单颗粒液滴飞溅对颗粒起动的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验,探究单颗粒液滴飞溅对泥沙颗粒起动的影响。试验共设计4种地表坡度（0,15°,25°,35°）及4种粒径的均匀沙（0.098~0.104,0.104~0.5,0.5~0.78,1~1.4 mm）,选取当量直径为4.5 mm的液滴进行模拟试验,同时利用高吸水树脂材料泡发后的水球作为对照组。结果表明,颗粒直径和坡度的变化对颗粒起动的影响较为显著,飞溅子液滴对液滴溅蚀具有重要意义。随着颗粒直径的增大,颗粒的起动逐渐由液滴冲击和子液滴飞溅裹挟共同作用转变为液滴冲击动能传递为主,飞溅携带为辅。当颗粒直径相同时,坡度的增大导致飞溅沙粒不再均衡,斜坡下方的颗粒飞溅量和位移随坡度的增大而增大。坡度越大,下方颗粒溅蚀深度与上方的差距也越大,导致上方颗粒失去支撑,整体失稳垮塌,发生微小滑坡。同种粒径时,树脂水球溅蚀坑的宽深比明显小于相同直径的液滴溅蚀坑,液滴溅蚀量远大于树脂水球直接撞击作用下起动的颗粒量,子液滴的拖曳对颗粒起动具有重要意义。     

Transitions of water‐drop impact behaviour on hydrophobic and hydrophilic particles

Extreme soil water repellency can have substantial implications for soil hydrology, plant growth and erosion, including enhanced splash erosion caused by raindrop impact. Previous studies of water droplet impact behaviour on man‐made super‐hydrophobic surfaces, with which water‐repellent soil shares similar characteristics, revealed three distinct modes of splash behaviour (rebound, pinning and fragmentation) distinguished by two transition velocities: rebound‐to‐pinning (v_min) and pinning‐to‐fragmentation (v*). By using high‐speed videography of single water droplet impacts we show that splash behaviour is influenced by the hydrophobicity of immobile particles, with hydrophobic glass spheres exhibiting all three modes of splash behaviour in the hydrophobic state but hydrophilic spheres exhibiting solely pinning behaviour. We found that increasing the particle size of fixed glass spheres increases v_min. A study of droplet impact on hydrophobic sand shows that the increased roughness of the immobile particles makes impacting droplets more likely to fragment at slower impact velocities. The mobility of the particles influenced droplet impact behaviour, with loose, hydrophobic particles displaying significantly greater v_min values than their fixed analogues. The surface tension of the water droplet also lifted loose, hydrophobic particles from the surface, forming highly mobile ‘liquid marbles'. Water‐repellent soil was also shown to form ‘liquid marbles' at both the slow (approximately 0.3–2.1 m s^?1) and fast (about 7 m s^?1) droplet impact velocities studied. The observation of very mobile liquid marbles upon water droplet impact on water‐repellent soil is significant as this provided a mechanism that may enhance erosion rates of water‐repellent soil.     

雨滴机械打击和消散作用对土壤团聚体的破坏特征

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,其稳定性是描述土壤抵抗侵蚀过程中破坏作用的重要指标。但溅蚀过程中,雨滴对团聚体的消散和机械打击两种破坏作用的相对贡献及其破坏机制尚未明晰。利用酒精和超纯水作为雨滴形成材料,模拟机械打击单独作用及消散和机械打击共同作用,分别在五个高度(0.5、1、1.5、2和2.5 m)对塿土和黄绵土进行溅蚀实验。结果表明:当降雨动能相同时,塿土的溅蚀率均小于黄绵土。同时,超纯水雨滴对土壤的机械打击和消散共同作用所导致的溅蚀率均大于酒精雨滴单一机械打击作用的溅蚀率。随着降雨动能增加,两种雨滴对两种土壤的溅蚀率均呈幂函数增加;团聚体因消散破坏作用和机械打击作用的溅蚀率均亦随之增加。但两种土壤的消散破坏作用和机械打击作用的贡献率分别随着降雨动能增加而减小和增加。在相同降雨动能时,塿土消散破坏作用的贡献率均大于黄绵土,而机械打击作用贡献率均小于黄绵土。研究结果对深入理解溅蚀过程中团聚体破坏机理及评价溅蚀过程中团聚体稳定性具有重要意义。     

Estimation of soil splash detachment rates on the forest floor of an unmanaged Japanese cypress plantation based on field measurements of throughfall drop sizes and velocities

To study and model the interrill erosion process in an unmanaged Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantation, soil splash detachment rates were estimated based on the quantification of throughfall raindrop indices. Throughfall drops and soil splash detachment were simultaneously observed in the field, and observed data were compared with estimates produced by previous models. Observations took place over five months in 2005, during six observation periods. Raindrop indices of kinetic energy (KE), momentum (M), and momentum multiplied by the drop diameter (MD) were calculated from drop diameters and velocities. The median volume diameter of 1.99 mm for the overall observation period was well bounded by those from other Japanese cypress plantations. Throughfall consisted of large drops, generated as drips, exceeding 3 mm in diameter. The fall height was insufficient for the drops to attain terminal velocity, with 91% of the drops reaching less than 90% terminal velocity. The observed throughfall raindrop indices had strong correlation with throughfall rainfall intensity, even though throughfall raindrops occurred in seven rainfall events with different meteorological conditions. The values of observed KE and M were lower than previous model-derived estimations. Earlier models tended to overestimate throughfall KE and M, partly because the expected velocity was greater than that observed, and partly because they did not consider the effect of the splash water component during throughfall. The splash detachment rate in forests was weakly correlated with the total-amount raindrop indices but strongly correlated with the maximum value of raindrop indices over a short time scale such as 1 h. This result indicates that continuous and concentrated raindrop impacts over a short time duration cause splash detachment in the forest floor. Development of a comprehensive model of the process of forest floor soil surface erosion requires more detailed measurement of actual throughfall drops.     

相邻喷头射流相互作用对喷洒特性的影响

相邻喷头喷洒重叠区域内的射流来自不同喷头,喷射过程中往往产生冲撞等相互作用。为研究组合喷头喷洒过程中相邻喷头间射流相互作用对组合喷洒特性造成的影响,选取Nelson D3000锯齿状喷盘喷头和R3000旋转式喷头,对其单独喷洒和以2.5 m组合间距进行喷洒时的水量分布以及雨滴谱信息进行了测试与比较。结果表明:喷头之间相互影响的强弱程度受喷头几何结构的影响,R3000喷头受组合喷洒时喷头间射流的影响作用不明显;Nelson D3000喷头(锯齿状喷盘)受组合喷洒时喷头间射流的影响作用剧烈,水量分布集中点的位置因射流轨迹的变化而产生偏移,喷灌强度最大点向靠近喷头侧偏移约0.5 m。组合喷洒条件下测点MP5处的降水强度、能量通量密度以及水滴数目较单独射流分别增长91.27%、107.58%和239.29%,其中粒径大于0.9 mm水滴数目的增加对该测点水量和能量提升的贡献率达到40.89%和58.83%。变异性分析结果表明水量和能量的重分布主要是由组合喷洒时增加了水滴之间相互碰撞的机率所引起。在Nelson D3000锯齿状喷盘喷头这类喷头进行水量叠加计算时,应考虑相邻喷头间水滴互相碰撞、结合或碎裂等相互作用对组合后的水量分布形式产生的影响,采用单喷头水量分布直接叠加的方法可能会导致计算精度较低。     

溅蚀研究进展

溅蚀是水蚀的初始阶段,是雨滴对地表击打直接作用的结果,是一个动能减少,地表土壤颗粒发生位移的过程。溅蚀主要发生在坡面产生径流之前和刚产生径流时,是水蚀的主要形式之一。国内外学者对溅蚀的影响因素的研究主要集中在降雨特征、土壤特性以及地形因素等方面,其中主要影响因子包括:坡度、降雨特征、植被覆盖和土层结构。溅蚀量随坡度的增大逐渐增多,但是坡度超过临界坡度时,随坡度增大而减小;随降雨强度和雨滴大小增大而增大;地表植被对降雨有直接的再分配的过程,主要表现为截流、透流和干流3方面,当地表覆盖物超过1cm时,溅蚀可以完全消失;不同级配的土壤颗粒抗溅蚀能力不同,粒径在0.15mm附近的颗粒最容易被溅蚀,溅蚀同时随着土壤结皮厚度增大,土壤抗溅蚀能力增强。然而目前国内外对溅蚀的研究主要是在实验室模拟条件下完成的,较少有野外实地的研究,更缺乏在实际农业生产条件下的研究。所以需要在前人的基础上结合我国有些地方坡耕地较多的情况,在不同作物、作物生产方式和土地耕作方式等条件下,探讨坡耕地溅蚀规律。     

模拟降雨条件下塿土的溅蚀特征试验研究

溅蚀在破坏土壤表层结构的同时为后续侵蚀提供丰富材料,以黄土高原典型土壤塿土为试验用土,通过模拟降雨试验,根据溅蚀速率、溅蚀前后土壤颗粒组成及表面强度变化指标,系统研究塿土的溅蚀特征。结果表明,溅蚀速率随降雨历时呈现幂函数变化,分为迅速降低、缓慢降低、趋于稳定3个阶段。土盘表面松散颗粒及利于溅蚀的粒级范围内颗粒的消耗、团聚体破碎及超渗产生的水层消耗雨滴能量、结皮的形成和发育分别是3个阶段的主要影响因素。在90mm/h的雨强下,塿土颗粒富集与耗损的临界粒径是0.05mm,雨滴打击分离粒级0.05mm颗粒,富集迁移粒级0.05mm颗粒。当含水率相等时,降雨历时越长贯入深度越浅。塿土表面强度随降雨历时增加,0~30min是塿土结皮形成的关键时期。塿土溅蚀过程是表土颗粒组成不断变化和表面强度逐渐完善的过程。     

土壤理化性质与土壤溅蚀速率的相关性研究

土壤溅蚀是土壤侵蚀的初始阶段,是降雨雨滴直接打击土壤表层引起的土壤颗粒分散和位移发生的过程。为研究土壤理化性质与土壤溅蚀速率的相关性,研究通过人工模拟降雨溅蚀试验测定土壤溅蚀速率,运用SPSS 20.0软件,对土壤理化性质与土壤溅蚀速率进行了Pearson相关系数分析。结果表明:土壤渗透性、分散率、团聚度和土壤粒级与土壤溅蚀速率相关性最大。土壤的渗透系数在整个降雨历时阶段对土壤的溅蚀速率一直呈现负影响。分散率在降雨历时为15min时对土壤溅蚀速率呈显著负影响。团聚度对土壤溅蚀速率的影响由T=15min时的显著正相关变成T=20min时的极显著正相关。土壤粒级和土壤溅蚀速率相关性很大,且关系较为复杂。相较于其他4种粒级中,粒级范围在D0.002mm的土壤颗粒对土壤溅蚀速率影响最大,且在降雨历时为15~20min时,对土壤溅蚀速率皆有显著正相关性。另外,粒级范围在0.2≤D2mm和0.02≤D0.2mm的土壤颗粒分别在T=15min和T=20min时对土壤溅蚀速率有显著负相关性。土壤粒级对土壤溅蚀速率的相关性随降雨历时的变化可能与土壤结皮有关。     

Fecal coliform dispersal by rain splash on slopes

The movement of fecal pathogens from land to surface and ground water are of great interest because of the public health implications. Non-structural best management practices that control the timing, volume, and placement of animal manures are commonly used to limit opportunities for fecal pathogens to enter water bodies. Increased infiltration capacity, water and waste diversions, and vegetated filter strips are used to control fecal pathogen movement in surface runoff. Fecal pathogens transported by rain splash could conceivably bypass physical barriers. The relationship between slope angle and the transport of fecal coliform bacteria by rain splash was studied. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant down slope transport of fecal coliform bacteria by raindrops falling on a bare soil surface inoculated with fecal coliform bacteria. Slopes from 0° to 40.8° were studied. The mean splash distance for fecal coliforms was less than 50 mm in all directions at 0° slope and more than 500 mm in the downslope direction on a 40.8° slope. Maximum splash distances ranged from about 400 mm on the horizontal surface to more than 1900 mm in the downslope direction on the 40.8° slope. Sequential downhill movement of fecal coliform (FC) bacteria by repeated rain splash could transport FC directly to water bodies or areas of saturation excess where they will become entrained in overland runoff. Further studies on raindrop and rainfall characteristics, as well as surface cover and soil characteristics, will be necessary to more fully understand the mechanisms of FC transport on sloping land by rain splash.     

前期土壤含水率对红壤团聚体稳定性及溅蚀的影响

为了探究前期含水率对南方红壤团聚体稳定性及溅蚀的影响,选取泥质页岩和第四纪红黏土发育的4个典型红壤为研究对象,就5个前期含水率(3%、5%、10%、15%、20%)条件下3~5 mm团聚体水稳定性特征及其与溅蚀的关系进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,消散作用是团聚体破碎最有效的机制,土壤前期含水率越大,团聚体破碎程度越小。随着前期含水率的升高,泥质页岩发育的2种红壤水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWDwa)显著增大;第四纪红黏土发育的2种红壤水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWDwa)先增大后减小,拐点出现在含水率为15%条件下。泥质页岩发育2种红壤溅蚀量随前期含水率的升高显著减小;第四纪红黏土发育2种红壤溅蚀量随前期含水率的升高呈现先减小后增大的趋势,在含水率为15%时达到最小。团聚体水稳性较高的土样,溅蚀粒径分布呈双峰曲线分布,主要分布1~0.5和0.05 mm范围内,且前期含水率越高,0.05 mm溅蚀颗粒含量越大;而团聚体水稳定性较差的土样,除前期含水率为20%外,溅蚀粒径分布呈单峰曲线分布,主要分布在0.25~1mm。该结果为红壤区农业水土工程及机侵蚀机理研究提供一定的参考,对完善坡面水蚀模型具有一定的参考价值。     

蒸发式过冷水制冰液滴蒸发结晶的模拟

蒸发式过冷水制冰系统中液滴传热传质特性研究具有重要意义。为了分析蒸发式过冷水制冰系统中液滴的热质传输特性,该文将单个液滴冷却结晶过程分为全液相区、固-液两相区和全固相区3个不同区域,建立液滴在大空间内蒸发降温结晶过程的数学模型,通过数值求解方法研究其在大空间蒸发室内降温结晶过程的温度变化特性,进一步分析液滴和空气的入口参数与液滴整个蒸发结晶特性的关系,为蒸发式过冷水制冰系统的结构优化设计和运行管理提供参考依据。     

雨滴击溅对耕作层土壤团聚体粒径分布的影响

为研究不同雨滴直径的降雨对耕作层团聚体的破碎及其粒径分布特征的影响,该文选取4个雨滴直径(2.67~3.79 mm)对耕层土壤(0~20 cm)团聚体进行雨滴击溅试验,每次试验各滴5 000滴,每1 000滴收集1次溅蚀团聚体。结果表明:1)所有收集次序中雨滴直径3.79 mm溅蚀量最大,累积雨滴数为2 000、3 000和4 000时,溅蚀量与雨滴直径均呈显著的指数函数关系。2)各雨滴直径的溅蚀量随粒径减小呈增大-减小-增大趋势,2 mm粒径的溅蚀量几乎为0,0.053 mm粒径的溅蚀量随雨滴直径增大而增大。3)相同雨滴直径不同累积雨滴数之间平均重量直径值差异不显著,相同累积雨滴数不同雨滴直径之间平均重量直径值差异不显著(P0.05)。4)不同雨滴直径溅蚀团聚体富集率随粒径变化一致,1 mm粒径溅蚀量团聚体富集率值接近0,0.053~1 mm粒径团聚体富集,1 mm粒径团聚体主要破碎成0.053~1 mm粒径团聚体,且粒级越小,富集率越高。研究可为黄土高原地区水土保持提供理论依据。     

土粒表面电场对土壤团聚体破碎及溅蚀的影响

团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,其稳定性是评估土壤抗侵蚀能力的重要指标。土壤团聚体破碎是降雨溅蚀发生的关键一步。土粒表面电场对团聚体稳定性具有重要影响,必然也会深刻影响降雨溅蚀过程。该文以黄土母质发育的黄绵土和塿土为研究对象,采用不同浓度的电解质溶液定量调控土粒表面电场,研究不同电场强度对团聚体破碎及溅蚀的影响。结果发现:1)随电解质浓度的降低,土粒表面电位升高,表面电场增大,黄绵土和塿土团聚体平均重量直径减小,团聚体稳定性降低,降雨溅蚀量增大。2)电解质浓度小于10-2 mol/L,黄绵土和塿土表面电位绝对值分别高于202.0和231.6 mV,此时团聚体稳定性和溅蚀量变化不明显,表明表面电位202.0和231.6 mV分别是影响黄绵土和塿土团聚体稳定性及溅蚀的关键电位。3)随着土粒表面电场的减弱,团聚体破碎后释放的<0.15 mm微团聚体含量减小,>0.25 mm大团聚体含量增加,团聚体倾向于破碎为更大粒级的团聚体。4)电场作用下团聚体的破碎特征对降雨溅蚀具有重要的影响,溅蚀量与团聚体破碎释放的<0.15 mm微团聚体含量呈显著正相关,与>0.25 mm大团聚体含量呈显著负相关。上述结果表明,当降雨进入土壤后,对于干燥的土壤而言,土壤溶液电解质浓度被迅速稀释,土粒表面产生强大的电场,该电场通过影响团聚体破碎程度进而影响降雨溅蚀。该研究有助于加深对降雨溅蚀的科学认识,同时也为土壤团聚体稳定性及降雨溅蚀的人为调控提供了一定的理论依据。     

降雨驱动下红壤团聚体的溅蚀特征及周转过程

[目的]研究降雨驱动作用下土壤团聚体受雨滴打击发生破碎和形成的过程,丰富土壤侵蚀研究机理。[方法]基于稀土元素示踪法,对各粒径土壤团聚体同时进行标记。在90 mm/h降雨溅蚀条件下,通过各粒径土壤团聚体(2～5 mm, 0.25～2 mm, 0.053～0.25 mm,<0.053 mm)在不同降雨特征参数(降雨历时、雨滴大小)下的质量变化和稀土元素含量变化,定量分析了团聚体间的周转路径和溅蚀颗粒特征。[结果]降雨驱动作用下,溅蚀量和溅蚀率会随着降雨动能的增加而变大,溅蚀颗粒主要分布于0.25～2 mm粒径范围内;除>2 mm的颗粒为大团聚体直接飞溅产生,<0.25 mm粒级溅蚀颗粒均主要源于大粒级团聚体破碎形成,最高可达到73.83%,其次为该粒级直接被击飞形成,同时会有小粒级颗粒吸附黏结形成;在残余团聚体的动态周转过程中,主要是相邻级别的团聚体间形成和破碎过程占比较高,其中大团聚体破碎产生小团聚体和粉黏粒团聚形成小团聚体分别对原粒级团聚体的破碎和形成方向的贡献率较高,分别达到24.06%～42.15%和36.83%～70.76%,且随着降雨时间的变化,大团聚体首先...     

种植大豆地表土壤溅蚀效应及其空间分布特征

为系统研究种植大豆条件下农地溅蚀速率变化特征并建立简单易用的模型,评价大豆种植对土壤溅蚀的影响,采用室内模拟降雨的方法,测定了不同降雨强度(40 mm h-1和80 mm h-1)、不同大豆生长阶段(始花期、盛花期、结荚期和始粒期)下的穿透雨强度和溅蚀速率,分析了大豆冠下溅蚀速率与叶面积指数和穿透雨强度的关系,探讨了冠下溅蚀速率的空间分布特征.结果表明:与裸地相比,在大豆全生育期,大豆冠下平均溅蚀速率在设计雨强40 mm h-1和80 mm h-1下,分别减少了62.85％和60.74％.冠下平均溅蚀速率随叶面积指数增加呈显著的增加趋势,且随降雨强度的增大而显著增加.冠下各点溅蚀速率受相应各点的穿透雨强度影响在80 mm h-1设计雨强下较为显著,随穿透雨强度的增加而增加.大豆冠下溅蚀速率的空间分布与穿透雨的分布具有一定的对应性,即冠下穿透雨较为集中的区域会在一定程度上增加溅蚀的发生,并导致冠下溅蚀速率分布不均,大豆冠下穿透雨是冠下溅蚀产生和分布的主要能量来源.该研究提出的大豆冠下溅蚀速率模型可为坡耕地土壤侵蚀防治和农田灌溉有效利用提供理论支持.     

Refinement and re-evaluation of the drop-shatter soil fragmentation method

The drop-shatter method was re-evaluated since data were reported of degrees of soil fragmentation, obtained by using this method, showing a dependence on the total specific energy input, defined as the cumulative drop height. A new definition of the specific energy input based on the kinetic energy of the soil clods available for fragmentation upon impact is presented. The kinetic energy is calculated from the air-resistance dependent falling velocity of the soil units upon impact. Better correlations were found for the median aggregate diameter and specific surface area with the kinetic energy than with specific energy input. Notwithstanding that improvement, a drop height dependence of the degree of soil fragmentation was found for drop heights > 1.5 m. Compression stress loading rate as the stress-fracturing mechanism is suggested as a possible explanation for that dependence. It is concluded that (a) drop heights should not exceed 1.5 m, and (b) in analyzing soil fragmentation-energy input relationships obtained by the drop-shatter method, the refined method for calculating the kinetic energy available for fragmentation should be used instead of the cumulative height.     

电场作用下油水乳化液中水滴的聚合动力学分析

为了揭示电破乳中的液滴电聚结特性,考虑液滴变形,采用液滴静电偶极模型对电场作用下油中两相临水滴的聚结过程进行了模拟及试验研究。模拟及试验结果表明,模型对水滴间距随时间的演化预测与试验结果较为相符,平均相对误差为25.95%。液滴聚结的效果主要受两液滴因静电吸引而产生的相对运动速度及液滴的变形程度所支配。当电场强度增大时,液滴相对运动加快,液滴变形加剧,液滴聚结效率提高。结果还表明,连续相黏度及水滴尺寸对液滴聚结有显著影响。连续相黏度增大,液滴运动阻力变大,两液滴相向运动减慢,液滴聚结效果变差;离散水滴直径增大,静电吸引力增强,液滴运动加快,此外,大液滴更容易产生变形,故具有大尺寸离散液滴的乳化液电聚结效果更好。研究结果为电破乳器设计及操作参数优化提供参考。     

有机质影响溅蚀破坏土壤团聚体的主要作用机制

土壤有机质是团聚体的重要组成部分,其在团聚体形成过程中作用机制已有大量研究,但有机质在团聚体破坏过程中起何种作用尚未明晰,其对团聚体破坏过程中雨滴机械打击和消散作用贡献的影响也有待深入研究.为研究不同有机质含量对土壤团聚体的影响,选取5种不同退耕还林年限的土壤为研究对象,利用95％酒精和超纯水作为降雨液体,分别在4个高...     

Surface clod size distribution as a factor influencing soil erosion under simulated rain

The influence of five ranges of surface clod size distribution (≤2 mm; 2–10 mm; 10–20 mm; 20–50 mm and 50–100 mm) upon the rate and total amount of runoff, soil loss, percolation water and splash sediments was studied using a rainfall simulator. The equipment is described and procedures for running simulation tests are given. The method of sample preparation is discussed. For an air-dried soil sample, soil loss and runoff decreased and total percolation increased with clod sizes up to and equal to 20 mm. Similar results were obtained with a wet run made 24 h after the dry run, although total soil loss and runoff were higher, and percolation lower. No changes were observed as clod size was increased above 20 mm.     

Splash distance and size distributions for various soils

Splash is an important process in interrill erosion because it produces movement of soil fragments. However, this process is technically difficult to measure and little is known about its size selectivity. In this study, a splash ring device was used to characterise the spatial variation of the quantity and the aggregate size distribution of splashed soil fragments. Soil aggregates were placed at the centre of an experimental device subjected to a 29 mm h⁻¹ simulated rainfall with a kinetic energy of 17 J mm⁻¹. Splashed soil fragments were collected in concentric rings and analysed for masses and fragment size distributions. Four different soils, with various textures, were tested.Soils fragments were splashed across the whole splash device up to 45 cm from the source, and the quantity of splashed fragments decreased exponentially with the distance. For the four tested soils, the splash parameters were significantly correlated to the results of aggregate stability measurements with r=−0.96 and r=0.95, respectively, for the total splashed mass and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of the whole splashed fragments. The measurement of the splashed fragment size distributions showed that fragments up to 2000 μm were transported by raindrop impacts. The mass percentage of the coarsest fractions of splashed soil fragments exponentially decreased with the distance from the source. The extent of this decrease depends on the soil type. The size distributions of splashed soil fragments were compared with those of soil fragments produced by breakdown. Comparison of splash data to aggregate breakdown data showed an enrichment of the 200–1000 μm size fraction in the splashed fragments.