子对西洋参叶片蒸腾特性的影响结果表明 ,环境温度与湿度变化明显影响西洋参叶片蒸腾速率和气孔导度的变化。西洋参植株生长势与叶片蒸腾速率、气孔导度的变化关系密切 ,健壮西洋参植株叶片蒸腾速率与气孔导度及叶片气孔开张度对逆境的适应性和自调控能力均高于纤弱植株。晴天参棚 17.5 %、2 5 .8%和 35 .4 % 3种透光率下西洋参叶片蒸腾速率的日变化不同 ,表现为午前高峰型、午间高峰型和双峰型 ;夏季强光高温条件下气孔导度和气温是影响西洋参叶片蒸腾速率变化的最主要因子。     

Diversity of the ectomycorrhiza community at a uranium mining heap

Ectomycorrhiza (EM) community structure was analyzed at one bare heap site (BHS), one heap site with organic cover (HS-OH) and one reference site (RS) in the former uranium mining area near Ronneburg (Thuringia, Germany). Twenty-three EM morphotypes were distinguished, and 14 of them were additionally characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. Colonization of birch by the different morphotypes was quantified, and the EM diversity at the different sites was investigated. Compared to RS, total EM colonization was reduced by 6% (P=0.851) at HS-OH and by 58% (P<0.001) at BHS. Likewise, EM diversity was reduced by 16% (P=0.229) at HS-OH and 52% (P<0.001) at BHS. The Sørensen similarity between EM samples from RS was nearly independent from the sampling date, whereas at HS-OH and especially BHS, the Sørensen similarity decreased with increasing time between the samplings. All EM fungal species dominating at the two heap sites were also present at RS. Thus, fungi with high tolerance against uranium and other stress factors at the heap sites (e.g. heavy metals, nutrient limitation, drought) were selected among all EM fungi of the area. Highly adapted fungi with a distribution restricted to the contaminated soils were not detected.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at .     

遮荫对番茄单叶水分利用效率的影响研究

通过逐个分析3种遮荫水平下各参数变化对番茄单叶水分利用效率(WUE)的影响表明,各环境因子以综合复杂的方式影响水分利用效率,其中气孔阻力和水汽压差随环境因子变化最为重要。夏季晴天午间遮荫处理的气孔阻力和水汽压差明显小于对照,气孔阻力的增加有利于提高单叶水分利用效率,但水汽压差的增大又使单叶水分利用效率降低。由于环境因子日变化的非对称性和2种机制的相互作用,导致3种遮荫水平下单叶水分利用效率的日变化呈浅“L”型,并在12:00～15:00时40％遮荫处理的单叶水分利用效率比对照平均增加22.9％,而75％遮荫处理的单叶水分利用效率平均比对照显著减少28.1％,表明夏季晴天午间充足供水条件下适度遮荫可提高番茄单叶水分利用效率。     

农田土壤螨群落变化与环境因素关系的研究

对中国农业大学实验站农田土壤螨群落变化与环境因素的关系研究结果表明，土壤螨种类与数量随土壤养分的增加而增加，随土壤容重和pH值的增大而减少；长期施用EM堆肥，土壤孔隙多，通气性好，土壤耕层增厚，有机质含量提高，土壤螨种类与数量最多。     

亚高山草甸土纤维素分解过程及与环境因子的对应关系

对海北高寒草甸生态系统的矮嵩草研究表明 ,在亚高山草甸土中纤维素的分解 ,作用均在月均温度最高时达最大 ,2月份最小 ,年内表现有明显的单峰式曲线变化过程 ;非退化矮嵩草草甸的纤维素分解显著高于退化的矮嵩草草甸 ;纤维素分解除自身的季节变化规律外 ,与气象等环境因子有关 ,特别是与水热协调配合具有极显著线性正相关关系 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) .     

基于环境因子和联合概率方法的土壤有机质空间预测

<正>土壤连续属性(如土壤中养分含量、重金属含量等)的空间分布特征和定量分布信息是进行土壤质量评价和区域环境综合评估的基础。精准农业战略的实施和各种区域生态评价均需要更详细更精确的土壤属性信息作为依据[1-2]。因此,土壤属性空间预测一直是土壤学研究的热点问题。经典地统计学以各种克里格插值法为代表,是土壤属性空间预测中的常用方法。但该方法缺乏对辅助信息(如环境信息)的有效利用[3-4],导致预测精度降低[5]。而土壤景观定量模型的理论依据就是土壤与环境的关系,但该法忽略了采样点之间的空间相     

Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review

The complex and dynamic nature of environmental problems requires flexible and transparent decision-making that embraces a diversity of knowledges and values. For this reason, stakeholder participation in environmental decision-making has been increasingly sought and embedded into national and international policy. Although many benefits have been claimed for participation, disillusionment has grown amongst practitioners and stakeholders who have felt let down when these claims are not realised. This review first traces the development of participatory approaches in different disciplinary and geographical contexts, and reviews typologies that can be used to categorise and select participatory methods. It then reviews evidence for normative and pragmatic benefits of participation, and evaluates limitations and drawbacks. Although few of the claims that are made have been tested, there is evidence that stakeholder participation can enhance the quality of environmental decisions by considering more comprehensive information inputs. However, the quality of decisions made through stakeholder participation is strongly dependant on the nature of the process leading to them. Eight features of best practice participation are then identified from a Grounded Theory Analysis of the literature. These features emphasise the need to replace a “tool-kit” approach, which emphasises selecting the relevant tools for the job, with an approach that emphasises participation as a process. It is argued that stakeholder participation needs to be underpinned by a philosophy that emphasises empowerment, equity, trust and learning. Where relevant, participation should be considered as early as possible and throughout the process, representing relevant stakeholders systematically. The process needs to have clear objectives from the outset, and should not overlook the need for highly skilled facilitation. Local and scientific knowledges can be integrated to provide a more comprehensive understanding of complex and dynamic socio-ecological systems and processes. Such knowledge can also be used to evaluate the appropriateness of potential technical and local solutions to environmental problems. Finally, it is argued that to overcome many of its limitations, stakeholder participation must be institutionalised, creating organisational cultures that can facilitate processes where goals are negotiated and outcomes are necessarily uncertain. In this light, participatory processes may seem very risky, but there is growing evidence that if well designed, these perceived risks may be well worth taking. The review concludes by identifying future research needs.     

环境因子对大白菜硝酸盐含量的影响

为探索环境条件对大白菜硝酸盐积累的影响,选用3个硝酸盐富集力不同的大白菜品种,利用水培方式栽培;同时创造不同的环境条件,观察在不同的环境条件下不同品系大白菜硝酸盐含量的差异,为降低大白菜硝酸盐含量提供参考.结果表明,在诸多的环境条件中,光照条件、温度条件、水分条件、根际氧气条件、盐胁迫等因素,均对不同品系大白菜硝酸盐含量有明显的影响.同时,在不同品系大白菜中,硝酸盐富集力高的大白菜品系随环境条件的改变,硝酸盐含量变化较大;而硝酸盐富集力低的大白菜品系硝酸盐含量变化较小.因此,可以通过控制环境条件和培育新品种来降低大白菜硝酸盐含量.     

土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）的环境效应研究进展

土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）是全球环境变化的重要因素之一,LUCC 的环境效应也是当前的研究热点。本文总结了近 20 年 LUCC 环境效应研究的主要成果和方法,并针对当前研究中的不足之处,对未来的研究趋势进行了讨论。该文首先分别从大气、土壤、水、生物和人类等环境因子方面讨论总结了 LUCC 环境效应的主要研究成果,继而从大气效应、水环境效应、土壤环境效应和综合环境效应等方面对常用的定量研究方法作了概括。作者认为今后应加强 LUCC 的综合环境效应、城市土地利用和城市扩张的环境效应等方面的研究,同时应重视服务于决策和管理的应用研究,提高环境监测和实验分析的技术水平,开发和完善基于 RS 和 GIS 空间分析功能的 LUCC 及其效应模型,以更有效和精确地评估土地利用变化所导致的环境影响。