甜樱桃(Prunus avium)PaGAST基因的电子克隆及生物信息学分析

为获得甜樱桃PaGAST 基因的cDNA 序列,并预测该基因编码蛋白的结构与功能,以草莓FaGAST1 基因序列为探针,通过基于NCBI数据库中表达序列标签的电子克隆技术对甜樱桃PaGAST 基 因进行克隆。利用生物信息学方法对其编码蛋白的理化性质、疏水性和亲水性、信号肽序列、跨膜结构域、亚细胞定位及功能等方面进行分析。结果表明：甜樱桃PaGAST 基因长度为750 bp,开放阅读框长度为324 bp,编码107 个氨基酸,N末端存在信号肽序列,C末端含有保守的GASA结构域。由于PaGAST蛋白中含有的疏水性氨基酸残基较多,该蛋白具有跨膜螺旋区,是一种跨膜蛋白,且有10 个预测的蛋白激酶磷酸化位点。亚细胞定位分析表明,PaGAST蛋白分布在细胞膜外的可能性很大。功能预测显示,PaGAST 基因可能具有响应胁迫应答、信号转导和免疫应答方面的功能。进化分析显示甜樱桃PaGAST蛋白与桃的亲缘关系最近。在一定程度上为甜樱桃PaGAST 基因的克隆及功能鉴定奠定理论基础。     

甜樱桃PaGAST基因的电子克隆及生物信息学分析

为获得甜樱桃PaGAST基因的cDNA序列,并预测该基因编码蛋白的结构与功能,以草莓FaGAST1基因序列为探针,通过基于NCBI数据库中表达序列标签的电子克隆技术对甜樱桃PaGAST基因进行克隆。利用生物信息学方法对其编码蛋白的理化性质、疏水性和亲水性、信号肽序列、跨膜结构域、亚细胞定位及功能等方面进行分析。结果表明:甜樱桃PaGAST基因长度为750 bp,开放阅读框长度为324 bp,编码107个氨基酸,N末端存在信号肽序列,C末端含有保守的GASA结构域。由于PaGAST蛋白中含有的疏水性氨基酸残基较多,该蛋白具有跨膜螺旋区,是一种跨膜蛋白,且有10个预测的蛋白激酶磷酸化位点。亚细胞定位分析表明,PaGAST蛋白分布在细胞膜外的可能性很大。功能预测显示,PaGAST基因可能具有响应胁迫应答、信号转导和免疫应答方面的功能。进化分析显示甜樱桃PaGAST蛋白与桃的亲缘关系最近。在一定程度上为甜樱桃PaGAST基因的克隆及功能鉴定奠定理论基础。     

芒果 ANS 基因的克隆及其序列分析

为了研究芒果果实中ANS基因的功能。利用同源克隆方法从芒果果实中克隆得到了一个ANS基因,该基因的cDNA长度为1252 bp,开放阅读框的长度为1056 bp,编码351个氨基酸。通过系统发育分析,发现该基因编码的蛋白与荔枝、葡萄、可可豆、桑树等聚在一类。通过序列对比分析表明,已经成功得到芒果ANS基因,并对其生物信息进行了分析,为下一步芒果ANS基因的功能研究打下了基础。     

芒果赤霉素氧化酶基因GA3ox的克隆、表达及亚细胞定位分析

赤霉素3-氧化酶(gibberellin 3-oxidases, GA3ox)是赤霉素(gibberellic acid, GA)生物合成途径中的关键限速酶之一。芒果中GA3ox基因的功能及其表达模式未见报道。本研究利用RACE技术克隆了一个芒果GA3-氧化酶基因(GA3ox),该基因全长cDNA序列为1 680 bp,编码氨基酸381个,开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)为1 146 bp,蛋白分子量为42.6 kD,等电点为5.13,不含信号肽,不含跨膜结构域。系统发育树分析发现,该基因编码的蛋白主要与开心果亲缘关系较近,其次为克莱门柚、甜橙、麻疯树等植物。通过拟南芥原生质体亚细胞定位分析发现,该基因主要定位在细胞质中。通过对乔化、矮化芒果品种不同发育时期的叶片的实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,该基因主要在矮化品种中表达量较高,在乔化品种各个时期表达量较低,且差异不大。矮化品种中主要在开花期表达量最高,坐果期7～8周含量最低,但都高于乔化品种的任何取样时期。该基因的克隆和表达分析为下一步功能的研究及其在芒果株形调控分子机制提供理论依据。     

苎麻ACC氧化酶基因(BnA CO2)的克隆、时空表达及原核表达分析

ACC氧化酶(ACC oxidase, ACO)是乙烯合成途径中的一个关键酶。本研究通过RT-PCR结合RACE技术克隆得到一个ACO基因,命名为Bn ACO2,该基因cDNA序列全长为1 377 bp,开放阅读框为957 bp,编码318个氨基酸多肽,预测其分子量和等电点(pI)分别为36.145 kD和5.60。生物信息学分析表明,BnACO2编码蛋白没有信号肽和跨膜结构域,亚细胞定位于细胞质。与川桑等物种ACC氧化酶基因核苷酸序列同源性在83%以上,氨基酸序列同源性在87%以上。通过系统发育树发现该基因和山黄麻、大麻ACO基因亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,苎麻Bn ACO2基因在苎麻各部位均有表达,特别是在雌花花芽中表达显著。最后成功构建原核表达载体p QE-Bn ACO2,诱导表达出的目的蛋白分子量大小约为36.15 kD,与预测的蛋白大小一致。这为进一步研究BnACO2基因的功能提供了科学依据。     

大豆KCS基因的克隆及结构预测

以大豆叶片总RNA为模板,利用RT-PCR方法,克隆获得大豆KCS基因序列。采用生物信息学方法对其进行预测分析,结果表明:大豆KCS基因的CDS序列长度为1533bp,编码510个氨基酸;大豆KCS基因编码的蛋白质理论分子量为57.1kD,等电点为9.03;该基因编码的蛋白具有两个完全跨膜结构;没有信号肽;其蛋白质二级结构中α螺旋占47.65%,无规则卷曲占35.88%,β折叠占16.47%;在进化关系上,与油茶、菟葵、苜蓿的亲缘关系相对较近,该研究结果可为大豆KCS基因结构和功能的进一步研究提供理论参考。     

人参属植物鲨烯合酶编码基因及其氨基酸序列的生物信息学分析

利用生物信息学方法对GenBank中人参属9种植物鲨烯合酶的cDNA序列以及其编码的氨基酸序列的结构、理化性质、信号肽、疏水性、亲水性、亚细胞定位、跨膜结构域功能域和进化关系进行了初步预测和分析。结果表明：总体上人参属鲨烯合酶核苷酸序列相似性平均为96.245%,氨基酸相似性平均为95.5%。其二级结构预测结果显示9个鲨烯合酶氨基酸序列以α螺旋和无规则卷曲为主要组成部分。对9种人参属植物进行进化树分析发现可以分为2个亚族。对包括人参属9种植物在内的其他物种进行进化树分析可知,植物、动物、酵母分属不同的类群。通过分析人参属植物鲨烯合酶及其编码基因的生物信息学特征,可以为鲨烯合酶基因的克隆和遗传操作提供理论参考。     

无核白葡萄多酚氧化酶基因的克隆与序列分析

为获得无核白葡萄中多酚氧化酶(PPO)的基因序列,以无核白葡萄果实为试材,进行基因同源克隆,得到多酚氧化酶基因CDS全长序列,其完整的编码框为1 824 bp,编码607个氨基酸(GenBank登陆号为KP271928);系统进化分析可知,其与葡萄科植物PPO基因同源性最高;生物信息学方法发现该蛋白分子量为67 392.44 Da,等电点为6.42,具典型的酪氨酸家族结构域,无信号肽结构,但有一个跨膜结构域,为亲水性蛋白;二级结构预测发现,PPO具有CuA与CuB两个结合区,分别嵌入蛋白活性腔中。该研究为进一步从分子水平探讨多酚氧化酶与褐变的关系奠定理论基础。     

白羊草BiCDPK基因保守区的克隆及序列分析

为了研究CDPK基因的结构和功能,利用RT-PCR方法从白羊草中克隆得到BiCDPK基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析。结果表明：该BiCDPK基因cDNA长1048 bp,包含387 bp的开放阅读框,编码128个氨基酸。蛋白表现为弱酸性,且稳定、亲水,二级结构中以无规则卷曲和α-螺旋为主。亚细胞定位于细胞质中,无跨膜结构域,无信号肽。蛋白序列中存在1个丝氨酸磷酸化位点和3个苏氨酸磷酸化位点。进化分析结果表明,克隆的BiCDPK基因与玉米、小麦和水稻具有较高同源性,相似度分别是97%、86%、86%。为进一步研究BiCDPK基因的功能奠定了基础。     

荔枝SUMO结合酶基因LcSCE1的克隆与表达分析

通过RT-PCR和RACE技术,从荔枝胚性愈伤组织中克隆得到了SUMO结合酶1基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为LcSCE1。LcSCE1 cDNA全长为840 bp,CDS全长483 bp,预测可编码160个氨基酸。生物信息学分析发现:LcSCE1为带负电的亲水不稳定蛋白,没有信号肽和跨膜结构域,进化上,LcSCE1与麻风树SCE1蛋白亲缘关系最近。利用Real-time PCR技术研究了LcSCE1在不同组织部位的表达情况,发现该基因在"元红"荔枝各组织器官中均有表达,在新叶与芽中表达量最高,膨大期果核中该基因的表达量也显著高于成熟果核(p0.01)。此外,本研究还比较了该基因在醮核和正常核中LcSCE1的表达情况,发现它在醮核中的表达量显著高于正常核(p0.01)。本研究结果表明LcSCE1可能在荔枝生长发育及醮核产生过程中发挥着重要作用。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.