Macracanthorhynchus ingens infection in a dog

A 4-month-old sexually intact female Siberian Husky was examined because of diarrhea and 4 flesh-colored annulated helminths that were recovered from the dog's feces. Infection with Macracanthorhynchus ingens was diagnosed on the basis of morphologic features of the adult parasites and ova. Spindle-shaped eggs (mean length, 91 microm; mean width; 54 microm) were obtained from the body cavity of a gravid female specimen. The dog was treated empirically with epsiprantel (5.5 mg/kg [2.5 mg/lb] of body weight) and ivermectin (250 to 500 microg/kg [114 to 227 microg/lb]), and the diarrhea resolved. Infection with this parasite has been reported in raccoons from the same geographic area. Macracanthorhynchus ingens is typically a parasite of raccoons, wolves, badgers, foxes, skunks, mink, and moles; transmission from wildlife to dogs may occur via ingestion of infected intermediate hosts (millipedes).     

蜂毒素—死亡素重组抗菌肽的小鼠毒性试验

本试验旨在探索蜂毒素—死亡素重组抗菌肽（MT-W）对昆明小鼠的毒性影响。试验通过小鼠口服急性毒性试验和口服生物利用度试验,研究了MT-W对小鼠主要脏器的影响,并检测了血液中碱性磷酸酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶等生化指标,并对MT-W的体内吸收情况进行了检测。结果显示,MT-W在试验设定浓度下,对试验小鼠的体重、器官/体重比率没有显著影响,血液生化指标与对照组也无统计学差异;在按照50 mg/kg体重给实验小鼠灌服MT-W溶液后,在血浆中未检测到MT-W。研究表明,MT-W对小鼠没有明显毒副作用,MT-W在口服后未被有效吸收。     

鸡线虫对雏鸡成活率及发育的影响

通过雏鸡人工感染鸡蛔虫和异刺线虫的试验证明，鸡蛔虫、异刺线虫单独或混合感染，对雏鸡的成活率及发育均有程度不同的影响。与不感染对照组相比，感染３００个／只蛔虫卵的雏鸡成活率低１９％（Ｐ＜０．０５），死亡峰期在感染后７～１４天，增重低３０．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１），影响增重峰期为感染后第１～１０和２１～４０天；感染同量异刺线虫卵雏鸡成活率低１０．３％（Ｐ＞０．０５），死亡主因是组织滴虫病，增重低１６．６％（Ｐ＜０．０５），影响增重峰期在感染后第１１～２０天，混合感染减半量的两种虫卵，成活率低１４％（Ｐ＜０．０５），增重低３２．９％（Ｐ＜０．０１），死亡及发育受阻期与单独感染蛔虫卵组相似，但部分鸡死于组织滴虫病；单独感染减半量蛔虫卵，成活率低１７．３％（Ｐ＜０．０５），增重低１０．１％（Ｐ＞０．０５），死亡及影响增重峰期基本在感染后第１～１０天。     

Effect of ethionine on hematologic and serum biochemical values in fasted calves

DL-Ethionine (0.87 g/kg of body weight) was administered IV to 6 fasted (12 hour) Holstein bull calves (4.5 months old). Fasting, which was continued for an additional 48 hours, caused a body weight loss (10.82% to 11.96%), a mild increase in PCV, and an increase in the serum free fatty acids (1.204 mmole/L, fasted; 0.949 mmole/L, fasted ethionine-treated calves). Ethionine caused a decrease in the total plasma proteins from 6.5 g/dl to 5.5 g/dl and total serum lipids from 493.9 mg/dl to 307.8 mg/dl. The decrease in the serum esterified fats included all the lipid fractions (triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids). The calves' WBC and serum enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and L-alanine aminotransferase remained within normal range.     

The effects of naturally deoxynivalenol-contaminated oats on the clinical condition,blood parameters,performance and carcass composition of growing pigs

A feeding trial with naturally deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated oats included in feed mixtures at graded levels was conducted in growing pigs. The DON concentrations were 0, 0.7, 1.7, and 3.5 mg/kg of complete feed mixture givenad libitum to different groups. The data recorded were feed consumption, body weight gain, slaughter weight, biochemical and haematological data including serum immunoglobulin A, clinical condition and post-mortem pathology including histopathology.Significantly decreasing body weight gain throughout the experimental period, decreased slaughter weight and reduced feed utilization efficiency were observed for the group fed a diet containing 3.5 mg/kg of DON. At the same DON concentration, there were increased liver weights and decreased concentrations of serum protein and albumin, and a temporary fall in packed blood cell volume, serum calcium and serum phosphorus. For the groups fed diets containing 1.7 and 3.5 mg/kg of DON, a statistically significant, dose-related decrease in daily feed consumption was observed. No other effects on haematological, biochemical or immunological parameters were recorded. The carcass quality was not affected in any group.It was concluded that significant effects in growing pigs may be observed at a dietary DON concentration of 1.7 mg/kg, originating from naturally contaminated oats included in a diet that was otherwise adequate and contained only minor traces of other mycotoxins.Abbreviations ALAT alanine aminotransferase - ASAT aspartate aminotransferase - CFU colony-forming units - DON deoxynivalenol - 3-ac-DON 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol - F.U. feed unit - FUS-X fusarenon-X - HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography - IgA immunoglobulin A - NFSA nutrient-free sporulation agar - NIV nivalenol - PDA potato dextrose agar     

Studies on the Spring Rise Phenomenon in Ovine Helminthiasis: I. Spring Rise in Stabled Sheep *

Serial ova count studies were conducted to determine some of the characteristics of the spring rise in faecal shedding of nematode ova by parasitized sheep in flocks in the Montreal area. It was discovered that substantial spring rises occurred in most ewes following their lambing but that great variation existed in the magnitude, duration, and pattern of the rises. Although rams did not display increased ova counts, a slight but well-defined rise developed in one unbred ewe.

Larval studies in ewes parasitized by a variety of nematode species, revealed that Haemonchus contortus was the major contributor to the spring rise in faecal ova output.

Preparturient treatment of ewes with thiabendazole¹, at the rate of 100 mg./kg. of body weight, suppressed spring rise but failed to arrest completely the faecal shedding of nematode ova.

     

生长前期北京鸭生物素需要量及脚裂症的初步探究

本文旨在研究不同生物素水平对生长前期北京鸭生长性能的影响,并对生物素缺乏症———脚裂症进行初步探究。试验选用体重相近的1日龄雄性北京鸭480只,随机分成10组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸭。各组分别添加0、0.03、0.06、0.09、0.12、0.15、0.18、0.21、1.50 mg/kg生物素及3 g/kg蛋清粉。试验期4周。结果表明,不同生物素水平对1～21日龄北京鸭平均日采食量和平均日增重有显著影响(P<0.05),但对料重比没有显著影响(P>0.05)。统计发现,各组表现出不同程度的脚裂症,其中3 g/kg蛋清粉组最为严重;生物素添加水平高于0.15 mg/kg时,脚裂症得到有效缓解。不同生物素水平对28日龄北京鸭肝脏磷脂含量和血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性有显著影响(P<0.05)。通过数据分析得出,以平均日增重为衡量指标,采用直线折线和二次曲线模型估测生物素适宜需要量分别为0.180和0.202 mg/kg,并初步判断脚裂症与脱水存在一定的关系。     

实用饲料中补充铜对斑点叉尾生长和体色的影响

在实用饲料(含铜11.1 mg/kg)中分别添加0(对照)、5、10、20和40 mg/kg铜[以五水硫酸铜(CuSO_4·5H_2O)形式],制成5种试验饲料,投喂平均体重为(98.1±0.5)g的斑点叉尾42 d,研究实用饲料中补充铜对斑点叉尾生长和体色的影响。每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复放养20尾鱼。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲料中添加10 mg/kg铜显著提高了鱼体的增重率(P0.05),显著降低了饲料系数(P0.05);饲料铜添加量进一步增加到40 mg/kg,鱼体的增重率则较添加量为10 mg/kg时显著降低(P0.05),同时饲料系数显著升高(P0.05)。肝脏和骨骼铜含量随着饲料中铜添加量的增加而上升,其中20、40 mg/kg铜添加组的肝脏铜含量显著高于对照组和5 mg/kg铜添加组(P0.05),40 mg/kg铜添加组的骨骼铜含量也显著高于对照组(P0.05),而肌肉铜含量保持基本不变(P0.05)。饲料中添加0~40 mg/kg铜对斑点叉尾背部皮肤、肌肉色度值、总叶黄素含量及背部皮肤酪氨酸酶活性均未产生显著影响(P0.05)。各组血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活性和总胆红素(T-Bil)含量以及肌肉水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量无显著差异(P0.05)。10 mg/kg铜添加组具有最高的血清铜锌-超氧化物歧化酶(Cu,Zn-SOD)活性,显著高于其他各组(P0.05),而其他各组间则无显著差异(P0.05)。综上,在本试验条件下,斑点叉尾实用饲料中铜的添加量建议为10 mg/kg(饲料铜含量实测值为20.2 mg/kg)。     

Diet manipulation as treatment for elevated serum iron parameters in captive raggiana bird of paradise (Paradisaea raggiana)

Elevated serum iron parameters were lowered through dietary manipulation in captive Raggiana bird of paradise (Paradisaea raggiana). Study birds were part of a captive breeding program consisting of two males and one female, captive born, 3.5-9 yr of age. Serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), percentage saturation, body weight, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, and hematocrit were monitored at regular intervals for 2.5 yr. Routine diet consisted of a variety of fruits, vegetables, a multivitamin supplement, and a commercial low iron avian pellet, with a dietary iron content of 55 mg/kg (dry matter basis) or 1.12 mg iron/bird/day. Dietary treatment involved removal of the commercial avian pellet for 30 days at 6-to 12-mo intervals, resulting in an iron content of 42 mg/kg (dry matter basis) or 0.64 mg iron/bird/day. Average serum iron and TIBC were decreased by 75% (TIBC) to 80% (serum iron) ofpretreatment values after one 30-day treatment. Average iron saturation levels were lowered by 10% of pretreatment values after one 30-day treatment. Average hematocrit, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, and body weight remained unchanged. No adverse effects were noted through the 2.5-yr evaluation period, and breeding behavior was undisturbed. Periodic removal of low iron commercial pellets in the diet of captive bird of paradise is a safe and effective method for lowering serum iron values without need for handling. Periodic application of this technique may be useful as a preventive tool to maintain appropriate serum iron values in avian species susceptible to iron storage disease.     

芪苓制剂对免疫抑制小鼠血清蛋白含量及转氨酶活性的影响

以腹腔注射环磷酰胺（Cyclophosphamide,CY）75mg／kg诱导建立免疫抑制小鼠模型,给免疫抑制小鼠分别按12．5g／kg、25g／kg、50g／kg灌服不同剂量芪苓制剂,通过测定小鼠血清蛋白含量和转氨酶的活性,探讨芪芩制剂对CY所致免疫抑制小鼠血清蛋白含量和转氨酶活性的影响。结果表明,三个不同剂量芪苓制剂均能提高血清中总蛋白、白蛋白及球蛋白含量及降低丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）的活性（P〈0．05）,说明芪苓制剂能减轻环磷酰胺对小鼠肝脏的损害作用。     

Effects of short-term sodium chlorate exposure on pigs

The present study evaluated the effects of exposure to different doses of sodium chlorate in 10-week-old pigs. Twenty pigs were divided into four equal groups and treated with different doses of sodium chlorate: 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1 body weight per day via the drinking water for 7 consecutive days. The results showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in red blood cell and white blood cell counts, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.001) and creatinine levels, and an increase in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.05) activities in swine administered sodium chlorate at a dose of 500 mg kg-1 body weight per day. The histopathological study revealed increased numbers of vacuoles in the convoluted tubules, tubular necrosis and degeneration of the renal tubular epithelial cells, depletion of nuclei and lobular necrosis of the liver in all pigs treated with sodium chlorate at 500 mg kg-1 body weight per day. Thus, 7-day administration of sodium chlorate at 500 mg kg-1 body weight per day to pigs affects the liver and kidney tissues as well as the haematologic and serum biochemical parameters.     

The subacute neurotoxicity of excess pyridoxine HCl and clioquinol (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline) in beagle dogs. I. Clinical disease

The clinical and clinicopathologic effects of excess oral pyridoxine hydrochloride (150 mg/kg body weight/day) and clioquinol (200 mg/kg body weight/day) alone and in combination were evaluated in adult Beagle dogs over an experimental period of approximately 100 days. Anorexia and loss of body weight occurred in the first weeks of the trial period in each treatment group, but was most severe in dogs given both compounds. Dogs in each treatment group (10 of 10 pyridoxine-treated dogs, 6 of 13 clioquinol-treated dogs and 12 of 13 pyridoxine plus clioquinol-treated dogs) developed neurologic disease, manifested principally by ataxia. Pyridoxine-treated dogs had proprioceptive loss involving both fore- and hindquarters, characterized by stiff, spastic, dysmetric leg movements. In clioquinol-treated dogs, dysmetric leg movements were accompanied by failure to support body weight in the hindquarters, but similar forelimb involvement occurred in severely affected dogs. The neurologic disease in dogs given both compounds varied; signs in some dogs resembled those of affected dogs of the pyridoxine-treated group, and in others, those in clioquinol-treated group. Erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentrations and packed cell volumes were reduced in dogs in each treatment group and were lowest in dogs given both compounds. Plasma protein was mildly reduced in dogs given pyridoxine or pyridoxine plus clioquinol. Few or no differences were present in the leukocyte counts, blood urea nitrogen concentrations, in activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and in concentrations of sodium, chloride or potassium in treated dogs as compared to control dogs.     

Effects of Long-term Cyanide Ingestion by Pigs

Animal performance and health status are adversely affected by long-term cyanide ingestion; however, the effects of cyanide ingestion by pigs have not been fully determined. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of prolonged exposure to different doses of potassium cyanide (KCN) in growing-finishing swine. Twenty-four pigs, 45 days of age, were divided into four equal groups and treated with different doses of KCN: 0, 2.0, 4.0 or 6.0 mg per kg body weight per day for 70 consecutive days. The results showed a significant alteration in thiocyanate, creatinine and urea levels and in alanine aminotransferase activity of swine dosed with 4.0 and 6.0 mg/kg/KCN. Thyroid weight was significantly increased in those pigs from 4.0 mg/kg KCN group, but no change in cholesterol, triiodothyronine or thyroline levels were observed. Body and carcase weights, body weight gain, and bacon thickness were not affected by KCN treatment. The histopathological study revealed increased numbers of vacuoles in the colloid of thyroid follicles, degeneration of cerebellar white matter and Purkinje cells, degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cells, caryolysis and pyknosis in hepatocytes, and disturbance of the normal lobular architecture of the liver in all treated pigs. Thus, long-term administration of KCN to swine affects several tissues and could adversely affect animal production.     

半胱胺对鲤鱼生产性能及生化指标的影响

选用8000尾健康体重相近(100g/尾)的鲤鱼随机分为2组,研究在日粮中添加半胱胺(CS)对其生产性能及生化指标的影响。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ组为试验组,饲喂基础日粮加150mg/kg半胱胺。试验期45d。结果表明,日粮中添加半胱胺可提高鲤鱼的生产性能;对谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、钾、钠、镁等无显著影响(P>0.05);但显著降低试验组血糖、甘油三酯的含量(P<0.05);极显著提高血液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总蛋白质、白蛋白、球蛋白(P<0.01);显著降低血液中钙离子含量(P<0.05)。     

Use of monoclonal antibodies for detecting T brucei brucei infection in splenectomised dogs

A monoclonal antibody against a plasma membrane antigen of Trypanosoma rhodesiense was used for the detection of T brucei group-specific circulating antigen in 24 adult local dogs experimentally infected with T brucei brucei strain 8/18. Ten of the dogs were splenectomised and the remainder non-splenectomised (intact). Five dogs each from the splenectomised and intact groups were inoculated intravenously with try-panosomes. The infected dogs developed trypanosomiasis between days 4 and 8 after infection. The circulating antigens were detected as early as six days after infection and remained high until two weeks after treatment, when the circulating antigen declined. The detection of the antigens showed the existence of infection unlike the antibody test. The treatment of the infected dogs with diminazene aceturate (Berenil; Hoechst) at a dose of 7-0 mg/kg on day 21 after infection cleared all the parasites but elevated the circulating antigen levels. The antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a useful diagnostic tool for complementing parasitological diagnosis, for detecting infection in the field and for ascertaining the efficacy of trypanocidal drugs.     

Effects of bacterial lipopolysachharide on peripheral leukocytes in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Alligators were injected intraperitoneally with four different doses (10, 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 mg/kg body weight) of a mixture of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from three different types of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Injection of the alligators with the LPS mixture resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in total peripheral leukocytes Lymphocytes increased at days 3 and 4 post-injection, and decreased back to baseline levels at day 7 for all doses. Alligators that were not treated, and those injected with pyrogen-free saline, did not exhibit statistically significant changes in total leukocytes during the course of the study. Injection of alligators with 0.5 mg LPS/kg body weight derived from one of three bacterial species revealed that the leukocyte increases observed were not statistically different for all three types of LPS. The animals displayed the same increases in total counts and the levels of all circulating leukocyte types were not different between animals treated with a combination of LPS from all three bacterial species.     

Metabolic parameters in rats receiving different levels of oral glycerol supplementation

The use of glycerol in the diets for animals is of interest because it is a residue of biodiesel production and rich in energy. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate metabolic and physiological parameters of rats receiving supplemental pure glycerol by gavage. We used 30 Wistar rats (initial weight 202.7 ± 29.98 g) receiving 0 (control/saline), 200, 400, 800 and 1600 mg glycerol/kg of body weight (bidistilled glycerine, 99.85% glycerol) beside food and water ad libitum for 28 days. We used a completely randomised design with five treatments and six replicates. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed, and the results showed that there was no change (p > 0.05) in the intake and excretion of water, the average daily weight gain, dry matter, ash and crude protein in the carcass or plasma triacylglycerols. There was a beneficial effect (p < 0.05) up to a dose of 800 mg/kg glycerol on feed intake, percentage of carcass fat, plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), high‐density lipoprotein (HDLc) and low‐/very low‐density lipoprotein (LDLc + VLDLc). The levels of total cholesterol and glucose were increased with up to a dose of 800 mg/kg glycerol (but remained within the normal range); they were reduced with the dose of 1600 mg/kg. The total leucocyte count tended to be reduced, although it was within the reference values for rats. There were no renal or pancreatic lesions. In conclusion, glycerol presented as a safe supplement at the studied doses, even having some beneficial effects in a dose‐dependent manner in rats.     

Effects of low concentrations of dietary cobalt on liveweight gains, haematology, serum vitamin B(12) and biochemistry of Omani goats

Seventy-three, 10-week-old, newly weaned Omani goats of three different breeds, namely Dhofari (D), Batinah (B) and Jebel Akhdar (JA) were randomly divided into a control (n=38) and a treated group (n=35) for an experimental period of 10 months. Goats in both groups were fed 150 g/day per head of a pelleted concentrate, based on body weight and their requirements and Rhodes grass hay ad libitum, containing 0.12 and 0.10 mg/kg DM cobalt, respectively. Goats in the treated group also received bi-monthly subcutaneous injections of 2000 microg hydroxycobalamin. In contrast to the treated goats, the control animals of all breeds experienced a severe decrease in their serum vitamin B(12) levels, developed pale mucous membranes, appeared scruffy and two breeds (D and B) had significantly lower weight gains from month 5. Untreated kids of all breeds had significant decreases in their red blood cell counts and erythrocyte indices after approximately four months. Controls developed low total serum protein levels whilst activities of alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase significantly increased. Although it is widely assumed that goats are more resistant to cobalt deficiency than sheep this is apparently not true for Omani goats. Based on experimental data from previously reported studies and those from the present study it can be concluded that the reduction in weight gains in D and B goats is related to their lower digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and energy while the increase in alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase are associated with developing hepatic lipidosis.     

Effect of daidzein on egg-laying performance in Shaoxing duck breeders during different stages of the egg production cycle

The effect of a phyto-oestrogen, daidzein, on the laying performance of Shaoxing female ducks was examined in three experiments performed at different stages of the egg production cycle. Egg-laying rate, egg weight, egg composition, feed conversion ratio, hatchability characteristics of eggs and body weight, ovary and oviduct weight, as well as changes in serum concentrations of T3, T4 and E2 were recorded as response criteria. In the first experiment, 68 young ducks, 100 d of age, were given a basal diet (maize-soybean meal) with or without 3 mg of daidzein/kg diet for 42 d. Daidzein did not affect the onset of lay but apparently decreased egg-laying rate and mean egg weight as well as the feed conversion ratio. In the second experiment, 240 breeding ducks, 402 d of age, were allotted at random to three groups and given the basal diet containing daidzein at 0 (control), 3 (Da1) and 5mg/kg (Da2) for 35d. Egg-laying rate, mean egg weight and feed conversion ratio increased in both Da1 and Da2 groups. However, an adverse effect of daidzein on fertility and hatchability was observed. In the third experiment, 320 breeding ducks, 415 d of age, were fed on the basal diet with or without 5mg of daidzein/kg diet for 63 d. Egg-laying rate increased by 7.7%, average egg weight tended to increase, whereas yolk/albumen ratio decreased. Daidzein-treated ducks had higher body weight and oviduct weight compared with their controls. Elevated plasma T4 and E2 concentrations accompanied these phenotypic changes, but serum T3 was not affected. It is suggested that daidzein exerts divergent effects on the egg-laying performance of Shaoxing ducks under different physiological conditions and this action is dose-dependent. The changes in circulating E2 imply possible participation of endogenous oestrogen in the mechanism of daidzein action.     

The phototoxic effect of erythrosin B on third-stage larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep.

The phototoxic effect of erythrosin B on the infective third-stage larvae (L3) of naturally acquired mixed populations of ovine gastrointestinal nematodes was investigated. This xanthene dye was phototoxic when administered orally to parasitized lambs or applied directly to feces containing nematode ova. Phototoxicity was assessed by the lack of motility (non-swimming) exhibited by the L3 following their collection by Baermannization from cultured feces and exposure to fluorescent light for 360 min. When lambs were administered erythrosin B orally at dosages of O (control), 40, 60 and 80 mg dye kg-1 body weight daily for 10 consecutive days, the percentages of non-swimming L3 were 16%, 46%, 55% and 62%, respectively. However, erythrosin B phototoxicity did not persist after administration of the dye was discontinued and the percentage of non-swimming L3 declined to a level similar to that of the untreated controls within 2 days. The highest percentage of non-swimming L3 was observed when erythrosin B was added directly to feces containing nematode ova. A dose-response curve was evident from the successively higher percentages of non-swimming L3 with increasing concentrations of erythrosin B. Xanthene dyes have the potential to control parasites acquired by livestock on pasture by inducing a phototoxic reaction in the infective L3.