针叶树种遗传转化研究进展与应用

尽管针叶树种的遗传转化相对较难, 但随着生物技术和分子生物学的快速发展, 近年来针叶树种的遗传转化研究取得了可喜的进展。文中从针叶树种主要采用的转化技术和遗传转化研究的应用2个方面对针叶树种遗传转化研究的情况进行了概括和总结, 并对该研究领域存在的问题和发展前景进行了探讨。     

遗传标记技术及其在林木遗传育种中的应用研究

论述了不同遗传标记技术的原理及特点,综述了遗传标记技术在林木遗传育种中的应用研究进展,为林木遗传学和育种学的研究提供参考。     

Use of DNA markers in forest tree improvement research

DNA markers are rapidly being developed for forest trees. The most important markers are restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), polymerase chain reaction- (PCR) based markers such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and fingerprinting markers. DNA markers can supplement isozyme markers for monitoring tree improvement activities such as; estimating genetic diversity in breeding populations, germplasm identification, verifying controlled crosses, and estimating seed orchard efficiencies. Because the number of DNA markers is potentially limitless, it should be possible to map individual quantitative trait loci (QTL) by linkage analysis with high-density maps. Finally, if such associations can be found, it may also be possible to design marker-assisted breeding strategies for forest trees.     

生理生化指标在林木遗传育种中的应用

阐述了生理生化指标的特性，对与林木生长及抗性有关常用生理生化指标进行了归纳和总结。对目前生理生化在林木遗传育种中的主要应用进行了综述，包括亲本选配、间接选择和杂种优势的生理生化机制等几个方面。对今后该类指标的应用提出了建议。     

Increased forest production through forest tree breeding

Forest tree breeding started in the middle of the twentieth century and since then the use of improved forest regeneration material has become an essential part of forestry in many countries. This review describes methods and achievements of tree breeding programmes, which aim at increasing the quantities and improving qualities of wood-based raw materials through selection, field testing and controlled crossings. Most improved materials currently deployed are seed crops from first-generation phenotypic or tested seed orchards, which offer 10–25% gains in yield depending on the selection intensity of parent trees. Methods of vegetative propagation are developed intensively so that it could be applied to a larger range of species, because it offers high genetic gain and uniformity of the material. Genomic tools are also developed to enhance the efficacy of selection. Applications of genetic engineering are currently limited to research purposes. Forest tree breeding will be an integral part of bioeconomy in securing the production of good quality raw materials in large quantities and will have a significant economic impact on the profitability of forestry in the long term.     

RAPD技术在林木遗传育种中的应用

RAPD是用以检测种一级水平基因多样性的分子遗传标记技术。该文对RAPD标记的基本原理进行了介绍 ,并综述了近年来RAPD分子标记在林木种质资源研究 ,分子遗传图谱的构建 ,数量性状位点定位 ,分子标记辅助育种 ,群体遗传结构及多样性等方面的应用 ,最后指出了存在的问题与展望     

Effect of forest management on gene pools

The influence of current forest management practices on gene pools is discussed. These forest management methods range from natural regeneration to replacing local species with exotics. Genetic changes caused by drift, alterations in the mating system, and directional selection are considered. A baseline is provided by information on genetic variation and demography of natural populations. While biochemical markers are useful for monitoring broad changes in genetic diversity or levels of inbreeding, changes of adaptive characters are likely to go undetected because of the low correlation in level and pattern of variation between biochemical and adaptive characters.     

南方红豆杉分子遗传学研究进展

南方红豆杉是我国珍稀濒危保护树种,其树体所含的紫杉醇是目前最好的天然抗癌药物之一。与其他针叶树种相比,有关南方红豆杉分子遗传学的研究相对滞后。为给南方红豆杉种群保护和育种研究提供参考依据,文中就南方红豆杉分子标记的开发、种质资源收集与分子评价、遗传多样性和种群保护、紫杉醇合成基因的克隆与功能分析、转录组学等5个方面的研究进展进行了综述,提出了相关分子遗传学研究中存在的问题,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

A commentary on current approaches to forest population genetics

Some of the most frequently chosen approaches to forest population genetics as reflected in the present volume are discussed, and some topics possibly deserving more attention are addressed. Among the first are studies of self-fertilization as a characteristic of forest tree mating systems, gene markers as indicators of adaptive or phylogenetic differentiation, and methodological aspects of the measurement of genetic differentiation. The latter mainly concern generalizable methods of analysis and the involvement of gene markers in the determination of mating systems, detection of mechanisms of frequency dependent selection, and the incorporation of genetic profiles (characteristics of frequency distributions of genetic types) into population genetic analysis.     

湿地松自由授粉家系松脂组分遗传变异研究

湿地松(Pinus elliottii Englem.)原产于美国,不仅是重要的用材、纸浆材树种,更是优良的产脂树种。我国在20世纪30年代初开始引进美国湿地松,目前种植面积达200万hm2,已经成为重要的用材、采脂树种[1-3]。松脂是生产松香、松节油的原料,也是重要的工业原料[4];然而,国内对松脂质量研究重视不够,研究方法较粗放[5-7],不能满足我国     

The genetic and economic gains from forest tree breeding programmes in Scandinavia and Finland

Plantations of genetically improved forest trees are critical for economic sustainability in forestry. This review summarizes gains in objective traits and the resulting economic impact of tree breeding programmes in Scandinavia and Finland. Genetic improvement of forest trees in these countries began in the late 1940s, when the first phenotypically superior plus-trees were selected from natural environments. The main findings from this review are that (i) tree breeding can increase volume growth in the range 10–25%, and (ii) the bare land value associated with genetically improved trees gives a better return on investment and a shorter rotation period compared to the unimproved forests. As some Nordic countries are quite dependent on the forest industry, breeding programmes that have resulted in economic gains have been beneficial for society. Growth and wood quality traits are often adversely correlated, and the weighting of traits from an economic perspective could provide an index for determining maximum profit from breeding. Tree breeding faces an array of challenges in the future, such as changes in silviculture, climate, new pests and diseases, and demand for wood-based products.     

Applications of biotechnology for forest regeneration

The Forest Biotechnology Centre is an interdisciplinary research group dedicated to the development and application of advanced technology for the enhancement of forest regeneration. The Centre carries out contracts on behalf of clients in forest-related industries and government agencies. In addition, there are a number of long-term, in-house projects aimed at the development of proprietary technologies in genetics and propagation, and seedling production and establishment. Technical capabilities include: tissue culture, molecular genetics, pathology and microbial inoculants, and ecophysiology. These techniques are also being used to improve nursery culture regimes, disease assessment, planting regimes, and new product development for a variety of conifer species. Additional programs relate population genetics to adaptive traits, and develop clonal testing within elite families from tree-breeding programs.     

Genetic expression for monoterpenes in clones of Pinus sylvestris grown on different sites

The terpenic profile for 8 major monoterpenes determined on ten grafted clones of Scots pine grown on three different sites in Sweden. As graft effects could not be detected, oleoresin, samples from primary and secondary grafts were used to study genetic variation. In three quite different environmental conditions, a strong broad sense heritability was demonstrated for 3‐carene, myrcene, limonene and β‐phellandrene. Pinenes and sabinene seem to be much more dependent on environmental factors. Both site and clone × site interaction have a small effect on overall phenotypic variation. There is a strong positive correlation between concentrations of 3‐carene and terpinolene, which supports a possible pleiotropic effect of the same major gene on the two monoterpenes. The results show that there is no risk of an important bias when the comparison is made between genotypes sampled on very different sites (stands or comparative trials). The relative concentration of monoterpenes is to a great extent independent of environmental conditions.     

林木基因工程研究现状与展望

本文概述了植物遗传转化的方法,论述了林木抗病、抗虫、抗除草剂、生殖发育调控、抗逆境和木材品质改良转基因研究进展。并对现阶段林木基因工程中存在的主要问题和应用前景进行了讨论。     

东辽县果树经济林建设的调查与思考

通过对全县果树经济林的调查分析,提出了县域果树经济林的发展方向和品种定向,可为整个辽源地区及至全省的果树经济林建设提供参考。     

STUDY ON THE TEN MAJOR TREE SPECIES OCCUPYING GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE IN NATURAL SECONDARY FOREST USING SPACE ANALYSIS

The paper studies ten major tree species occupying the space in naturalsecondary forests in Mao Er mountain area.The space is divided into horizon,elevation,slope,aspect and topographic position layer.The features of the species of trees areexamined using the concept of distribution width and the method of space statistics.Theconclusions of analysis indicate that Aspen and Asian White Birch community of forests inthe area would become failing,and the distribution of Mongolian Oak and Mongolian Lidenand Manchurian Walnut are Limited by the slope and aspect and topographic position.Elm,Maple,Manchurian Ash would become the major species constituting naturalsecondary forests in future in this area.     

Temporal mapping of deforestation and forest degradation in Nepal: Applications to forest conservation

Deforestation and forest degradation are associated and progressive processes resulting in the conversion of forest area into a mosaic of mature forest fragments, pasture, and degraded habitat. Monitoring of forest landscape spatial structures has been recommended to detect degenerative trends in forest conditions. GIS and remote sensing play an important role in the generation of such data to identify degraded and deforested areas as well as potential areas for conservation. In this study we analyzed forest degradation and deforestation trends in Chitwan district in Nepal, which contains key habitat elements for wildlife in the region. An artificial neural network was used to predict forest canopy density in five classes using Landsat images of the year 2001. Forest canopy density was predicted with 82% overall accuracy. Except riverine forest, forest area of all other forest types was reduced. Terai Shorea robusta forest, which has high commercial value, showed a loss of 23% between 1976 and 1989 and an overall loss of 15% forest covers between the year 1976 and 2001. Deforestation and forest degradation disproportionately reduced the sizes of the different forest types, a finding that has important management implications. The maps presented in this article could be useful to prioritize limited resources for conservation.     

林木遗传图谱构建研究概述

林木遗传图谱构建研究是进入90年代以来林木遗传研究领域中进展最快且影响较大的领域之一。构建林木遗传图谱是对林木在分子水平上进行系统研究的基础工作，有重要的理论价值和潜在的应用价值。由于林木复杂的生物学特性，林木的遗传图谱构建一直被视为作图研究的难区，90年代初，由美国北卡州立大学发表的首张林木的遗传图谱曾引起较大的轰动和反响，经过10a来的发展，林木遗传图谱构建研究取得很大的进展。该文就林木遗传图谱构建的基本原理、作图方法和作图过程及近几年来林木作图和图谱应用研究的最新进展进行了综述。     

针叶林阔叶化改造目的树种选择研究

通过调查与试验,结合有关研究成果,筛选出105种以乡土树种为主的针叶林阔叶化改造的优良常绿和落叶阔叶目的树种.从地带性建群树种、广泛应用程度、技术熟化程度并充分考虑阔叶树种的防火型、生态型、经济型、景观型等多功能,分别5个选择层次,其中第一层次的首选树种有木荷等11种,第二选择层次为石栎等10种,第三选择层次为马褂木等4种,第四选择层次为刨花楠等44种,第五选择层次为短柄枹等36种.