腐霉菌诱导的大豆谷胱甘肽转移酶GmGST26基因的分子特征和表达分析

腐霉根腐病严重影响着大豆种子发芽和植株的生长,谷胱甘肽转移酶是植物与生物胁迫和非生物胁迫相互作用的主要酶,在失活有毒化合物,保护植物细胞免受氧化损伤等方面扮演着十分重要的角色。本研究从腐霉菌侵染的抗病大豆灰不支黑豆中分离出Gm GST26基因,采用生物信息学方法对大豆Gm GST26的序列特征、结构、大豆Gm GST家族基因的进化关系及表达数据进行分析;利用荧光定量PCR技术和DGE表达谱数据分别对Gm GST26基因在不同抗病品种中的表达特点及在抗病大豆互作过程中的表达模式进行分析。研究结果表明,腐霉菌侵染大豆后Gm GST26基因上调表达,Gm GST26编码225个氨基酸,等电点为6.92,具有明显的GSTs蛋白的典型结构域,属于GSTs家族中Tau亚家族,与Gm GST7的相似性为98.22%,属旁系同源基因。组织特异性表达分析,主要在根部表达,其次为花,该基因在腐霉菌、疫霉菌与大豆互作过程中的表达模式为应激反应上调基因,且防卫反应负调控。     

大豆NF-YB家族全基因组鉴定、分类和表达

利用大豆基因组数据库,通过生物信息学手段,鉴定大豆NF-YB家族基因的全序列、定位和拷贝数,通过序列比对进行进化和分类分析。利用大豆高通量RNA测序数据、NCBI中UniGene的EST表达数据进行组织表达谱分析。结果表明,大豆基因组中含有28个NF-YB家族基因,分布于大豆的14条染色体上,系统进化树分析将其分成3类。启动子分析表明,几乎全部NF-YB家族基因的启动子区均含有逆境应答反应顺式作用元件。各个发育阶段中,多数成员至少在一个组织中表达,10个差异表达的基因中有2个在根瘤中特异表达,2个在根中特异表达,2个在根瘤中优势表达,另外4个在其他部位优势表达。研究结果促进了NF-YB家族基因的功能研究与利用。     

山羊草谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因家族鉴定及表达分析

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶是一种多功能蛋白酶,在植物体内参与干旱、盐、低温、重金属等多种非生物胁迫的调节;山羊草是普通小麦D染色体组的供体物种,深入挖掘山羊草中GST基因,对进一步分析六倍体小麦GST基因的功能具有重要意义。本研究利用信息生物学手段,在山羊草中共发现114条GST基因序列,分属于6个亚族;基因复制分析发现共4对基因发生了基因复制,且均为纯化选择;采用荧光定量PCR对部分GST基因在非生物胁迫下的表达分析发现,8个GST基因在响应干旱和盐胁迫时,主要在根部显著上调表达,3个GST基因在响应低温胁迫时,在根和叶中均显著上调表达,说明山羊草中的GST基因在应答非生物胁迫时,在不同组织中的表达存在着差异。     

陆地棉KFB基因家族全基因组鉴定与表达分析

【目的】KFB(Kelch containing F-box protein)是普遍存在于各种生物体中含有F-box结构域的一类家族蛋白,参与众多生物过程。本研究旨在开展陆地棉KFB家族基因鉴定和表达分析。【方法】利用生物信息学方法从陆地棉(TM-1)基因组中鉴定KFB家族成员,与已知的拟南芥、水稻、大豆等KFB蛋白序列构建系统进化树;进一步针对第Ⅱ亚族进行基因结构、染色体定位和表达分析。【结果】从陆地棉基因组共鉴定出150个KFB家族成员,进化分析表明这些基因可分为7个亚族。陆地棉KFB第Ⅱ亚族24个基因分布在14条染色体上,有9对直系同源基因;该亚族基因结构简单,半数基因只有1个外显子;qRT-PCR结果表明,该亚族基因具有较为广泛的组织表达模式,但在不同组织的表达存在差异。【结论】这些结果显示陆地棉KFB第Ⅱ亚族基因在进化过程中出现了功能分化。     

大豆中GmRAD与GmDIV基因的in silico鉴定及表达分析

RAD与DIV属于MYB转录因子家族成员,在金鱼草研究中发现它们对花对称性的形成起着重要作用。本研究利用全基因组信息鉴定了大豆中的GmRAD与GmDIV基因,分析了其蛋白的理化性质、二级结构,基因结构与其在染色体上的分布,并对其系统发生和表达方式进行了研究。研究表明:大豆中存在5个GmRAD基因和5个GmDIV基因,它们分别属于MYB家族的R1和R2R3类,分布在大豆的9条染色体上;进化分析显示GmRAD和GmDIV基因具有不同的进化历程,GmDIV比GmRAD基因更趋于单元发生;表达分析证明,GmDIV和GmRAD成员具有不同的表达模式,其中GmRAD3和GmRAD5以及GmDIV1、GmDIV3、GmDIV4和GmDIV5在花组织中有较高的表达。     

陆地棉NF-YB基因家族的全基因组分析

为了进一步了解NF-YB基因家族结构的功能,利用生物信息学手段,系统研究了陆地棉标准系TM-1基因组中NF-YB基因家族的数目、亚细胞定位、染色体分布、进化关系、基序以及组织表达情况。结果表明:TM-1基因组中共有41个NF-YB基因家族成员,它们含有相同的CBFD_NFYB_HMF结构域,大部分定位到细胞核内;41个NF-YB基因家族成员分布在19条染色体上,其中有19组成员在A亚组和D亚组中表现为直系同源基因;进化树分为Ⅰ和Ⅱ2个小组,每个小组成员间具有相似的基序类型和排列顺序;组织表达分析则发现,在这41个NF-YB基因家族成员中,至少有24个成员可以进行表达,且表现出一定的组织特异性。     

番茄GeBP转录因子家族的鉴定及其进化和表达分析

利用生物信息学方法,在番茄全基因组范围内筛选出10个Ge BP基因,并从基因的分子量、等电点、与拟南芥同源基因的系统发育关系、基因结构、染色体的位置分布、番茄不同组织和果实不同发育时期基因的表达谱等方面进行该基因家族特征分析。通过系统发育关系和序列相似性将拟南芥和番茄Ge BP基因家族26个基因分为4类,分别有10个、7个、5个和4个基因。通过分析番茄Ge BP家族成员染色体分布,发现这些基因分布于4条染色体上。番茄2号和7号染色体上分别分布有4个Ge BP,1号和5号染色体上各分布1个基因。该家族成员基因结构相对简单,仅有2个成员含有内含子。通过对Ge BP转录因子家族的基因表达分析发现,不同基因的在番茄不同组织和果实发育阶段的表达具有特异性。该研究为进一步研究Ge BP在番茄发育中的角色奠定了理论基础。     

大豆GmGLRs基因全基因组鉴定与表达分析

为明确大豆GmGLRs基因家族的结构特征以及不同组织的表达模式,利用生物信息学的方法,从全基因组水平鉴定了大豆GmGLRs基因家族,并对其染色体定位、系统进化关系、基因结构、跨膜结构域及组织表达模式进行分析。结果表明,在大豆基因组(Wm82.a2.v1)全基因组信息中共鉴定出17个GmGLRs基因。基因定位显示,这些基因不均匀的分布在10条染色体上,有5条染色体各分布1个GmGLRs基因,有3条染色体各分布2个GmGLRs基因,有2条染色体各分布3个GmGLRs基因。系统进化树分析将这些基因分为2个亚族,有2个GmGLRs基因在一个亚族,其他15个GmGLRs基因在另一个亚族,这些基因在系统进化关系上成对出现,表现出很高的同源性。基因结构分析表明,这些基因基本上都具有6个外显子,只有1个基因有7个外显子。此外,大豆GmGLRs基因的CDS序列长度差异不大,最长的CDS长度是2 844 bp,最短的CDS长度是2 409 bp,平均长度为2 748 bp。跨膜结构域预测结果表明,10个GmGLRs蛋白有3个跨膜结构域,4个GmGLRs蛋白有4个跨膜结构域,2个GmGLRs蛋白有5个跨膜结构域,1个GmGLR蛋白有2个跨膜结构域。组织表达模式研究显示,这些基因没有表现出组织特异性的差异,但是在表达丰度上存在显著差异,高、中、低丰度表达基因数分别为8,5,4个。结果为大豆GmGLRs基因的克隆和功能研究提供了理论基础。     

水稻NRL基因家族的全基因组鉴定与生物信息学分析

NRL (NPH3/RPT2-Like)基因家族是植物中特异存在的基因家族,根据拟南芥NRL基因家族中参与植物向光性响应的NPH3 (NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3)和RPT2 (ROOT PHOTOTROPISM 2)命名.本研究利用生物信息学方法鉴定到27个水稻NRL基因,分布在除10号染色体外的染色体上,同时基因复制分析结果表明,全基因复制或片段复制比串联复制在水稻NRL基因家族扩张中起更大的作用.利用单、双子叶植物的7个物种进行系统进化关系分析,将192个NRL基因家族成员分为6个不同的组.水稻NRL家族的结构特征分析显示,多数成员含有NRL基因家族的特征结构域,而基于RNA-Seq和微阵列数据的表达分析结果表明,水稻NRL家族基因在多个组织表达,同时部分基因在叶片、花序和花药中高表达.本研究对水稻NRL基因家族进行鉴定和分析,为进一步研究水稻NRL基因家族的功能提供了一定的参考和依据.     

陆地棉GRF基因家族的鉴定和生物信息学分析

为了揭示陆地棉生长调控因子(growth-regulating factors, GRF)家族的功能,本研究利用全基因组信息在陆地棉基因组中鉴定了 33个GRF蛋白,并对这些家族成员进行了保守结构域分析、蛋白的基本理化性质分析、进化分析、基因的结构分析、染色体定位、保守基序分析和组织表达模式分析。研究表明,陆地棉GRF均含有QLQ和WRC 2个保守结构域,系统进化分为4个亚家族,基因定位在19条染色体上,基因上有2~19个蛋白编码区域,大多数的基因在柱头、子房和20 d的种子中高量表达。本研究弄清了棉花GRF家族的基本信息,为进一步研究棉花GRF家族成员的功能提供了理论指导。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.