内蒙古京津风沙源治理工程土壤风蚀控制效益研究

2000—2013年内蒙古风沙源治理工程区风蚀模数整体呈现下降趋势,风蚀程度有所减轻。5个亚治理区风蚀模数差异较大,其中浑善达克沙地治理区风蚀模数最高,其他依次为科尔沁沙地南缘治理区﹥乌兰察布高平原退化草原、荒漠草原治理区﹥锡林郭勒高平原-乌珠穆沁沙地盆地退化草原治理区﹥华北北部丘陵山地水源涵养治理区。工程区土壤风蚀量明显减少,2001—2013年累计净减少1 370 446.65×104t,其中,乌兰察布高平原退化草原、荒漠草原治理区累计净减少风蚀量最大;其次为锡林郭勒高平原-乌珠穆沁沙地盆地退化草原治理区。风力是造成内蒙古风沙源工程区土壤侵蚀的最主要营力。2000—2013年,工程区风蚀模数与风蚀量的逐步降低说明,京津风沙源治理工程实施十余年以来,通过实施各类治理措施,工程区土壤风蚀得到初步控制,工程区生态状况趋向好转,随着森林资源总量与质量的提高,水土流失状况进一步改善,沙化土地治理初见成效。     

基于改进沙丘活动指数的晋北地区土地沙化风险动态分析

土地沙化是全球主要环境问题之一,晋北地区由于地处北方干旱半干旱区,土地沙化是该区经济发展的制约因素之一。文中在传统的沙丘活动指数的基础上,结合地表环境特征对其进行了改进,探讨了基于改进的沙丘活动指数的2001-2012年来晋北地区土地沙化风险的时空分布和变化特征。结果如下:1)改进的沙丘活动指数将气候因子、植被因子和土壤因子纳入考虑。基于改进的沙丘活动指数分析,2001-2012年晋北主要以未沙化风险为主,轻度沙化风险居中,中度沙化风险和重度沙化风险较少。中度以上沙化风险主要集中在西南部的保德县和东北部的南郊区、阳高县和天镇县部分区域。2) 2001-2012年间,晋北沙化土地风险呈现一个持续逆转的态势;呈"明显逆转"和"逆转"的沙化土地风险主要集中在晋西北和左云县、怀仁县、大同县、阳高县等地,呈"发展"和"严重发展"的沙化土地风险则主要集中分布在大同的南郊区和天镇县。研究区重度沙化风险的区域面积在逐渐降低;轻度、中度沙化风险的土地面积在减少,未沙化风险的区域面积在逐渐增加; 3)文中探讨了基于改进的活动沙丘指数的晋北地区土地沙化风险,研究发现该指数在一定程度上能反映整个晋北地区的土地沙化风险特征。但是,该指数也存在一定的不足,人类活动(如国家退耕还林政策)对土地沙化风险会产生一定的影响,未来需要进一步验证指数的合理性。     

阴山北麓春季土壤风蚀对不同土地利用表土有机质的影响

随着社会经济的发展,人类对土地利用的强度不断增大,这改变了自然土壤表层原有的性质,并对风产生不同的抗蚀效果。本文通过对阴山北麓不同利用方式下的土壤进行野外调查取样和室内理化分析,研究了不同土地利用方式中土壤风蚀对表土有机质含量的影响。结果表明:第一,在阴山北麓地区,不同土地利用方式下,土壤有机质的含量存在着显著差异,不同土地利用类型下的土壤有机质含量由高到低的顺序依次为:草地(2.698%)、退化林地(2.403%)、人造林地(2.298%)、灌丛(1.381%)、耕地(1.360%)、退耕地(1.145%)、未成林林地(0.959%)。第二,温度及风速大小是影响阴山北麓地区土壤有机质变化的最主要因素。第三,土壤有机质含量的变化不是渐变的,而是一个突变的过程。因此,针对阴山北麓处于西北风主风向地带、风速大、土壤风蚀易发生的实际情况,在其迎风坡应尽量减少耕地,增大草地及灌木林面积,以增强土壤的抗风蚀能力、增加表土的有机质,从而提高土壤肥力,使土壤资源得以保护。     

半干旱地区土地退化遥感动态监测方法-以吉林省通榆县为例

在RS和GIS集成技术支持下 ,选取位于半干旱地带的土地退化典型地区 -吉林省通榆县 ,利用不同时相的TM卫星数据 ,采用噪声白化变换提取光谱特征 ,选用植被、盐碱地、裸沙地、沼泽土、苇地作为最终光谱单元进行线性混合光谱分解 ,依据盐碱地和裸沙地加权和分量 ,将试点区的土地退化划分为未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化四个等级进行动态监测 ,并对土地退化的数量、空间分布与动态过程进行了分析。这一研究方法与结果可为半干旱地区的土地退化监测与生态建设提供科学方法和依据。     

我国北方强风蚀区空间分布格局及特征分析

我国北方强风蚀区是形成沙尘天气的主要区域,本文依据各风蚀区风速的大小、走向,自然地理条件,沙化土地现状及分布特点,将我国北方沙区分为古尔班通古特沙漠西北缘、天山东段—塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘、柴达木盆地西段、河西走廊—阿拉善、鄂尔多斯—乌拉特、浑善达克沙地东北部、内蒙古东部七个强风蚀区。同时从沙化土地、降水量、风速及大风日数、沙尘天气的发生等方面对强风蚀区空间分布格局及特征进行了分析。     

河北坝上生态脆弱区的土地退化及生态重建

河北坝上地区处于农牧交错带,是中国北方生态脆弱地带中最为脆弱的地段,土地退化现象比较严重。利用Landsat TM影像,对河北坝上地区1986年和2000年的土地退化,包括土地沙化、盐渍化和水土流失状况进行了分析,根据土地退化的成因,提出了退化土地的生态恢复重建的措施。     

农牧交错地带土地生产力退化的初步探讨

本文根据我国北方地区农牧交错带自然条件的特点,指出其生态环境的脆弱性,并回顾历史及现实状况,揭示了北方农牧交错带土壤风蚀、土地退化、沙化的严重性,并指出了这一地区土地整治的途径。     

低山丘陵区农村道路分布特点及其影响因素分析—以内蒙古四子王旗农耕区为例

半干旱低山丘陵区的乡村道路在农村经济发展中起着重要作用,道路的布局直接影响道路的使用价值,合理的布局使交通运输顺畅,可减少道路遭受流水侵蚀,促进农村经济发展。文中以阴山北麓四子王旗的农耕区为研究对象,利用遥感图像,在ARCGIS软件下处理,结合实地调查,对研究区内道路的分布、道路分布的影响因素进行研究。研究表明:1)研究区道路分布与居民点和地形地貌特点及土地利用密切相关,研究区居民点分布表现出明显的集中性;2)由于地形和土地利用的特点,研究区的道路分布有沿谷型、放射状和格子状三种;3)沿谷型、放射状和格子状三种农村道路格局也间接反映了道路所在区域农业发展特点,它是人类与自然长期作用的结果。     

天山北坡阜康市土壤侵蚀区域分异特征及防治重点

土壤侵蚀具有显著的区域分异性,研究土壤侵蚀分异特征对指导区域水土流失防治具有重要意义。文中以天山北坡阜康市为对象,通过综合评判法、空间叠置及地统计等方法,分析土壤侵蚀及主要影响因子空间分异特征,开展水土保持区域布局,划定重点防治范围与对象。结果如下:(1)土壤侵蚀及其影响因子空间分异明显,自然因素是产生土壤侵蚀区域分异的先决条件,人为活动的差异进一步加剧了土壤侵蚀区域分异。(2)区域内土壤侵蚀强度以中度-轻度为主,北部沙漠区以中度风蚀为主,中部平原区为轻度风水复合侵蚀,南部山丘区以中度水蚀为主;土壤侵蚀面积占土地总面积75.35%。(3)划分了北部沙漠防风固沙-生态维护区、中部平原农田防护-人居环境维护区、南部山地水源涵养-生态维护区3个水土保持分区;确定了7片重点防治范围、2448.71km~2的重点防治面积。研究成果可为天山北坡水土流失防治提供技术支撑,为新疆区域水土保持生态环境建设提供科学依据。     

《干旱土壤研究与地力恢复》

全球土地面积中,约有33％为干旱区。在过去的三十年中,干早区的农业发展已成为该地区维持和改善粮食供应的关键因素。干旱地区土壤退化和沙化现象十分普遍,尤其在发展中国家。由于沙化、退化日趋严重,迫切需要有一本专门的刊物来介绍沙漠、干旱、半干旱地区土壤研究和地力恢复方面的研究成果,本刊物正是顺应这种形势而创办的。《干旱土壤研究与地力恢复》为一国际性刊物,于1987年元月创刊,每年四期,主要刊     

An experimental study on the influences of water erosion on wind erosion in arid and semi-arid regions

Complex erosion by wind and water causes serious harm in arid and semi-arid regions. The interaction mechanisms between water erosion and wind erosion is the key to further our understanding of the complex erosion. Therefore, in-depth understandings of the influences of water erosion on wind erosion is needed. This research used a wind tunnel and two rainfall simulators to investigate the influences of water erosion on succeeding wind erosion. The wind erosion measurements before and after water erosion were run on semi-fixed aeolian sandy soil configured with three slopes(5°, 10° and 15°), six wind speeds(0, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 20 m/s), and five rainfall intensities(0, 30, 45, 60 and 75 mm/h). Results showed that water erosion generally restrained the succeeding wind erosion. At a same slope, the restraining effects decreased as rainfall intensity increased, which decreased from 70.63% to 50.20% with rainfall intensity increased from 30 to 75 mm/h. Rills shaped by water erosion could weaken the restraining effects at wind speed exceeding 15 m/s mainly by cutting through the fine grain layer, exposing the sand layer prone to wind erosion to airflow. In addition, the restraining effects varied greatly among different soil types. The restraining effects of rainfall on the succeeding wind erosion depend on the formation of a coarsening layer with a crust and a compact fine grain layer after rainfall. The findings can deepen the understanding of the complex erosion and provide scientific basis for regional soil and water conservation in arid and semi-arid regions.     

黄土丘陵区不同地貌类型地球化学分布特征

根据宁夏南部黄土丘陵区彭阳古城乡黄土梁峁—茹河河谷剖面和西吉城郊乡黄土梁峁—葫芦河河谷剖面土壤样品地球化学测试的结果,分别对不同地貌部位的常量元素、微量元素和微量元素有效态的含量进行了对比研究。大多数常量元素比较稳定,K+、Na+在河谷阶地区富集,在黄土梁峁及边坡流失;CaO和Fe2O3由于土壤水的作用和氧化还原条件的不同,其含量在河谷阶地区较少;大多数微量元素在土壤中比较稳定,Ti、P、V、Zn和Ba等元素的含量:黄土丘陵梁峁顶部<河谷阶地;B在土壤中的含量:黄土丘陵梁峁顶部>黄土丘陵梁峁边坡>河谷阶地;微量元素的有效态含量:河谷阶地>黄土丘陵梁峁顶部>黄土丘陵梁峁边坡。     

灌木林优化配置格局对土壤风蚀的影响

低覆盖度时,灌木林的水平配置格局成为制约土壤风蚀的重要因素。以宁夏盐池县风沙区人工灌木林基地为试验区,研究了不同下垫面类型和不同配置格局的灌木沙障对风速、近地表输沙率和地表粗糙度的影响。结果表明:灌木林的防治土壤风蚀能力与灌木林的种类、高度和配置格局有直接关系:行带式配置能显著提高灌木林的防风效果,其中以沙柳林效果最佳;三行一带、平均高1.5m、行距1.5m、插深0.5m配置规格的沙柳沙障对地表土壤风蚀的控制效果最好,但防护范围限15倍带高以内;在行数一定的情况下,沙障高度越低,控制土壤风蚀能力越强。     

An estimation method of soil wind erosion in Inner Mongolia of China based on geographic information system and remote sensing

Studies of wind erosion based on Geographic Information System(GIS) and Remote Sensing(RS) have not attracted sufficient attention because they are limited by natural and scientific factors.Few studies have been conducted to estimate the intensity of large-scale wind erosion in Inner Mongolia,China.In the present study,a new model based on five factors including the number of snow cover days,soil erodibility,aridity,vegetation index and wind field intensity was developed to quantitatively estimate the amount of wind erosion.The results showed that wind erosion widely existed in Inner Mongolia.It covers an area of approximately 90×104 km2,accounting for 80% of the study region.During 1985–2011,wind erosion has aggravated over the entire region of Inner Mongolia,which was indicated by enlarged zones of erosion at severe,intensive and mild levels.In Inner Mongolia,a distinct spatial differentiation of wind erosion intensity was noted.The distribution of change intensity exhibited a downward trend that decreased from severe increase in the southwest to mild decrease in the northeast of the region.Zones occupied by barren land or sparse vegetation showed the most severe erosion,followed by land occupied by open shrubbery.Grasslands would have the most dramatic potential for changes in the future because these areas showed the largest fluctuation range of change intensity.In addition,a significantly negative relation was noted between change intensity and land slope.The relation between soil type and change intensity differed with the content of Ca CO3 and the surface composition of sandy,loamy and clayey soils with particle sizes of 0–1 cm.The results have certain significance for understanding the mechanism and change process of wind erosion that has occurred during the study period.Therefore,the present study can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of wind erosion in Inner Mongolia.     

河北丰宁坝上土地沙漠化现状及其综合整治的研究

河北丰宁坝上的土地沙漠化主要表现在：①旱作农田的土壤风蚀。②缓起伏沙质草场的退化。③河滩低湿草地的退化。④丘陵山地阳坡的侵蚀沙化。综合整治的总方针是加强天然草原植被的合理管护与人工饲草饲料基地建设，建立综合防护林体系。     

奈曼旗农业生态经济发展模式探讨

通过2003年4月15日~5月30日对内蒙古自治区奈曼旗22个苏木(乡)、镇,62个村,112个典型户的实地详细调查,在将奈曼旗划分为三大生态经济类型区的基础上,针对每一类型区归纳、总结出了适合当地实际的生态经济适用模式。Ⅰ.南部低山丘陵生态经济区:(1)林特产品开发模式,(2)小流域综合治理模式;Ⅱ.中部沼坨沙生态经济区:(1)风沙综合治理模式,(2)林-草-畜-粮模式,(3)“四位一体”能源生态模式;Ⅲ.中北部草甸平原生态经济区:(1)种-养-加模式,(2)农防林-节水工程高效种植业模式。着重分析了各模式的运行情况及产生的生态经济效益,最后对奈曼旗生态经济由适用模式向优化模式转变,实现生态系统与经济系统的良性循环提出了发展思路。     

宁夏南部山区旱作农业开发战略研究

宁夏南部山区属半干旱区 ,90 %以上的耕地为旱地 ,加速旱作农业开发 ,对促进该区域经济全面发展具有十分重要的战略意义。本文论述了旱作农业开发在宁南山区的地位与潜力 ,提出了相应的技术需求。针对区域资源特点提出该区域旱作农业开发的三个战略阶段 :即强农促牧、农牧并举和稳农重牧阶段     

Application of a new wind driving force model in soil wind erosion area of northern China

The shear stress generated by the wind on the land surface is the driving force that results in the wind erosion of the soil. It is an independent factor influencing soil wind erosion. The factors related to wind erosivity, known as submodels, mainly include the weather factor(WF) in revised wind erosion equation(RWEQ), the erosion submodel(ES) in wind erosion prediction system(WEPS), as well as the drift potential(DP) in wind energy environmental assessment. However, the essential factors of WF and ES contain wind, soil characteristics and surface coverings, which therefore results in the interdependence between WF or ES and other factors(e.g., soil erodible factor) in soil erosion models. Considering that DP is a relative indicator of the wind energy environment and does not have the value of expressing wind to induce shear stress on the surface. Therefore, a new factor is needed to express accurately wind erosivity. Based on the theoretical basis that the soil loss by wind erosion(Q) is proportional to the shear stress of the wind on the soil surface, a new model of wind driving force(WDF) was established, which expresses the potential capacity of wind to drive soil mass in per unit area and a period of time. Through the calculations in the typical area, the WDF, WF and DP are compared and analyzed from the theoretical basis, construction goal, problem-solving ability and typical area application; the spatial distribution of soil wind erosion intensity was concurrently compared with the spatial distributions of the WDF, WF and DP values in the typical area. The results indicate that the WDF is better to reflect the potential capacity of wind erosivity than WF and DP, and that the WDF model is a good model with universal applicability and can be logically incorporated into the soil wind erosion models.     

甘肃省水土流失综合防治对策

甘肃是西部水土流失较严重的省份之一 ,全省有水土流失面积 37.94× 1 0 4 km2 ,占全省土地面积的 83.5 %。黄河流域主要是水力侵蚀 ,长江流域为重力侵蚀 ,河西内陆流域以风力侵蚀为主。水土流失形成的自然因素为地质结构破碎、土壤质地疏松、降雨时空变率大、植被覆盖度差 ,是缓变因素。而不合理的水土资源开发 ,滥伐毁草过牧和工程建设等人类活动则是叠加在自然变化上的突变因素 ,加剧了水土流失。未来结合西部大开发的良好机遇 ,主要采取以小流域为单元的综合治理、因地制宜的实施退耕还林还草策略。     

Identification of sand and dust storm source areas in Iran

Sand and dust storms(SDS) are common phenomena in arid and semi-arid areas. In recent years, SDS frequencies and intensities have increased significantly in Iran. A research on SDS sources is important for understanding the mechanisms of dust generation and assessing its socio-economic and environmental impacts. In this paper, we developed a new approach to identify SDS source areas in Iran using a combination of nine related datasets, namely drought events, temperature, precipitation, location of sandy soils, SDS frequency, human-induced soil degradation(HISD), human influence index(HII), rain use efficiency(RUE) and net primary productivity(NPP) loss. To identify SDS source areas, we firstly normalized these datasets under uniform criteria including layer reprojection using Lambert conformal conic projection, data conversion from shapefile to raster, Min-Max Normalization with data range from 0 to 1, and data interpolation by Kriging and images resampling(resolution of 1 km). After that, a score map for the possibility of SDS sources was generated through overlaying multiple datasets under average weight allocation criterion, in which each item obtained weight equally. In the score map, the higher the score, the more possible a specific area could be regarded as SDS source area. Exceptions mostly came from large cities, like Tehran and Isfahan. As a result, final SDS source areas were mapped out, and Al-Howizeh/Al-Azim marshes and Sistan Basin were identified as main SDS source areas in Iran. The SDS source area in Al-Howizeh/Al-Azim marshes still keeps expanding. In addition, Al-Howizeh/Al-Azim marshes are now suffering rapid land degradation due to natural and human-induced factors and might totally vanish in the near future. Sistan Basin also demonstrates the impacts of soil degradation and wind erosion. With appropriate intensity, duration, wind speed and altitude of the dust storms, sand particles uplifting from this area might have developed into extreme dust storms, especially during the summer.