开放式公园绿地游人行为探析——以乌鲁木齐市人民公园为例

通过对乌鲁木齐市人民公园的实地调研以及在对游人所做的问卷调查资料归纳整理的基础上,对该公园存在的问题和影响游人行为的因素进行了分析,希望公园在今后的改造过程中能充分考虑游人行为特点,使公园绿地建设更加符合游人行为特点和需求,并充满个性,达到人与自然环境和谐统一的目的。     

城市微更新中生态智能口袋公园营造——创新路口袋公园设计

随着城镇化进程加快,城市微空间更新改造成为当前城市更新建设的一项重要措施。而小巧精美的口袋公园成为微空间的典型代表,它不仅改善了城市的生态环境,更成为游人休闲、健身等活动的好去处。口袋公园也同样是城市生态休闲系统绿地的重要补充。从城市微更新的角度出发,以武汉市创新路口袋公园作为研究的对象,开展实施生态智能口袋公园的设计方案。对口袋公园的未来发展方向进行思考,进一步探索在现代城市新环境下的口袋公园与游人行为之间的联系。     

植物空间环境对游人行为引导作用的研究——以大明湖公园为例

游人的行为活动往往能够反应其对于环境要素的一种需求[1]。利用植物材料的特性进行植物配置,形成不同的环境氛围,能够对游人行为起引导作用,同时可创造休憩、活动的空间[2]。为此,以济南市大明湖公园为例,采用统计分析法、观察法与样地法探究游人处于不同植物景观特征的环境与行为特征的关联性,以及环境对于游人行为的导向性。提出有利于形成利用率高、景观效果好且合理的植物景观模式,竖向植物空间为服务于人的景观设计提供参考。     

基于游人破坏性行为研究的社区公园优化设计——以杭州市为例

为提高社区公园的环境质量,以杭州市为例,结合环境心理学、环境行为学等相关理论和文献的研究,调查分析了社区公园中游人的破坏性行为产生的实质,从设计的角度提出了相应的可行性对策,从而规避由其行为造成的环境破坏,最终达到优化社区公园环境的目的,为将来社区公园建设和改造提供理论参考。     

城市公园游人使用特征研究——以北京市部分城市公园为例

通过实地调查和案例分析方法,对北京市4个不同类型公园中游人使用特征进行研究,结果显示:公园中游人不同年龄段人数差异明显,但均以老年人占比较高;不同类型公园中游人活动方式差别明显,以休闲游览人数较多,但也有的公园是以体育锻炼活动内容占比较高;同一公园中不同区域因其具有不同的空间、环境、设施等实际要素,吸引了不同活动内容的游人。公园设计者和建设者应该充分考虑城市公园中游人使用特征,以便更好地为城市居民创造安全、舒适的游览、休闲、观光、锻炼的优美场所。     

珠江公园植物造景分析

概述了珠江公园不同环境中植物造景的主要特征,分析了该公园植物构成的点、线、面空间形态在景观塑造中的作用,指出公园植物造景应从空间塑造和游人感受的角度出发,综合运用形式美的法则,使塑造的植物景观符合环境的空间特性并具有形式上的美感。     

哈尔滨斯大林公园绿地及游人使用状况调查

本次调查以哈尔滨市斯大林公园为调查对象,通过实地考察、对公园内使用者的问卷调查、随机访谈,了解其绿地及游人使用状况情况;并对其进行评价,同时对该绿地游人的使用情况进行调查;最终得出初步结论.     

广州市区公园游人特征分析

公园是由国家或地方市镇经管作为自然或人文风景区、供公众游憩用的绿地,有改善城市生态、防火、避难等作用。公园环境容量的研究可为维护和评估城市生态环境提供指导。文章选取广州市有代表性的公园进行公园游人量抽样调查,在应用生态环境容量计算方法的基础上,通过生态环境容量与实际游人数对比分析,得出以下结论：广州市公园游人空间上分布不均,广州市天河公园、广州动物园和越秀公园的年游人量超生态容量50%以上,而珠江公园等其它公园年游人量相对较少;广州市公园游人时间上分布不均,主要集中在节假日,导致部分公园生态环境遭受严重破坏,其中外来务工人员、本地居民和旅游者的剧增是引起时空分布不均的主要因素。最后建议广州市应加强公园的管理,增加排他性措施,控制游人量,实行游人分流,加强公园规划。     

城市公园冬季植物景观营造初探

冬季气候寒冷,公园游人量少,景观单一、沉闷,吸引力小。作者从视觉形态、游人行为心理与审美机制角度,首次探讨城市公园冬季园林植物景观的营造方法,希望能满足游人在冬季特殊环境下对景观较高的需求。     

地域性植物景观研究

景观构成主体及服务对象是人。分析游人对景观的行为感知,有助于塑造特色鲜明的地域植物景观。本文以环境心理学和环境行为学为基础,采用实地调研法及问卷调查法以兰州市水车园为研究对象,对其游人行为进行调查,分析游人与植物景观的关系,总结出如何能在充分考虑游人行为基础上使植物方案设计更加具有地域特质。最终提出水车园植物景观方案优化可以从乡土植物配置、生态驳岸设计、植物景观意境营造几个方面综合考虑,以期对后续同类规划提供借鉴。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.