水杨酸和壳聚糖诱导苹果叶片对斑点落叶病抗性的研究

采用喷雾接种的方法测定了不同浓度的水杨酸和壳聚糖对苹果斑点落叶病菌(Alternaria mali Roberts)的室内抑菌作用、诱导抗病效果及诱导苹果叶片后各种抗病性物质含量的变化.结果表明,不同浓度的水杨酸和壳聚糖对A.mali均无明显的抑制作用,其中100μ g/mL的水杨酸和500 μg/mL的壳聚糖对A.mali的抑制率较低,仅为5.33％和4.73％,但诱导抗病效果较显著,分别达到70.90％和77.77％.两种药剂诱导叶片后,叶片中POD、PAL活性以及木质素积累量明显高于对照,且随时间的增长,POD和PAL酶活性先升高后降低,在第3天,POD和PAL酶活性均达到峰值;而壳聚糖诱导后PPO活性随时间的增长呈升高的趋势,但水杨酸对PPO酶活性变化的影响较小.     

寡聚糖诱导黄瓜对白粉病抗病反应的超微结构研究

 中科6号(2%氨基寡糖素)处理黄瓜植株叶片,5 d后接种白粉菌Sphaerotheca fuliginea(Schlecht.) Poll.,可诱导黄瓜Cucumis sativus产生对白粉病的抗病性,寄主细胞对病原菌的侵入产生了防卫反应结构和物质以及过敏性坏死反应。表现为寄主细胞壁加厚,染色加深,寄主细胞壁下产生多层次结构的乳突,在寄主细胞壁与质膜之间有黑色物质沉积;吸器外质膜皱褶,染色加深,吸器外基质中出现染色加深的颗粒状电子沉积物;寄主细胞质紊乱,细胞器解体,整个寄主细胞解体、坏死。     

苯并噻二唑对漂浮育苗烟草白粉病的诱导抗性及其对烟苗安全性研究

测定了苯并噻二唑对烟草白粉病菌的毒力、防治烟草白粉病的持效期以及对烟苗的安全性。结果表明,苯并噻二唑对烟草白粉病具有很高的诱导活性,随着药剂浓度的增加,烟草白粉病的发病率和病情指数均显著降低,它对烟草白粉病菌的EC50和EC90分别为3.30μg/mL和10.49μg/mL;苯并噻二唑对烟草白粉病具有较长的持效期,50%苯并噻二唑水分散粒剂23g/hm2 2次喷雾处理4叶期烟苗,30d后的防效仍然达到100%,它对烟草新生烟叶具有良好的保护作用;此外,50%苯并噻二唑水分散粒剂>95g/hm2喷雾烟苗会给烟苗造成严重药害,主要表现为烟苗生长滞缓,叶片坏死和黄化。     

几种化学物质诱导彩色马蹄莲对软腐病抗性的研究

本试验测定了纳米硅、草酸、硅酸钠和硫酸亚铁4种化学物质在不同浓度下对彩色马蹄莲软腐病菌的室内抑菌活性和诱导抗病效果。结果表明,硫酸亚铁3种浓度对彩色马蹄莲软腐病菌均表现较强的抑制作用;1 g/L纳米硅、0.15 g/L草酸和0.2 g/L硅酸钠3种化学物质对软腐病菌无明显抑制作用且诱导抗病效果较好,分别达到62.28%、77.56%、88.46%;经3种化学物质诱导处理后再进行接种,诱导处理和接种期间彩色马蹄莲叶片组织内过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)酶活性均高于对照,其中硅酸钠处理后彩色马蹄莲叶片组织内POD、PAL活性高于纳米硅和草酸处理,草酸处理后叶片组织内PPO活性高于纳米硅和硅酸钠处理。     

堆肥浸提液及其堆肥茶对裸仁美洲南瓜白粉病的防治效果

为研究堆肥对裸仁美洲南瓜白粉病的控制作用,以清水和15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂1 000倍液为对照,在室内测定不同浓度牛粪、羊粪、鸡粪和马粪堆肥浸提液及由浸提液制备的堆肥茶对裸仁美洲南瓜白粉病的防治效果。结果表明,4种堆肥浸提液和堆肥茶中,羊粪浸提液原液及其堆肥茶原液对白粉病的预防效果最好,分别为50.35%和52.50%;牛粪堆肥茶原液对白粉病的治疗效果最好,相对防效为63.05%,可在裸仁美洲南瓜白粉病防治中发挥一定作用。     

含氮杂环化合物对黄瓜白粉病抗性的诱导作用及其与防御酶系统的关系

 本文研究了11种含氮杂环化合物对黄瓜白粉病抗性的诱导作用,发现不同化合物的诱导效果存在明显差异。这些化合物中只有(E)-4-[2-(4-联苯基)乙烯基]吡啶(BEPy)和O,O'-1,4-亚丁基-4,4'-双[(E)-2-(4-氧苯乙烯基)]吡啶(DPyEPOB)具有明显的诱导效果。它们在诱导处理后第6d的病情指数为31.4和40.4,分别为对照的40.1%和23.1%;第10d的病情指数为34.8和42.2,为对照的38.7%和25.7%。从诱导效果来看,BEPy的诱导效果在诱导处理各时期均强于DPyEPOB;从诱导时间来看,BEPy的诱导效果随时间推移而降低,而DPyEPOB则基本持平。与经典的系统抗性诱导物水杨酸相比,BEPy的诱导效果与之相近,DPyEPOB的诱导效果则较弱。对几种与抗病性相关酶系统研究结果表明,用BEPy诱导处理后,过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶的活性大大提高。前2种酶在处理60h时酶活力达到最高,分别比对照组提高了2.55倍和1.45倍,并且能一直维持至96h,到144h时下降至对照组的水平;多酚氧化酶的活力在处理96h时达到高峰,比对照提高了8.83倍,到144h时稍有下降,但仍是对照组的7.1倍。酶活力的这种变化趋势与水杨酸的变化趋势是一致的,但在升高幅度和持续时间上有差异。本文还讨论了有关酶活力的变化规律与黄瓜白粉病诱导抗性的关系。     

黄瓜白粉病菌对己唑醇抗性诱导及抗性菌株生物学性状的研究

室内通过紫外线照射和药剂驯化相结合的方法连续诱变7代,获得了黄瓜白粉病菌Sphaerotheca fuliginea对己唑醇的抗性菌株,该抗性菌株对己唑醇的抗性水平达到105倍,其产孢量和致病力比敏感菌株略高,但差异不显著,且对戊唑醇、腈菌唑、多抗霉素和嘧菌酯无交互抗性,对醚菌酯表现交互抗性,结果表明田间用己唑醇防治黄瓜白粉病可能存在抗性风险。     

甘肃省南瓜白粉病菌对己唑醇抗性诱导及抗性菌株生物学性状研究

为了解甘肃省裸仁美洲南瓜白粉菌对己唑醇敏感性及抗性产生情况,采用小株喷雾法对采自兰州、武威、景泰等地的20个南瓜白粉菌菌株对己唑醇的敏感性进行了测定,利用紫外诱导、药剂驯化、先紫外后药剂驯化三种方法对敏感菌株进行了抗药性诱导,并对抗性突变菌株的生物学性状及其对丙环唑、氟硅唑、腈菌唑和戊唑醇的交互抗性进行了研究。结果表明20个南瓜白粉菌菌株对己唑醇的敏感性存在一定差异,EC50值在17.77~285.54μg/mL范围内;与其他两种诱导方法相比药剂驯化方法获得的抗性突变菌株的抗性倍数最高,为8.94倍。敏感菌株和抗性突变菌株孢子萌发的最佳时间分别为36h和48h;抗性突变菌株产孢量和致病力明显高于敏感菌株;适合度测定表明抗性突变菌株与敏感菌株之间存在竞争力,孢子萌发率、芽管个数之间差异显著,菌丝分支数、产孢量之间差异不显著;抗性突变菌株在抗性突变菌株和敏感菌株混合比例为80∶20的群体中,存在频率比较稳定,连续培养7代后仍占85.69%;己唑醇抗性突变菌株对丙环唑、氟硅唑、腈菌唑和戊唑醇4种药剂未表现出交互抗性。研究结果可为甘肃省防治南瓜白粉病提供理论依据。     

小麦对白粉菌的抗性和感病性的诱导

 用小麦白粉菌(Erysiphe graminis f.sp.tritici)的无毒和有毒菌株,以3种接种顺序:1.先接无毒菌株,间隔一定时间后,再接有毒菌株;2.无毒和有毒菌株同时接;3.和"1"相反,接种具有不同抗性基因的小麦品种的幼苗或叶段,以研究小麦对白粉菌的诱导抗性和诱导感病性。结果表明:先接无毒菌株诱导的抗性最强;后接无毒菌株或无毒、有毒菌株同时接,当诱导菌(inducer)的密度很高时,也可以诱导出抗性,但较微弱;诱导的抗性随诱导菌的密度增高而增强;一经诱导,抗性可在被诱导部位维持到第6天;所使用的3种接种顺序都可以诱导小麦对白粉菌产生感病性,但较之诱导的抗性弱得多;在抗病性的诱导中,存在着小麦品种与诱导菌,或诱导菌与挑战菌(challenger)之间的相互作用;一个无毒菌株可以通过诱导而获得在抗病品种上生长的毒性,但当缺少有毒菌株存在时,获得毒性即消失;没有发现所诱导的抗性具有系统传导性。     

裸仁美洲南瓜叶枯病病原菌鉴定及其寄主范围和侵染条件

近年来,在甘肃省武威地区裸仁美洲南瓜发生了一种叶枯病,采用常规组织分离法对罹病组织进行了病原菌分离培养,以及病原菌的形态、分离培养性状观察和致病性测定.结果表明,引起裸仁美洲南瓜叶枯病的致病菌为瓜链格孢Alternaria cucumerina(E11.et Ev.)E11iott.寄主范围测定表明,该病原菌可侵染所有供试葫芦科植物,其中南瓜、西葫芦和甜瓜发病最严重;丝瓜和苦瓜发病较轻;该病原菌还可引起白菜和菜豆发病.温度和保湿时间对病原菌的侵染影响较大,25～30℃温度范围内最易侵染,病害潜育期仅为2～3天;当保湿时间60h时,病叶率达到88%,而保湿时间为6h时,病叶率仅为8%.南瓜不同品种对叶枯病的抗性差异较大,其中二星、天然、光板1号、无壳(李建民)和金无壳为高抗品种;四星、粒赛金、金大地、郑峰光板、日本南瓜为高感品种.     

Silicon induced resistance against powdery mildew of roses caused by Podosphaera pannosa

Powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera pannosa, is a very common disease in greenhouse potted roses, resulting in poor marketing value and hence economic losses. Alternatives to chemical control are necessary, and therefore the ability of silicon (Si) applied to roots to control the disease was investigated, as well as the mechanisms behind the observed disease reductions. Four genotypes of miniature potted roses representing different genetic backgrounds and susceptibility to disease were studied. Plants were watered with a nutrient solution containing either 3·6 mm Si (100 ppm) supplied as K₂SiO₃ (Si+) or no Si (Si?) before inoculation with P. pannosa. Si application increased leaf Si content two‐ to four‐fold compared to control plants. Confocal microscopy showed that Si deposition was larger in Si+ than in Si? plants and that deposition mainly occurred in the apoplast, particularly in epidermal cell walls. Si application delayed the onset of disease symptoms by 1–2 days and disease severity was reduced by up to 48·9%. The largest reduction was found in the two most resistant genotypes, which also had the highest increase in Si uptake. The Si‐induced disease protection was accompanied by increased formation of papillae and fluorescent epidermal cells (FEC) as well as deposition of callose and H₂O₂, especially at the sites of penetration and in FEC, which are believed to represent the hypersensitive response. Si treatment reduced powdery mildew development by inducing host defence responses and can therefore be used as an effective eco‐friendly disease control measure.     

Effects of foliar- and root-applied silicon on the enhancement of induced resistance to powdery mildew in Cucumis sativus

Two cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) cultivars differing in their resistance to powdery mildew, Ningfeng No. 3 (susceptible) and Jinchun No. 4 (resistant), were used to study the effects of foliar- and root-applied silicon on resistance to infection by Podosphaera xanthii (syn. Sphaerotheca fuliginea ) and the production of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). The results indicated that inoculation with P. xanthii significantly suppressed subsequent infection by powdery mildew compared with noninoculation, regardless of Si application. Root-applied Si significantly suppressed powdery mildew, the disease index being lower in Si-supplied than in Si-deprived plants, regardless of inoculation treatment. The resistant cultivar had a more constant lower disease index than the susceptible cultivar, irrespective of inoculation or Si treatment. Moreover, with root-applied Si, activities of PRs (for example peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and chitinase) were significantly enhanced in inoculated lower leaves or noninoculated upper leaves in inoculated plants of both cultivars. Root-applied Si significantly decreased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in inoculated leaves, but increased it in noninoculated upper leaves. However, Si treatment failed to change significantly the activity of PRs in plants without fungal attack. Compared to the control (no Si), foliar-applied Si had no effects either on the suppression of subsequent infection by P. xanthii or on the activity of PRs, irrespective of inoculation. Based on the findings in this study and previous reports, it was concluded that foliar-applied Si can effectively control infections by P. xanthii only via the physical barrier of Si deposited on leaf surfaces, and/or osmotic effect of the silicate applied, but cannot enhance systemic acquired resistance induced by inoculation, while continuously root-applied Si can enhance defence resistance in response to infection by P. xanthii in cucumber.     

三种化学物质诱导观赏百合对黑斑病抗性的研究

［目的］ 确定水杨酸、纳米硅、草酸铵等3种化学物质对观赏百合黑斑病抗病性的诱导效果,为百合生长期病害的防治提供理论依据。［方法］ 测定3种化学物质对观赏百合黑斑病菌的抑菌活性和诱导寄主抗性效果。［结果］3种化学物质对观赏百合黑斑病菌抑菌率较低,最高仅为5.43%,但处理百合叶片后,诱导百合产生较高抗病性。在100、50 μg/mL和25 μg/mL浓度下,纳米硅的诱导抗病效果最好,分别为55.55%、60.69%、48.57%。水杨酸诱导处理可使观赏百合叶片β-1,3-葡聚糖酶在第1 天达到峰值,纳米硅可以使过氧化物酶在第5天达到峰值,草酸铵可以使苯丙氨酸解氨酶在第5天达到峰值,分别为对照的3.95倍、2.10倍和1.15倍;先诱导处理再接种黑斑病菌1 d后叶片组织内β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性均明显高于对照;水杨酸、纳米硅和草酸铵处理7 d后田间诱导防病效果分别为35.38%、43.55%和31.07%;处理14 d后,与第7天相比诱导防病效果明显降低。［结论］水杨酸、纳米硅和草酸铵3种化学物质对百合均有一定诱导抗病作用,其中纳米硅酸的诱导抗病效果最好,可达到48%以上。     

Association between lipoxygenase and peroxidase activity and systemic protection of cucumber plants against Podosphaera xanthii induced by Oudemansiella canarii extracts

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - This study was done to determine the relationship between the changes in lipoxygenase (LOX) and peroxidase (POX) activity and the protection of cucumber...     

几种微生物提取物诱导马铃薯抗晚疫病及机理的初步研究

 筛选能显著诱导马铃薯块茎抗晚疫病的微生物源激发子,并探讨其诱导抗病性机理。分别将31种微生物的发酵液(F-0)以及其中真菌和放线菌的胞内提取物(F-1)、胞壁提取物(F-2)单独或复配后诱导处理马铃薯块茎切片,对其中诱导抗病效果显著的激发子进一步分析其中的有效诱抗物质及诱导处理后的生理变化。获得了9种较好的激发子,诱抗效果均达50%以上,其中放线菌A5295发酵液型激发子诱抗效果最高,达63.97%,且单一激发子复配后诱抗活性更高,其中MK与A5295的复配型激发子诱抗效果最好,达66.67%。MK和A32910b发酵液中有效诱抗物质均为饱和硫酸铵沉淀(A组分)、以及硫酸铵沉淀后再用乙醇沉淀(B组分)所得的物质。诱导处理后块茎中POD、PAL、PPO活性均明显高于对照,且在抗性表现出之前迅速增加达到峰值。此外,块茎中可溶性蛋白含量比对照增加41.53%,并有一些新蛋白产生。结果表明复配激发子比单一激发子诱抗活性更高,激发子中有效诱抗物质均为A和B组分,诱导的抗病性可能与块茎中POD、PAL、PPO活性增高,可溶性蛋白含量增加以及新蛋白质的产生有关。     

壳聚糖诱导黄瓜幼苗抗灰霉病

为了明确壳聚糖(chitosan,CTS)对黄瓜幼苗抗灰霉病的诱导作用,采用根际注射结合叶面喷洒的方法,测定了灰霉病菌侵染下幼苗植株病情指数、防御酶活性和抗病相关物质含量等生理指标。结果表明:CTS降低了黄瓜幼苗的病情指数,最高幅度达39.4%,提高了苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,增加了总酚、类黄酮和木质素含量。说明CTS能诱导黄瓜幼苗对灰霉病的抗性,且最佳处理浓度为200mg·L-1。     

Mating type and fungicide resistance in populations of Podosphaera xanthii in south Italy

Powdery mildew is one of the most common and severe diseases of cucurbits, causing heavy yield losses in all growing areas when not successfully controlled. Two different fungal species, Podosphaera xanthii and Golovinomyces orontii, are generally recognized as causal agents. The results of monitoring carried out in 2016 and 2018 confirmed that P. xanthii is the exclusive pathogen causing cucurbit powdery mildew (CPM) in southern Italy. P. xanthii is a bipolar heterothallic fungus; a PCR-based method for distinguishing MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs was applied for assessing mating type distribution in fungal populations present on cucurbits in different sites. The idiomorph MAT1-2 was prevalent over the MAT1-1 in 2016, whereas they were approximately in a 1:1 ratio in 2018; this finding corroborated the hypothesis that the MAT1-1 idiomorph was more recently introduced in the area. Cyflufenamid-resistant isolates were widespread in commercial greenhouses and field plantings even though use of this fungicide had been drastically reduced by the farmers 1 year before the monitoring due to the effectiveness losses observed in CPM control. Occurrence of cyflufenamid resistance and its impact on efficacy were evaluated in a field trial comparing different fungicide spray schedules. Cyflufenamid-resistant isolates were detected even at the first appearance of symptoms on leaves, increasing over time. Isolates resistant to cyflufenamid showed a resistance factor as high as 900. Generally, P. xanthii was better controlled when cyflufenamid was used in integrated strategies rather than in spray schedules based on the exclusive use of the fungicide.     

诱导水稻抗瘟性及诱抗机理研究进展

稻瘟病是危害水稻三大病害之首,水稻稻瘟病诱导抗病性具有持久性、广谱性、安全性、系统性等而对未来水稻稻瘟病的防治发挥巨大的作用。综述近年来国内外水稻诱导抗瘟性的研究进展,对生物及非生物诱导因子和诱导机理的三个方面进行了介绍,并提出对现在一些研究不足以及未来的发展方向。