奶白菜核基因雄性不育系的选育与利用

为解决奶白菜杂交种生产中的杂交制种手段问题,配制优良杂交种.以核不育“复等位基因遗传”假说为指导,以青梗白菜核基因雄性不育系00S107作不育源,采用连续回交转育同时测交鉴定基因型的方法,定向转育奶白菜核基因雄性不育系.并利用转育成的不育系与奶白菜优良自交系配制杂交组合,进行了杂种优势分析.选育出园艺学性状与目标品系相似,具有100％不育株率和不育度的奶白菜核基因雄性不育系GMS3,筛选出2个产量高、整齐度高的优异杂交组合GMS3×B1、GMS3×B2.定向转育模式兼顾了不育基因和园艺学性状的转育,解决了奶白菜核不育系转育和利用的难题.     

利用分子标记辅助选育大白菜核基因雄性不育系

本研究以含不育基因Ms的大白菜细胞核复等位基因型雄性不育两用系"AB01"的可育株(MsfMs)为供体亲本,以高代自交系‘a20’(msms)为轮回亲本,采用杂交和连续回交转育方法,利用与不育基因Ms连锁的SCAR标记syau_scr01辅助不育基因Ms选择,成功地将不育基因转育到可育品系‘a20’中,育成了不育度和不育株率均为100%,植物学性状与自交系‘a20’相近的新核不育系GMS4。选择结果表明syau_scr01选择的准确率为100%,验证了该标记可以用于大白菜核不育系转育辅助选择。     

乌塌菜核基因雄性不育系的选育及利用

为解决乌塌菜杂种优势利用中的杂交制种手段问题。以复等位基因遗传的小白菜核基因雄性不育系作不育源,采用杂交一代连续与乌塌菜轮回亲本回交,同时测交筛选基因型的方法,选育乌塌菜核基因雄性不育系。育成了具有100%不育株率和100%不育度,园艺学性状与目标品系相似的乌塌菜核基因雄性不育系GMSW,利用该不育系配制并筛选出2个产量高于对照品种的优异杂交组合GMSW×A2、GMSW×A1。解决了乌塌菜雄性不育系转育和利用的难题。     

小菘菜核基因雄性不育系的选育

以复等位基因遗传的白菜核基因雄性不育系06sx110为试材,设计定向转育方案,采用连续回交转育性状的同时,测交筛选基因型的方法,向小菘菜自交系Y05中转育雄性不育基因,育成了不育株率和不育度均为100％、园艺学性状与自交系Y05相近的小菘菜核基因雄性不育系GMS3.     

大白菜细胞核复等位基因型雄性不育系转育研究

为解决具有100%不育株率的大白菜细胞核复等位基因型雄性不育系转育难的问题,根据该不育系的遗传特性,设计了不育系的转育方案。采用常规的有性杂交、回交和自交方法,将青帮核不育系3A的不育基因转入白帮自交系C34中,育成了新的核基因雄性不育系A4。植物学性状鉴定结果表明,新育成的核不育系A4的株高、株幅、叶长、叶宽、叶柄长、叶球高、叶球粗、叶球毛重和叶球净重等的平均值和变异系数均接近于C34。     

芹菜隐性核基因雄性不育系转育研究

以芹菜雄性不育两用系01-3AB为不育源,根据其所携带的雄性不育隐性核基因和转育目标自交系相关性状的遗传特点设计转育方案,通过杂交、自交、回交、成对兄妹交等方法,向3个芹菜自交系转育核不育基因.转育结果表明,获得的3个新芹菜雄性不育两用系不育性稳定,结籽正常,综合农艺性状优良,相关性状与父本相同.     

红麻雄性不育系的选育和不育基因的ISSR分子标记

红麻不育系的选育为红麻杂种优势的利用提供了新的途径。红麻雄性不育基因的分子标记,可用于优良不育系或保持系的选择。采用单株选择回交的方法进行不育系的选择,用BSA法进行ISSR引物的筛选。利用中国农业科学院麻类研究所红麻育种课题组在海南三亚发现的红麻不育株AT-1做母本分别与15-4,04K1做杂交,再用父本回交4次,选育出2个高度不育的不育系。用CTAB法提取红麻单株DNA,利用BSA法构建近等基因池—不育池和可育池,以近等基因池DNA为模板,进行ISSR引物的筛选,筛选出一条能在不育池和可育池间产生稳定差异带的ISSR引物U859。对不育系鉴定表明,不育系为质核互作型雄性不育,且不育性稳定。通过不育和可育单株对ISSR引物的鉴定表明,U859是与雄性不育基因连锁的ISSR分子标记。     

利用青花菜胞质雄性不育源选育羽衣甘蓝雄性不育系

利用品比试验中发现的青花菜雄性不育单株为不育源,与3种叶色的羽衣甘蓝自交系进行回交转育,育成了性状优良而抗性较强、不育株率和不育度均达到100%的羽衣甘蓝胞质雄性不育系及相应的保持系。该种不育系在羽衣甘蓝优势育种中有较大的利用价值。     

利用青花菜胞质雄性不育源选育羽衣甘篮雄性不育系

利用品比试验中发现的青花菜雄性不育单株为不育源,与3种叶色的羽表甘蓝自交系进行回交转育,育成了性状优良而抗性较强、不育株率和不育度均达到100%的羽表甘蓝胞质雄性不育系及相应的保持系.该种不育系在羽衣甘蓝优势育种中有较大的利用价值.     

菜心核基因雄性不育系转育研究

以白菜核基因雄性不育系(简称核不育系)03S025为不育源,根据大白菜核基因雄性不育系“复等位基因遗传假说”设计转育方案,通过杂交、自交等方法,向菜心可育品系03S001(翡翠油青菜心)中转育核不育基因,获得了新的菜心100%核不育系及其相应的甲型两用系和临时保持系。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.