春季不同时期低温对小麦光合特性和粒重形成的影响

为探讨春季低温导致小麦粒重下降的生理机制,以春性品种扬麦16和半冬性品种徐麦30为材料,分别于倒二叶出生期、孕穗期和开花期对小麦进行人工气候室低温处理,研究不同时期低温对小麦光合生理特性、干物质积累和转运及强、弱势粒粒重形成的影响。结果表明,不同时期低温对叶片SPAD值的影响均表现为低温处理开始至结束后3 d持续下降,结束后6～9 d逐渐回升,两品种在低温处理结束当天和处理后3 d均以孕穗期低温处理下SPAD值降幅最大。不同时期低温处理显著降低叶片净光合速率和气孔导度,并影响花前干物质转运和花后干物质积累。与孕穗期、开花期低温处理相比,倒二叶出生期低温处理显著降低小麦花前干物质转运量,但提高花后干物质积累及其对籽粒产量的贡献率,千粒重降幅最小,扬麦16和徐麦30分别仅为4.49%和4.20%。不同时期低温处理下小麦强势粒粒重的降幅均小于弱势粒,倒二叶出生期低温处理下弱势粒粒重降幅显著低于孕穗期和开花期低温处理。相关性分析表明,低温胁迫下小麦平均千粒重和强势粒粒重相关性不显著(r=0.319,P>0.05),但与弱势粒粒重显著相关(r=0.691,P<0.05)。综上,春季低温胁迫主要通过影响小麦开花前后的光合作用和同化物向籽粒的转运,限制弱势粒的灌浆充实,最终导致粒重下降。     

孕穗期低温对冬小麦光合、干物质转运和产量的影响

为探明低温对冬小麦光合作用、干物质转运和产量的影响,以西农979、小偃22和商麦5226为试验材料,在孕穗期进行不同强度的低温处理,测定光合特性、干物质积累、转运和分配及产量等性状变化。结果表明：(1)低温处理后,供试品种叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均显著下降,胞间CO₂浓度显著增加。(2)低温处理降低了开花期和成熟期单株干物质积累量、籽粒干物质积累量、茎秆+叶鞘+叶片干物质积累量、花前干物质转运量、干物质转运效率、干物质贡献率、花后干物质积累量和籽粒干物质分配比例。茎秆+叶鞘+叶片干物质分配比例、穂轴+颖壳干物质分配比例和花后干物质贡献率较对照有不同程度的增加。(3)低温处理显著降低了单株产量和穗粒数,连续3 d低温处理下西农979、小偃22、商麦5226单株产量分别下降38.2%、48.5%和75.9%,连续6 d低温处理下依次下降62.7%、76.6%和87.5%;低温胁迫也降低了单株穂数和千粒质量。孕穗期低温处理降低了小麦光合性能、营养器官干物质积累量和向籽粒的转运与分配,导致穗粒数和千粒质量大幅下降,是造成小麦减产的主要原因。综合来看,3个品种的孕...     

渍害胁迫时期和持续时间对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

为研究渍害胁迫时期和持续时间对小麦产量及其构成因素的定量化影响,以扬麦13号为供试品种,在拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期,开展不同渍害胁迫持续时间（0、5、10和15 d）的盆栽试验,观测不同渍害胁迫处理下小麦产量及其构成因素的变化。结果表明,不同生育时期发生渍害胁迫均可导致小麦减产,且随渍害胁迫时间的延长,小麦产量下降均达到显著水平（P<0.05）。渍害胁迫造成的减产呈现为孕穗期>拔节期>灌浆期,渍害胁迫每增加1天,孕穗期、拔节期和灌浆期小麦单株产量分别下降0.79、0.59和0.48 g,表明孕穗期是小麦渍害胁迫的敏感期。此外,不同生育时期渍害胁迫对小麦产量构成的影响存在明显差异。拔节期渍害胁迫同时降低小麦株穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,但主要通过降低小麦穗粒数造成产量下降;灌浆期渍害胁迫对小麦株穗数和穗粒数的影响较小,主要通过降低千粒重造成小麦产量下降;孕穗期处于小麦从营养生长转为生殖生长阶段,此时发生渍害胁迫,对小麦株穗数和穗粒数的影响大于灌浆期,对千粒重的影响大于拔节期,因此,孕穗期渍害胁迫造成小麦减产最严重。为预防渍害胁迫造成小麦严重减产,应在孕穗期前后密切关注天气状况,在田间及时开沟排水。     

拔节期霜冻胁迫对不同小麦品种源库特性的影响

为给小麦耐霜冻品种选育和抗霜冻丰产栽培提供理论依据,以半冬性偏冬性品种济麦22、半冬性品种舜麦1718和半冬性偏春性品种西农585为材料,在拔节期(幼穗药隔期)通过移动式人工霜冻箱模拟霜冻胁迫(-5～-3℃,5 h),研究霜冻胁迫对小麦源库特性的影响。结果表明,霜冻胁迫下,小麦幼穗冻伤率为31.4%～61.9%,穗粒数、穗数、千粒重和产量较对照分别降低8.4%～12.6%、3.2%～6.1%、0.8%～10.7%和19.7%～41.9%,耐霜冻能力表现为济麦22舜麦1718西农585。霜冻胁迫后,孕穗期和抽穗期各品种平均单茎叶面积分别减少15.5%和17.0%,叶面积指数分别减少19.5%和21.1%;霜冻胁迫初期光合速率下降28.5%～42.1%,孕穗后耐霜品种济麦22的光合速率提高3.6%～16.7%;叶片MDA含量显著提高;孕穗至成熟期生长率(CGR)比对照明显降低9.6%～22.0%,其中耐霜品种济麦22生长率降幅小,净同化率和粒叶比却分别提高26.9%和11.4%。小麦籽粒直径极显著降低,籽粒蛋白质含量提高1.3%～11.0%,面筋强度和沉降值稳定或提高。正常生长条件下小麦源库关系属库限制型,霜冻胁迫下属源库互作型。综上,霜冻胁迫打破了小麦原来源库平衡,显著降低了小麦的库容量和源强度,选择种植抗霜冻稳产品种或通过栽培措施调节高穗粒库容量和叶源活性,可减少霜冻导致的产量损失。     

长江中下游稻茬小麦超高产群体干物质积累与分配特性

为给长江中下游稻茬小麦超高产(>9 000 kg·hm-2)生产提供理论与实践依据,以中筋小麦新品种扬麦20为材料,通过氮素运筹(氮肥施用量、施用时期和比例)和基本苗调控建立稻茬小麦不同产量水平群体,研究超高产群体干物质积累与分配特性。结果表明,合理调控拔节期至孕穗期及适量增加孕穗期至开花期群体干物质积累量,在开花期干物质积累适量的基础上,重点促进花后干物质积累量,增加成熟期干物质积累量,是长江中下游稻茬小麦实现超高产的关键。稻茬小麦超高产群体开花期干物质积累量为12 800～13 600 kg·hm-2,花后及成熟期干物质积累量分别达7 200、20 000 kg·hm-2以上。开花期群体叶片干物质积累量与花后、成熟期干物质积累量呈抛物线关系,茎鞘、穗干物质积累量与成熟期干物质积累量呈极显著线性正相关,表明开花期叶片干物质积累量达到3 300～3 400 kg·hm-2,茎鞘、穗干物质积累量分别达7 500、2 000 kg·hm-2以上,有利于提高群体花后干物质积累量和产量。     

药隔期低温胁迫对小麦生理及产量的影响

为揭示小麦春季耐寒性的生理生化机制,以不同春季耐寒性的8个小麦品种为材料,采用田间盆栽和药隔期低温胁迫的方法,探讨了药隔期低温胁迫后小麦的生理及产量变化.结果表明,药隔期低温胁迫后,小麦单株产量明显下降,平均降幅为68.4％,其中淮麦20、皖麦38、西农979和矮丰3号表现出较好的春季耐寒性,单株产量降幅均小于65％,而陕麦139、郑366、小偃22和郑麦9023单株产量降幅较大(＞70％),耐寒性相对较差;小麦叶片丙二醛含量、SOD活性、POD活性、脯氨酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量均不同程度升高,其中淮麦20、皖麦38、西农979和矮丰3号丙二醛含量的增幅明显小于平均增幅,SOD活性、POD活性、脯氨酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量的增幅显著大于平均增幅,表现出较低的细胞膜受损程度和较强的耐寒性.在生理指标中,SOD活性、POD活性、脯氨酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量与产量的关联度高,因此可作为春季低温下小麦耐寒性鉴定的重要指标.     

不同基因型小麦品种（系）的耐盐性评价

为筛选适合滨海盐碱地区种植的高耐盐性小麦品种,采用室内芽期和温室全生育期耐盐性试验相结合的方法,以高耐盐小麦品种山融3号为对照,研究了江苏省11个小麦品种的耐盐性。结果表明,宁06-171和扬麦11耐盐性强,并能获得较高的产量,可在滨海滩涂盐碱土地上进行推广,徐麦24和徐麦31的耐盐性较差。盐胁迫条件下影响小麦产量的主要限制因素为分蘖数、千粒重、穗数、叶片钾钠比,其中穗数为最主要的限制因素。     

开花期渍水对小麦产量及氮素分配的影响

为探究江汉平原小麦生育期间雨水过多对小麦造成的影响,于2020-2021年以耐渍品种襄麦55和主推品种郑麦9023为供试材料开展大田试验,分析了开花期连续渍水7 d小麦产量、干物质和氮素积累与转运的变化。结果表明,与无渍水的对照（CK）相比,渍水导致小麦旗叶SPAD值下降。渍水后郑麦9023旗叶比襄麦55衰老更早,旗叶功能期相对更短。开花期渍水致使成熟期营养器官干物质和氮素积累量下降,促进花前储存的干物质和氮素在花后向籽粒的转运,提高了花前储存的干物质和氮素对籽粒产量和氮素的贡献率,但依然使成熟期单茎籽粒干物质和氮素积累量分别下降10.87%~13.59%和19.32%~23.60%。襄麦55成熟期茎鞘的干物质和氮素积累量下降量较大,花前干物质和氮素转运效率高于郑麦9023。开花期渍水影响籽粒灌浆速率和灌浆时间。渍水导致襄麦55最快灌浆期由花后21~35 d缩短至花后28~35 d,但单粒重下降不显著;渍水后郑麦9023灌浆在花后35 d时基本停止,单粒重下降显著。开花期渍水显著降低小麦产量,使襄麦55和郑麦9023分别减产7.7%和15.6%,减产主因分别是穗粒数和千粒重的显著下降。总之,开花期渍水会导致小麦减产,但促进了花前储存的干物质和氮素向籽粒的转运,对襄麦55花前干物质和氮素转运的影响大于郑麦9023。     

种植密度对扬糯麦1号籽粒产量与群体质量的影响

为给糯小麦高产栽培提供参考,以扬糯麦1号为材料,设置了135×104、180×104、225×104、270×104和315×104株·hm-2五个密度水平,分析了种植密度对糯小麦籽粒产量与群体质量的影响。结果表明,扬糯麦1号孕穗期及开花期叶面积系数、开花期及成熟期干物质积累量与密度呈显著线性正相关,分蘖成穗率与密度呈极显著线性负相关,花后干物质积累量和粒叶比与密度呈显著二次曲线关系。在215×104~238×104株·hm-2种植密度下,产量达8 000kg·hm-2以上,此密度区间可作为糯小麦正常播种条件下的适宜密度范围。     

低温胁迫下分蘖期小麦叶片细胞结构及表面糖蛋白的变化

为进一步探讨小麦叶片细胞结构和表面糖蛋白与抗寒性的关系,以春性品种扬麦16和半冬性品种徐麦30为材料,对低温处理后小麦叶片细胞结构和表面糖蛋白的变化进行了标记定位电镜观察。结果表明,分蘖期两品种冻害率随低温胁迫程度的加重而逐渐升高,扬麦16抗寒性弱于徐麦30。-6和-10℃低温胁迫24h后,扬麦16叶片薄壁细胞出现了质壁分离现象,徐麦30未发生质壁分离;低温胁迫48和72h后,随着胁迫时间的延长,两品种的叶绿体、线粒体以及细胞膜系统被破坏的程度均加重,表现为叶绿体、线粒体肿胀呈圆形,类囊体排列方向不规则,细胞内出现空泡化现象,内含物外泄,部分细胞器消失。低温胁迫后两品种叶片组织细胞表面均出现一层起保护作用的薄糖蛋白层,结构疏松呈丝状,徐麦30细胞表面糖蛋白层的保持时间长于扬麦16。随着处理温度的降低和胁迫时间的延长,两品种叶片细胞结构均受到严重破坏,细胞壁表面糖蛋白大部分脱落到细胞间隙中或凝集成块状进入细胞内部。说明低温胁迫造成小麦细胞结构以及表面糖蛋白发生不同程度的变化,是不同小麦品种抗寒性存在差异的生理原因之一。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).