大熊猫源杯梗孢属真菌(Cyphellophora pluriseptata)的分离鉴定与致病性研究

为探究大熊猫真菌性皮肤病的病因,取发生肉芽肿大熊猫患部的皮屑、被毛进行真菌学检查和病原分离。采用沙氏培养法对采集的皮屑和毛发样品进行分离纯化,对分离株进行形态学、分子生物学鉴定和小鼠致病性试验及药敏试验。结果显示,从样品中分离到一株真菌(JYZ030101)。对分离株JYZ030101的ITS区进行PCR扩增获得长度为617 bp片段,经Blast比对结果显示该序列与杯梗孢属真菌Cyphellophora pluriseptata的相似性为99%。结合形态学和分子生物学方法将分离菌鉴定为C.pluriseptata。动物致病性试验显示该菌对小鼠有选择性致病作用。药敏试验显示该菌对特比萘芬、两性霉素B、伊曲康唑和氟胞嘧啶耐药,对氟康唑、伏立康唑敏感。本研究为诊断和治疗C.pluriseptata引起的大熊猫真菌性皮肤病提供重要参考。     

家兔须癣毛癣菌对8种抗真菌药物敏感性研究

采用丹麦ROSCO药敏纸片扩散法,检测12株家兔须癣毛癣菌对伊曲康唑、酮康唑、氟康唑、特比萘酚、克霉唑、氟胞嘧啶、沃尔康唑和制霉菌素等8种抗真菌药物的敏感性。结果:特比萘酚对须癣毛癣菌的抑菌圈直径最大(平均73 mm),而且12株菌100%对其敏感,抗菌效果最好;其后依次是沃尔康唑、克霉唑和伊曲康唑,按ROSCO严格判读标准12株菌对其敏感率分别为83.3%、83.3%和8.3%;抑菌效果最差的是氟胞嘧啶和氟康唑,按ROSCO基本判读标准其耐药(不敏感)率分别为100%和83.3%。     

大熊猫源酵母菌的分离鉴定

旨在调查大熊猫体表酵母菌种属及其对小鼠的致病性。通过传统分离培养、形态学观察,并利用真菌ITS序列通用引物ITS1、ITS4对分离株进行PCR扩增和系统发育学分析,从而鉴定其种属。利用丹麦Rosco纸片扩散法,用两性霉素B、制霉菌素、酮康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑对12种分离株进行药敏试验和耐药性分析,同时进行动物致病性试验。结果本次共在37个熊猫被毛样本中分离到45株酵母菌,分属于3个属,12个种。酵母分离菌分别为毛孢子菌属(Trichosporon)40株,隐球菌属(Cryptococcus)4株,假丝酵母菌属(Candida)1株,分别鉴定为皮肤毛孢子菌(Trichosporon cutaneum)、串珠毛孢子菌(Trichosporon moniliiforme)、指间毛癣菌(Trichosporon interdigitale)、秋吉台毛孢子菌(Trichosporon akiyoshidainum)、星形毛孢子菌(Trichosporon asteroids)、芸苔毛孢子菌(Trichosporon brassicae)、辜氏毛孢子菌(Trichosporon guehoae)、耶氏毛孢子菌(Trichosporon jirovecii)、蒙得维的亚毛孢子菌(Trichosporon montevideense)、毛孢子菌(Trichosporonsp.)、链状假丝酵母菌(Candida catenulate)和长莓隐球酵母(Cryptococcus fragicola),共12种酵母菌。动物致病性试验结果表明:皮肤毛孢子菌、指间毛癣菌、星形毛孢子菌和长莓隐球菌对小鼠致病,其余对小鼠条件致病。多数菌种对5种抗真菌药物敏感,其中长莓隐球酵母对酮康唑耐药;链状假丝酵母菌、指间毛癣菌对两性霉素B耐药;链状假丝酵母菌、耶氏毛孢子菌对伊曲康唑耐药;毛孢子菌(Trichosporonsp.)对氟康唑耐药;皮肤毛孢子菌、指间毛癣菌、辜氏毛孢子菌和链状假丝酵母菌对制霉菌素耐药。大熊猫体表酵母菌种类丰富,各种属对常用抗真菌药物敏感性存在差异。本研究丰富了对大熊猫源酵母菌种群的认识,为大熊猫酵母菌病的诊治提供参考。     

奶牛乳房炎病原真菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

本文通过对合肥某地区奶牛乳房炎发病情况的调查,探讨引起奶牛乳房炎病原真菌的种类及药敏特点,为临床合理用药提供依据。无菌采集乳房炎阳性奶牛的乳汁,对奶牛的乳样进行真菌的培养、分离、纯化、鉴定及药敏试验。根据菌落形态、染色特性及鉴定结果,判定引起乳房炎的致病菌主要为热带假丝酵母菌和阿氏丝孢酵母菌。针对这两种病原真菌进行了药敏试验,结果表明:两种病原真菌对酮康唑、制霉素、氟康唑高度敏感;对两性霉素B、伊曲康唑中度敏感;对环丙沙星、氟罗沙星、青霉素G、氨苄西林、丁胺卡那、四环素、庆大霉素、链霉素不敏感。     

一株犬源近平滑念珠菌的分子鉴定及部分生物学特性试验

应用核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析技术从47株临床分离的犬源真菌中鉴定出一株近平滑念珠菌,对其部分生物学特性进行研究。结果显示,该菌株在沙堡氏培养基上形成白色奶油状菌落,菌体呈典型酵母菌形态。腹腔接种小鼠出现脏器病变并回收到该菌,而皮肤接种小鼠未出现病变。药敏试验显示,该菌株对制霉菌素高度敏感,对两性霉素B、伊曲康唑和酮康唑中度敏感,对氟康唑耐药。ITS区基因序列分析表明,该菌株与人源近平滑念珠菌高度同源;系统进化分析表明,该菌与日本的人源分离株遗传关系较近。     

犬皮肤癣菌病病原的分离及其ITS区序列分析

分离一例格力犬皮肤癣菌病的病原,并对其ITS区序列进行分析,以确定其种属。用沙氏培养基对病料进行分离、培养,根据菌落形态特征与镜检结果对分离到的病原菌进行初步鉴定,采用真菌鉴定通用引物ITS1及ITS4对分离菌的ITS区序列进行PCR扩增、测序,将测序结果进行对比分析,并对其亲缘关系进行系统发育分析。分离到的病原菌经形态学鉴定,被初步判定为小孢子菌属真菌,其ITS区序列与Gen Bank中的犬小孢子菌(ATCC 36299)的ITS序列(FJ 385030.1)相似性为99%,且在系统发育树上属同一分支。结果表明,引起该犬皮肤癣菌病的病原菌为犬小孢子菌。     

山东兔场皮肤真菌病病原rDNA-ITS区序列测定及分析

利用皮肤真菌核糖体内转录间隔区（Internal transcribed spacer,ITS）序列通用引物,对采自山东地区主要兔场的皮肤真菌病的16株分离菌进行了PCR扩增,ITS区的克隆、测序、序列变异及遗传进化关系分析。经与Gen-Bank核酸序列数据库数据比对结果表明：16株病菌分别为须癣毛癣菌（12/16,75%）、犬小孢子菌（2/16,12.5%）、石膏样小孢子菌（2/16,12.5%）;不同病原菌的5.8SrDNA序列高度保守,而ITS区的变异性则较高;对该区序列的聚类分析表明,不同种菌株ITS1比ITS2在碱基构成和序列长度上有更大变异;而种内各菌株的ITS1和ITS2在长度上均没有变异,碱基构成上存在微小的变异,可基于该区进行兔皮肤真菌的分类鉴定。该研究确定了兔皮肤病原PCR检测特异引物的靶序列,为兔皮肤真菌病病原的特异性分子鉴定提供了可靠的靶标,为兔皮肤真菌的科学分类提供了分子依据。     

兔须癣毛癣菌新变种的分离与鉴定

从暴发皮肤病的某家兔场患病兔中分离到1株病原真菌,直接镜检、分离培养及致病性试验后,得到一种致病真菌。通过培养特性、显微观察及分子鉴定,显示该菌培养特性与已报道须癣毛癣菌均不相同,所有培养基上均未见螺旋菌丝,ITS区进化树亦标明其与其他种(变种)均不在同一分支中,据此确定为须癣毛癣菌的新变种(Trichophyton mentagrophytes var.sp.)。     

河北兔场皮肤病原真菌rDNA-ITS序列分析

利用皮肤真菌核糖体内转录间隔区（ITS）序列通用引物,对采自河北省兔场的5种皮肤真菌病进行了PCR扩增,ITS区的克隆、测序、序列变异及遗传进化关系分析。经与GenBank核酸序列数据库数据比对和形态学观察结果表明：有4种真菌被鉴定,分别为须毛癣菌、多聚曲霉、球孢白僵菌和产黄青霉,1种未鉴定;不同病原菌的5.8SrDNA序列高度保守,而ITS区的变异性则较高。该研究确定ITS区序列分析可用于兔皮肤病原真菌的分离。     

兔皮肤病原真菌的分离及其ITS序列的分析鉴定

本试验的目的是分离发病兔场皮肤真菌病的病原,并对其ITS序列进行分析鉴定。采集病兔患病部位的皮屑、结痂进行培养,并根据形态学的特点进行鉴定;然后采用真菌ITS区通用引物对其ITS区进行PCR扩增测序,并将其ITS区序列与GenBank中的核酸数据库进行比对分析,确定病原真菌的生物学分类,最后对其亲缘关系进行系统发育分析。结果显示:分离得到的病原真菌经形态学初步鉴定为小孢子菌属;序列比对和系统发育分析表明,该菌与Microsporum gypseum strain WCH-MG001(序列号:GU348990.1)的ITS序列具有99%的同源性,在系统发育树上也属于同一分支,从而确定该菌为石膏样小孢子菌。     

Disease and destiny-mystery and mastery

When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures.     

Foot and mouth disease and bluetongue: differences and similarities

On 26th of july 2007 a new case of bluetongue was notified in the Netherlands and on 2nd of august 2007 foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed in Surrey, England, which raised the threat of having both infections simultaniously in one area. Bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease have a different pathogenesis, but symptoms may resemble each other at a later stage of infection. The pathogenesis and possible clinical symptoms of both infections are discussed and illustrated with pictures.     

德国荷兰畜禽产品质量安全交流与启示

2018年岁末,笔者有幸赴德国和荷兰,就畜产品质量安全控制及检测技术等进行了短期交流,收获颇丰,现具体介绍如下。一、交流情况德国面积35.73万平方千米,人口约8175.2万,是欧盟人口最多的国家,农业发达,机械化程度很高。德国的畜牧业以猪、牛、羊和禽类为主,畜牧业产值占农业生产总值的61%。德国虽然农业比重很小,但却是有机农业运动最早的发起国,也是目前世界上有机农产品生产与消费大国。     

奶牛肢蹄病及其防治

简介常见奶牛肢蹄病种类及其症状,从日粮营养、运动场地面结构、环境卫生、饲养管理、遗传育种、疾病管理等方面简析奶牛肢蹄病的病因,并提出相应的预防措施。     

畜禽物种多样性及其保护和利用

文章就我国畜禽物种多样性资源的现状、保护和利用等方面进行阐述,为生态脆弱的喀斯特地区畜牧业可持续发展提供参考。     

马的咽气癖及其防制措施研究进展

在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。     

国内外蛋氨酸与赖氨酸市场分析与展望

近几年,世界饲用添加剂市场增长较快,预计今后将进一步增长,据世界粮农组织(FAO)首领会议的倡议,到2015年,将使世界营养不良的人口削减一半,其间,肉制品将会以每年2％的速度增长,特别是加快猪肉和禽肉增长。这将促进世界添加剂,尤其是蛋氨酸和赖氨酸需求量的增加。     

牛羊焦虫病诊断与防治技术

近几年来,辽宁省牛羊饲养业迅速发展,焦虫病的危害越来越明显,已成为危害牛羊的主要疾病之一。为了提高牛羊焦虫病的防治水平,保证我省牛羊饲养业的健康发展,笔者在参阅文献和同行们诊疗经验的基础上,结合自己的治疗实践,详细阐述了我省牛羊焦虫病近几年的流行特点和诊断防治方法。