西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌的种类和生物学特性,分别采用常规组织分离法和土壤混悬液分离法从宁夏、陕西和甘肃3个省区采集的29份疮痂病发病薯块和8份发病地块土壤中进行病原菌分离,并利用形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明,从发病薯块和发病土壤中共分离到50株链霉菌Streptomyces spp.,通过回接法验证获得6株马铃薯疮痂病致病菌株。6株致病菌株的培养特性和形态特征差别较大;其中菌株G4-1、G9和SYN13不能以果糖和木糖为单一碳源,菌株SYNT3不能以棉子糖为单一碳源;除菌株NLG4-1外,其余5株菌株均能在络氨酸琼脂培养基上产生黑色素。经16S rDNA序列分析,菌株G4-1、G9与疮痂病链霉菌S. scabiei的相似率分别达99.47%和99.34%,菌株NLG4-1、SYNT3与S. enissocaesilis的相似率分别达97.90%和98.18%,菌株GBH2与加利利链霉菌S. galilaeus的相似率达99.93%,菌株SYN13与S. turgidiscabies的相似率达97.56%,表明西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌至少存在4个种。     

云南省马铃薯疮痂病致病链霉菌种类组成研究

 为明确云南省马铃薯疮痂病病原菌(Streptomyces spp.)的种类及其生物学特征,自2013年从云南省13个马铃薯主产区采集疮痂病病样,共分离到200株链霉菌,通过温室盆栽致病性试验筛选出67株致病菌。通过形态学、生理生化指标、致病性测定及16S rDNA序列分析对获得的菌株进行鉴定。结果显示,引起云南地区马铃薯疮痂病的病原为10种链霉菌,分别为S. caviscabies、S. anulatus、S. scabies、S. turgidiscabies、S. acidiscabies、S. europaeiscabiei、S. luridiscabiei、S. enissocaesilis、S. griseus和S. aureofaciens。其中S. enissocaesilis和 S. anulatus为优势种群,S. caviscabies、S. anulatus和S. luridiscabiei为国内首次报道的病原菌。因此,认为云南省马铃薯疮痂病菌种类复杂多样。     

甘肃马铃薯疮痂病病原初步鉴定

对甘肃不同地区马铃薯疮痂病病原进行了分离鉴定.采用盆栽方法进行致病性测定、形态特征、生理生化特性测定和16S rDNA序列分析.结果表明:共有6株菌能使马铃薯块茎出现疮痂症,分别为GP-1、GP-2、GH-1、GH-2、JB-1和JB-2.经鉴定菌株GP-1、JB-2的形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列与Streptomyces scabies 87 22菌株均一致;GP-2、JB-1的16S rDNA序列与S.scabies菌株相似性为99％.菌株GH-2和GH-1与S.griseus的16S rDNA序列相似性分别为100％和99％,形态特征一致,但不能以棉籽糖和肌醇为单一碳源,暂定为S griseus.     

宁夏回族自治区马铃薯镰刀菌根腐病病原菌的分离鉴定与致病性测定

为明确宁夏回族自治区马铃薯镰刀菌根腐病的病原菌种类,2015—2018年从宁夏回族自治区固原市、吴忠市、中卫市和石嘴山市4个市12个区县采集马铃薯病样,采用组织分离法对病样进行分离纯化,利用形态学鉴定方法和基于rDNA-ITS与EF-1α序列分析的分子鉴定方法对分离物进行鉴定,并按照柯赫氏法则对其致病性进行测定。结果显示,经组织分离法共获得真菌菌株347株,其中230株镰刀菌属真菌菌株引起马铃薯镰刀菌根腐病,这些镰刀菌分属于5个种,分别为尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum、茄病镰刀菌F. solani、锐顶镰刀菌F. acuminatum、木贼镰刀菌F. equiseti、接骨木镰刀菌F. sambucinum,这5种镰刀菌分别为67、29、50、39和45株,分离频率分别为29.13%、12.61%、21.73%、16.95%和19.56%;这5种镰刀菌的致病性有差异,其中接骨木镰刀菌和茄病镰刀菌的发病率分别为91.81%和99.99%,病情指数分别为69.56和82.23,均高于其它3种镰刀菌,是引起宁夏回族自治区马铃薯镰刀菌根腐病的优势病原菌。     

甘肃省定西市马铃薯疮痂病新病原Streptomyces galilaeus的分离、鉴定及生物学特性研究

对甘肃省定西市安定区的马铃薯疮痂病病原进行了分离、鉴定和生物学特性研究。结果表明,菌株5T-1具有较强致病性,菌落表面呈灰色,有金属光泽,平均直径为4.68mm,可产生黄褐色素,孢子圆形或圆柱形,孢子丝松散,革兰氏染色呈阳性。5T-1的16SrDNA序列与加利利链霉菌Streptomyces galilaeus菌株的相似度为99%,结合形态特征将菌株5T-1鉴定为Streptomyces galilaeus,为甘肃省新报道病原菌。菌株5T-1生长最适温度为30℃,最适光照条件为全黑暗,最适pH为8.5,最佳碳源和氮源分别为肌醇和天冬氨酸。该研究结果为甘肃省马铃薯疮痂病诊断和综合防治提供了依据。     

马铃薯疮痂病拮抗菌JYC1217的鉴定及其生防促生特性

为获得防治马铃薯疮痂病的优良微生物资源,从健康马铃薯根际土壤中分离获得菌株JYC1217,采用平板对峙培养法和抑菌圈法测定其抑菌活性,结合形态学特征、生理生化特性和分子生物学方法对该菌株进行鉴定,并测定该菌株的生防能力、促生能力及对马铃薯疮痂病的防效。结果显示,菌株JYC1217及其培养液均能显著抑制酸性疮痂链霉菌Streptomyces acidiscabies和肿痂链霉菌S. turgidiscabies的生长;经鉴定菌株JYC1217为多黏类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa;该菌株对马铃薯疮痂病的相对防效为35.12%,对晚疫病菌Phytophthora infestans和早疫病菌Alternaria alternata有抑制作用,抑制率分别为62.96%和64.24%;该菌株能产生β-1,3葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶和嗜铁素,还可形成复杂生物膜结构,具有固氮、产1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶特性,能显著提高马铃薯叶片内苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性;该菌株能溶解磷酸钙、大豆卵磷脂和碳酸镁,可显著增加马铃薯株高、叶绿素相对含量、茎粗和单株产量,表明菌株JYC1217是一株生防促生性状优良的生防菌,具有良好的开发应用潜力。     

引起我国甜樱桃叶斑病的间座壳菌种类鉴定

为明确引起我国甜樱桃叶斑病的病原菌种类,于2019年在北京市、四川省、山东省和辽宁省对与已报道的其他叶斑病症状明显不同的一种甜樱桃叶斑病进行调查并采集病叶,通过组织分离法进行病原菌分离纯化,结合形态学特征和多基因(ITS、EF1-α、TUB2和CAL)系统发育分析对病原菌的种类进行鉴定,并采用离体叶片接种法进行致病性测定。结果显示,新发现的这种甜樱桃叶斑病通常从叶边缘产生圆形或不规则灰褐色病斑,病斑周围具黄色晕圈,有时形成穿孔。从病样中共分离纯化得到10株单孢系菌株,结合其菌落形态、分生孢子形态和大小等,以及多基因系统发育分析结果,最终将10株菌株鉴定为甜樱间座壳Diaporthe eres(5株)和大豆间座壳D. sojae(5株),致病性测定结果显示甜樱间座壳和大豆间座壳对甜樱桃叶片均具有致病性,完成柯赫氏法则验证。     

糜子细菌性条斑病病原菌鉴定及其对13种杀菌剂的敏感性

为有效防治糜子细菌性条斑病,采用平板划线分离法对2016年自黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市采集的罹细菌性条斑病的糜子植株进行病原菌分离与纯化,依据柯赫氏法则对其致病性进行测定;采用Biolog自动微生物鉴定系统、16S rDNA和16S-23S rDNA间隔区序列分析及病原菌的生理生化反应对病原菌进行鉴定;并测定该病原菌对13种常用杀菌剂的敏感性。结果显示,从糜子叶片和叶鞘病斑中共分离纯化获得10株培养性状一致的菌株,经柯赫氏法则验证均为细菌性条斑病病原菌。经Biolog鉴定,3株代表菌株与标准菌株燕麦噬酸菌Acidovorax avenae的相似值分别为0.716、0.705、0.723,序列分析显示,这3株代表菌株与燕麦噬酸菌燕麦亚种A. avenae subsp. avenae的一致性为99%以上;该病原菌的革兰氏染色反应及碳源利用等生理生化反应与对照菌株燕麦噬酸菌ICMP3183表现一致。因此,确定糜子细菌性条斑病病原菌为燕麦噬酸菌。糜子细菌性条斑病病原菌代表菌株MZ121101对80%乙蒜素乳油、30%乙蒜素乳油及0.3%四霉素水剂的敏感性较高,抑制中浓度EC50介于389.31～939.94μg/mL之间,这2种药剂可作为防治糜子细菌性条斑病的首选药剂。     

福建省马铃薯黑胫病病原菌的鉴定及其遗传多样性分析

为明确福建省马铃薯黑胫病病原菌的种类、分布情况及群体遗传特性,通过16S rDNA序列分析法对分离自福建省各马铃薯产区的90株黑胫病病原菌进行鉴定,并利用细菌基因组重复序列PCR(repetitive sequence-PCR,Rep-PCR)方法分析福建省不同地区的马铃薯黑胫病病原菌群体的遗传变异情况。结果表明,经16S rDNA序列分析鉴定,引起福建省马铃薯黑胫病的病原菌包括黑腐果胶杆菌Pectobacterium atrosepticum、胡萝卜果胶杆菌巴西亚种P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense、胡萝卜果胶杆菌胡萝卜亚种P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum、帕曼蒂氏果胶杆菌P. parmentieri、P. polaris和达旦提狄基氏菌Dickeya dadantii。对90株菌株的Rep-PCR检测得到47多态性条带条,多态性比率为100.00%。按采集地区将菌株划分为8个群体,其等位基因数平均为1.48,有效等位基数平均为1.30,Nei’s基因多样性指数平均为0.17,Shannon信息指数平均为0.26,多态...     

宁夏马铃薯黄萎病病原菌分离鉴定及寄主范围测定

 为明确引起宁夏马铃薯黄萎病病原菌种类,本试验通过常规组织分离法对采自宁夏马铃薯主栽地区固原和西吉的27株马铃薯黄萎病标样进行了分离,共获得11株分离物。采用形态学并结合肌动蛋白(ACT)、延伸因子-1α(EF1α)、3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GPD)、色氨酸合成酶(TS)的多基因系统发育分析方法,11株分离物均被鉴定为非苜蓿轮枝菌(Verticillium nonalfalfae)。致病性测定结果表明,该轮枝菌能够侵染马铃薯植株幼苗并引致典型的黄萎病症状。非苜蓿轮枝菌对茄科、菊科、豆科、十字花科、葫芦科和锦葵科等6科13种双子叶作物的致病性测定结果表明,其对西葫芦、黄瓜、茄子、烟草、豇豆、棉花和向日葵的致病性强,对番茄、辣椒、生菜和白菜致病力弱且发病缓慢,对西蓝花和苜蓿无致病性。     

Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces species from potato common scab lesions in Norway

The present survey was conducted to isolate and characterize Streptomyces species from common scab lesions of potato in Norway. Bacteria were isolated from scab lesions on tubers sampled in two consecutive years at different locations in Norway spanning ～1400 km from south to north. In total, 957 independent isolations from individual tubers were performed, with 223 putative pathogenic isolates obtained from 29 different potato cultivars and 130 different fields. Streptomyces europaeiscabiei was the most abundant species isolated from common scab lesions (69%), while 31% of the isolates obtained were S. turgidiscabies. Streptomyces scabies was not found. Pathogenicity of selected Streptomyces isolates was tested on potato. The ability of the bacterial isolates to infect potato was consistent with the presence of the txtAB operon. The results revealed no pattern in geographical distribution of S. europaeiscabiei and S. turgidiscabies; both could be found in the same field and even the same lesion. Four different pathogenicity island (PAI) genotypes were detected amongst the txtAB positive isolates: nec1+/tomA+, nec1–/tomA+, nec1+/tomA? and nec1?/tomA?. The current findings demonstrate that there is genetic variability within species and that the species are not spread solely by clonal expansion. This is thought to be the most comprehensive survey of Streptomyces species that cause common scab of potato in a European country.     

Differences in host range, pathogenicity to potato cultivars and response to soil temperature among Streptomyces species causing common and netted scab in France

The pathogenicity and ecology of some isolates representative of the four main Streptomyces species ( S. scabies , S. europaeiscabiei , S. stelliscabiei and S. reticuliscabiei ) identified as pathogenic to potato tubers were investigated. Three pathogenicity groups could be distinguished. Group 1 included all isolates of S. scabies , S. europaeiscabiei and S. stelliscabiei from common scab lesions of potato and other susceptible root crops. All these produced similar symptoms and were pathogenic to potato, carrot and radish. Group 2 included all isolates from S. reticuliscabiei netted scab lesions; they were pathogenic to both tubers and roots of only a few potato cultivars, and did not infect carrot or radish. Group 3 included three isolates of S. europaeiscabiei from netted scab lesions on cv. Bintje, which produced either common or netted scab symptoms depending on the potato cultivar or plant species. In an experiment on a few isolates from each of the three groups, held at various soil temperature regimes, the three from group 1 were most pathogenic at higher temperatures (20°C or 20/30°C), the two from group 2 were most pathogenic at a lower temperature (17°C). The group 3 isolate caused netted scab symptoms on susceptible cultivars at low temperatures (≤ 20°C) and deep-pitted lesions at higher temperatures. Since the groups identified differ in ecological requirements, it is important to adapt the control methods to the pathogenic species present in the soil.     

Detection and characterization of Streptomyces causing potato common scab in Western Europe

A PCR-based diagnostic method was developed for direct detection from tuber lesions of pathogenic Streptomyces causing common scab of potato. Primers were designed to amplify a fragment of the txtAB ( txtA and txtB ) genes, which are pathogenicity determinants in the main pathogenic Streptomyces species. The method was evaluated on 84 naturally infected potato samples, comprising 19 potato cultivars, harvested in the years from 2000 to 2004 in the Netherlands, the UK, France, Germany and Spain. Pathogenic Streptomyces in tuber lesions were detected by PCR in 70 samples and were also successfully isolated from these 70 samples. All pathogenic isolates showed the basic general phenotypic traits of the S. scabiei phenetic cluster. RFLP analysis of amplified rRNA sequences, together with carbon source utilization and repetitive BOX profiles, allowed most isolates to be assigned to S. europaeiscabiei , which emerged as the main cause of potato common scab in Western Europe.     

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Streptomyces species associated with potato crops in the central part of Colombia

In Colombia, Streptomyces scabiei (syn. S. scabies) is commonly believed to be the causal organism of scab disease in local potato crops. However, very little is known about this organism and about the diversity and pathogenicity of the Streptomyces species associated with potato crops in Colombia. This study, therefore, aimed to elucidate aspects regarding the diversity of these bacteria associated with potato crops in a particular region of Colombia and evaluate their pathogenicity. We obtained 33 isolates of Streptomyces from netted, superficial and deep-pitted potato scab lesions from two main potato-producing regions in Colombia. Of these, 17 were pathogenic based on in vitro and in planta assays. None of these isolates carried the txtA, txtB, or nec1 genes, commonly associated with pathogenicity in Streptomyces, and characteristic of the pathogenicity island (PAI). We also characterized all isolates based on phenotypic characteristics and analysed their phylogenetic relationships using the 16S rRNA, atpD, recA, rpoB, and trpB genes. The isolates were highly diverse, placed in nine clades with 15 different phenotypes. The 17 pathogenic isolates were placed into three clades, namely S. pratensis, S. xiamenensis, and unknown species. This study is a preliminary investigation towards understanding scab disease in Colombia through the study of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species present in scab disease lesions in potatoes. Also, this is the first report of Streptomyces species associated with potato tubers in Colombia.     

A survey of genetic variation in streptomyces isolates causing potato common scab in the United States

ABSTRACT Common scab is a serious disease of potatoes and other root and tuber crops, affecting crop quality and market value. The disease is caused by gram positive soil bacteria in the genus Streptomyces. Disease incidence and severity vary in different locations and years; this is due in part to variation in the environment (weather) and genetic variation in potato cultivars. Little information is available on the contribution of genetic variation by the pathogen. To examine genetic diversity in different locations within the United States, streptomycetes were isolated from lesions on field-grown potatoes from six states. Isolates were classified into species based on sequence of variable regions in the 16s rRNA gene. The presence of genes associated with the recently described S. turgidiscabies pathogenicity island (PAI) was also determined. About half of the isolates belonged to S. scabies or S. europaeiscabiei based on 16s rDNA sequence, and had characteristic features of the PAI. They were found in all six states, and were pathogenic on potato and radish. The remaining isolates included pathogens and nonpathogens. They were varied in appearance, and represent several species, including one pathogenic species not previously reported. Some pathogenic isolates lacked one or more genes characteristic of the PAI, although all had genes for biosynthesis of the pathogenicity determinant thaxtomin. In this relatively small survey, regional differences in scab-causing streptomycetes were seen. This report furnishes tools and baseline data for population genetic study of scab-causing streptomycetes in the United States.     

Using the TxtAB operon to quantify pathogenic Streptomyces in potato tubers and soil

The phytotoxin thaxtomin, produced by plant pathogenic Streptomyces species, is the only known pathogenicity determinant for common scab diseases of potato and other root and tuber crops. Genes encoding thaxtomin synthetase (txtAB) are found on a pathogenicity island characteristic of genetically diverse plant pathogenic Streptomyces species. In this study, an SYBR Green quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using primers designed to anneal to the txtAB operon of Streptomyces was developed to quantify pathogenic bacterial populations in potatoes and soil. The real-time PCR assay was specific for pathogenic Streptomyces strains. The detection limit of the assay was 10 fg of the target DNA, or one genome equivalent. Cycle threshold (Ct) values were linearly correlated with the concentration of the target DNA (correlation coefficient R(2) = 0.99) and were not affected by the presence of plant DNA extracts, indicating the usefulness of the assay for quantitative analyses of the pathogenic bacteria in plant tissues. The amount of pathogenic Streptomyces DNA in total DNA extracts from 1 g asymptomatic and symptomatic tubers was quantified using the assay and ranged from 10(1) to 10(6) pg. A standard curve was established to quantify pathogenic Streptomyces in soil. Using the standard curve, numbers of pathogenic Streptomyces colony forming units were extrapolated to range from 10(3) to 10(6) per gram of soil from potato fields where common scab was found. This real-time PCR assay using primers designed from the txtAB operon allows rapid, accurate, and cost effective quantification of pathogenic Streptomyces strains in potato tubers and in soil.     

Phylogenetic Analysis of 16S rRNA Genes and PCR Analysis of the nec1 Gene from Streptomyces spp. Causing Common Scab, Pitted Scab, and Netted Scab in Finland

ABSTRACT The sequences of the 16S rRNA genes (nucleotides 29 to 1,521) from various Streptomyces strains pathogenic to potato were compared. These included 10 pathogenic Streptomyces strains isolated from potato scab lesions in Finland, the type strains of S. aureofaciens NRRL 2209(T) and S. lydicus ATCC 25470(T), 'S. griseus subsp. scabies' ATCC 10246, and two S. griseus strains that were originally deposited to the collection as pathogens. The nucleotide sequence (>94.5% sequence identity [SI]) and length (1,469 to 1,481 nucleotides) of the analyzed region varied. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes placed Finnish strains into three species, supported by previously characterized morphological and physiological traits. Six Finnish strains, including two strains that deviated from the others in one trait (no spiral sporophores or D-xylose utilization), had identical 16S rRNA genes and were identified as S. scabies (99.9% SI to S. scabies ATCC 49173). Three Finnish strains were identified as S. turgidiscabies, a species previously described only in Japan (99.9% SI to S. turgidiscabies ATCC 700248). Finnish strain 317 and S. aureofaciens NRRL 2209 (99.8% SI) were placed in a distinct phylogenetic cluster together with Kitosatospora spp., which suggests that S. aureofaciens may belong to the recently revived genus Kitosatospora. In pathogenicity tests, S. scabies caused characteristic symptoms of common scab, S. turgidiscabies caused mainly pitted scab, and S. aureofaciens caused netted scab and necrotic lesions on stolons of potato cultivars Bintje and Matilda in the greenhouse. The nec1 gene and the intergenic region between nec1 and the 5' transposase pseudogene ORFtnp were successfully amplified by polymerase chain reaction from S. scabies ATCC 49173 and the pathogenic Finnish strains of S. scabies, but not from a nonpathogenic strain of S. scabies, three pathogenic and two nonpathogenic strains of S. turgidiscabies, and S. aureofaciens.     

马铃薯疮痂病菌致病相关基因的克隆及表达

 A pathogenic-related gene nec1 was cloned in Streptomyces scabies CPS-1, potato scab strain. Analysis results showed that the length of open reading frame(ORF) for nec1 gene was 666 bp, and the GC content was 54.2%. Sequence alignment indicated that a 650 bp up-stream sequence shared 91% similarity with IS 256 family transposase nucleotide sequences by BLASTn searches against GenBank. The segments obtained by PCR amplification were digested by enzymes SphⅠand SacⅠ, and linked to the expression vector pIJ702. The recombinants were transformed into nonpathogenicity strain Streptomyces lividans 66 TK24. Bioas-say results suggested that the transformants possessed the same symptoms as pathogenic strain on potato tuber slices and radish seedlings, which implied that nec1 gene was associated with the pathogenicity of S. scabies CPS-1.     

我国马铃薯疮痂病及其防治研究进展

马铃薯疮痂病(potato common scab)是由放线菌目链霉菌属的链霉菌Streptomyces spp.引起的土传兼种传病害,广泛分布于世界各马铃薯种植区,不仅影响马铃薯的外观品质和销售价格,严重时还会导致马铃薯出苗延迟甚至引起幼苗死亡,造成产量下降,给马铃薯产业带来巨大的经济损失,已经成为全球危害马铃薯生产的第四大病害。2015年我国确立马铃薯主粮化战略,推动了马铃薯产业的发展。近年来,随着种植区域和规模不断扩大,马铃薯疮痂病在我国很多省(自治区)有不同程度的发生,并有逐年扩大和加重的趋势,严重影响商品薯、加工原料薯和种薯的生产,成为制约我国马铃薯生产的主要病害。本文对马铃薯疮痂病症状、发病因素、传播规律、致病机理、分类方法以及我国马铃薯疮痂病发生情况、种类及分布进行归纳,并对马铃薯疮痂病防治措施进行总结,以期为我国马铃薯疮痂病的研究和防治奠定理论基础。     

Resistance of potato genotypes to common and netted scab-causing species of Streptomyces

Common and netted scabs are two disfiguring bacterial diseases of potato tubers, caused by various groups of Streptomyces species. Common scab, caused primarily by Streptomyces scabies and Streptomyces europaeiscabiei , is characterized by more or less deep pustules on the tuber surface, while symptoms of netted scab, caused mainly by Streptomyces reticuliscabiei , are superficial, corky alterations of the tuber periderm. Some isolates of S. europaeiscabiei are able to induce both common and netted scab symptoms, and therefore constitute a third pathogenicity group. Like most bacterial diseases, potato scabs would be best controlled by using resistant cultivars. Repeated experiments with soil artificially infested with isolates of three species representative of the three pathogenicity groups showed the level and stability of cultivar resistance, as well as the existence of a range of aggressiveness among different isolates. The distribution of scab severity indexes recorded on a collection of 16 potato cultivars and 27 breeding clones grown in soil infested with common scab-inducing isolates was continuous, suggesting isolate nonspecific quantitative resistance. Least susceptible cultivars were Nicola, BF15, Sirtéma, and Charlotte, while Urgenta, Désirée, Ondine and Bintje were very susceptible. The same genotypes proved either highly susceptible (e.g. cvs Bintje, Désirée or Carmine) or highly resistant (e.g. cvs Charlotte, Sirtéma, Monalisa, BF15 or Belle de Fontenay) to isolates forming netted scab symptoms, suggesting isolate-specific qualitative resistance. The ability was confirmed of some isolates of S. europaeiscabiei to induce one or the other type of symptoms depending on cultivar and soil temperature.