牛蒡多酚的闪式提取工艺优化

以牛蒡为研究对象,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验优化闪式提取法提取牛蒡中多酚的最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,闪式提取牛蒡多酚的最佳工艺条件如下:以体积分数为80%的乙醇为提取剂,在料液比1∶28(g∶m L)下,提取55 s,提取2次,其提取率最高,可达0.825 6%±0.002 3%。试验结果为牛蒡多酚的进一步研究提供了一种高效制备的方法。     

大豆脂肪酸组分的胚、细胞质和母体遗传效应分析

利用5个大豆品种配制20个杂交组合,采用广义种子遗传模型分析了大豆脂肪酸组分的胚、细胞质和母体植株等3套遗传体系的基因主效应和基因型×环境效应。棕榈酸含量、硬脂酸含量和亚油酸含量是以基因型×环境互作效应为主。亚麻酸和油酸的遗传主效应和基因型×环境互作效应相近。在脂肪酸组分的遗传主效应中,棕榈酸、硬脂酸和亚油酸含量是以胚主效应为主。油酸含量和亚麻酸含量以细胞质主效应为主。在基因型×环境互作方差中,脂肪酸组分以极显著的胚互作方差为主。亚麻酸含量是以基因的加性效应和加性×环境互作效应为主,棕榈酸含量、硬脂酸含量、油酸含量和亚油酸含量以基因的显性和显性×环境互作效应为主。棕榈酸含量和油酸含量是以普通狭义遗传率为主。硬脂酸、亚油酸含量和亚麻酸含量以互作狭义遗传率为主。在普通狭义遗传率中,棕榈酸含量、油酸含量和亚麻酸含量以细胞质普通遗传率和母体普通遗传率为主。在互作狭义遗传率中,油酸含量和亚麻酸含量以胚互作狭义遗传率为主,亚油酸含量以母体植株互作遗传率为主。棕榈酸含量、硬脂酸含量、油酸含量和亚油酸含量以细胞质及母体选择响应和互作选择响应为主,亚麻酸含量的胚普通选择响应和互作选择响应为主。     

抗虫性大豆对斜纹夜蛾的抗生效应及其遗传

在日本西南部，食草昆虫对大豆植物的损害是十分严重的问题。斜纹夜蛾(CCW，Spodoptera litara Fabricius)是一种主要虫害。植株对虫害的抗性在很大程度上对虫害防治起作用。     

一种优化的大白菜线粒体DNA提取方法

介绍了一种快速、大量提取大白菜线粒体DNA的方法.以大白菜黄化苗为试验材料,通过加入一定量的DNase I和RNase A酶,充分消除核基因组DNA和RNA的污染.通过加入蛋白酶K和SDS,并经2步变温处理,即先在50℃条件下温育1 h,接着在37℃条件下温育1 h,有效地提高了mtDNA产出率.经凝胶电泳和PCR等检...     

K、T、V、CHA型杂种小麦品质性状的细胞质效应

采用2个母本基因型，4种细胞质类型的两因素实验设计，对T、K、V、CHA型杂种小麦的品质性状表现及其差异进行了比较研究。结果表明，K、V、T型细胞质对杂种小麦某些品质性状具有正向效应，其中K型细胞质效应较大，其杂种的千粒重、面粉白度、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、沉淀值、降落值、面团形成时间、稳定时间和评价     

超高压提取大豆卵磷脂的工艺研究

为了研究超高压提取大豆卵磷脂的最佳工艺条件,采用四因子二次通用旋转组合设计,建立大豆卵磷脂得率与压力、保压时间、乙醇浓度和溶剂原料比的回归方程,得到超高压提取大豆卵磷脂的最佳工艺条件为：提取压力 280 MPa、保压时间 5 min、乙醇浓度 85 %、溶剂原料比 45 mL/g,大豆卵磷脂得率10.51 mg/g。     

当前转基因抗虫棉生产中存在的问题

随着转基因抗虫棉种植面积的扩大,抗虫棉棉田生态环境也随之发生变化,主要害虫和天敌的种群发生改变,而一些次要害虫上升为主要害虫.     

Ven、K型小麦雄性不育系细胞质效应在春小麦上的表现

具有粘果山羊草和偏凸山羊草细胞质的K、Ven小麦雄性不育系与普通小麦的核质互作及细胞质的不良效应较低，在小麦杂种优势的利用上最有价值和利用前景，试验针对西北春麦区生态条件，直接引用由西北农林科技大学培育的Ven、K质113／1R易位小麦雄性不育系和保持系，利用西北春麦区现主栽或新育成的春麦品种（系）作为广泛测交的测验种，应用于春性杂种小麦。结果不育系表现育性稳定，细胞质效应小，春性较春麦品种弱，生长发育快，株高较接，丰产性较差。因此，今后生产应用应转育丰产性好的春性Ven质和K质雄性不育系及其保持系，测交筛选高恢复性恢复系。     

大豆异黄酮检测工艺优化

以大豆异黄酮主要成分染料木素为对照物,利用三波长比色法,建立了一套大豆异黄酮的高效检测工艺体系,能有效扣除杂质干扰,精密度试验RSD为0.96%,平均加样回收率为100.13%,RSD为1.31%。     

大蒜秸秆提取工艺响应面法优化及粗提物杀螨毒力测定

为加强对农田废弃物大蒜秸秆的综合利用,应用不同有机溶剂对大蒜秸秆进行粗提,不同溶剂的提取效果评价及对提取液进行杀螨活性测定。以提取温度、时间、次数、料液比为影响因素,大蒜秸秆粗提物的质量为结果指标进行单因素试验并采用响应面法对提取工艺进行优化。结果显示以95%乙醇作为提取剂的粗提物质量为3.54 g,比丙酮、乙酸乙酯、正己烷、石油醚、乙醚提取剂的效果更好,大蒜秸秆提取物具有杀螨活性。由响应面分析得到最佳提取温度为33℃,提取时间为50 min,提取次数为5次,料液比为1:10,由最佳工艺得到的粗提物溶出量为3.68 g。以二斑叶螨和山楂叶螨供试昆虫,进行室内毒力测定,结果显示对二斑叶螨的LC₅₀为5.9403 g/L,对山楂叶螨的LC₅₀为5.1001 g/L,经过提取工艺优化的大蒜秸秆粗提物表现出良好的杀螨活性。为农田废弃物大蒜秸杆的综合利用提供了参考和借鉴。     

水稻、大豆、玉米光合速率的日变化及其对光强响应的滞后效应

用LI-6400光合测定系统对水稻、大豆和玉米3种作物在不同生育时期叶片光合速率的日变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:在各个生育时期,C3作物(水稻、大豆)叶片的光合作用均存在午休现象。而午休现象的产生是气孔因素与非气孔因素共同作用的结果。其中“气孔因素”是高温加剧蒸腾作用,气孔对蒸腾作用的反馈抑制造成的。C3作物(水稻、大豆)叶片的光合速率对光强的响应在上午和下午存在明显差异,上午利用光能的能力明显大于下午。这主要表现在上午的表观初始量子效率比下午大。光合产物对光合作用的反馈抑制会造成这种量子效率的差异性。无论是气孔限制还是光合产物反馈抑制都可能是导致光合速率对光强响应产生“滞后效应”的主要原因。C4作物(玉米)的午休现象不明显,光合速率对光强的响应在上午和下午的差异也不明显,不存在明显的“滞后效应”,这可能与C4作物(玉米)自身的生理特性适应高温的能力有关。     

植物激素配比对大蒜茎盘愈伤组织再生体系的影响

植物激素对大蒜茎盘愈伤组织再生的各个环节都发挥着重要的作用。试验结果表明：2,4．D对茎盘愈伤组织的诱导具有主要作用，高浓度的2，4-D有利于大蒜愈伤组织的诱导，但并不利于其增殖分化。MS＋NAA 2mg／L＋BA 1mg／L培养基适宜于愈伤组织的继代增殖，MS＋NAA 1mg／L＋BA 5mg／L培养基适宜不定芽的分化，只添加NAA或无激素的MS培养基有利于不定芽生根。     

镉对大蒜根生长和根尖细胞超微结构的影响

研究了不同浓度氯化镉溶液对大蒜（Ａｌｌｉｕｍ ｓａｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）根生长和根尖细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,在一定Ｃｄ＾２＋浓度的范围内（１０＾－５～１０＾－２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,随Ｃｄ＾２＋浓度增加和处理持续时间的延长,根的生长速率递减或停止;Ｃｄ处理出现最明显的特征是在１０＾－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度处理组中,细胞质中沉积许多电子稠密颗粒,这些颗粒大小不等,包部着色较深,中心部分较浅,多分布于细胞质中大、小液泡周围;大部分细胞核中的核质高度凝集;出现质壁分离现象;细胞器严重受损;大部分细胞液泡化程度提高。Ｘ－射线微区分析结果表明,这些电子稠密颗粒中均未含有Ｃｄ＾２＋。扫描电镜观察表明,高浓度Ｃｄ＾２＋（１０＾－２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理的根尖表皮细胞呈板结状,细胞壁明显增厚,细胞壁表面沉积许多分泌物。     

Uniformity, Performance and Seed Quality of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Seed Crops Grown from Sub-samples of One Seed Lot Obtained after Selection for Physical Seed Attributes

In a glasshouse experiment it was examined whether narrow grading and selection from a commercial soybean seed lot cultivar 'IAS-5', could improve the uniformity of the seed crop grown from it and thereby enhance yield, quality and uniformity of seeds produced. The classes created were: Control (original seed lot); Size-graded seeds (projected area measured by image analysis 37–46 mm²); Non-cracked seeds; Yellow seeds; Size-graded sound seeds (size-graded, non-cracked, yellow, non-wrinkled, non-etched). Compared to the control, percentage of emergence, survival and number of yielding plants were enhanced in crops from non-cracked, yellow or size-graded sound seeds. Differences in plant numbers did not result in differences in crop yield. The different seed lots also did not differ in crop uniformity: time interval between stages of plant development, plant height 20 days after sowing, yield components, physical or physiological quality attributes of seeds produced, and respective coefficients of variation were similar. Fewer plants survived in crops showing a larger variation in plant height 20 days after sowing, thus reducing differences in initial plant-to-plant variation. Creating more uniform crops by additional grading or selection of commercial seed lots may therefore not be promising.     

Interaction Amongst Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Genotype, Soil Type and Inoculant Strain with Regard to N2 Fixation

The nitrogen (N₂)‐fixing bacterial inoculant strain for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is not indigenous to South African soils. The interaction between soybean genotype, soil type and inoculant strain, however, has a definite influence on soybean production and compatibility should be optimized. This paper reports a growth chamber study using three different soybean genotypes (Barc‐9, Avuturda and Talana), three Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant strains (WB108, WB112 and WB1) and three soil types (Avalon, Arcadia and sand) to evaluate the effectiveness of N₂ fixation by different genotype × soil type × inoculant strain combinations, using different measuring parameters. These parameters included nodule fresh mass (NFM), amount of N₂ fixed (P_fix), as determined by the ureide method, seed protein content (SPC), average seed mass per plant (SMP) and average foliar N content (FNC). The comparison amongst the three‐way interactions, genotype × soil type × inoculant strain, did not differ significantly for the parameters used. Significant two‐way interactions were soil × inoculant for FNC, P_fix and SMP; soil × genotype for FNC and SMP, and inoculant × genotype for FNC (P < 0.05). The soil × inoculant strain interaction was significant for P_fix (P < 0.05). NFM, P_fix, FNC, SMP and SPC correlated positively with soil pH and negatively with soil clay content and soil NO₃^– and NH₄⁺ content (P < 0.05). SPC was significantly different (P < 0.05) for soil type, genotype and inoculant strain. P_fix and NFM did not reflect the protein content of the seeds, indicating that nodule evaluation should be used with caution as a N₂ fixation parameter. Low soil pH and high mineral N content inhibited N₂ fixation. NFM correlated negatively with the clay content of the soil. This finding confirms that soybean production in South Africa can be improved by appropriate selection of genotypes and inoculant strains for their compatibility in different soils.     

Effect of Salinity Stress on Growth and Nutrient Composition of Three Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) Cultivars

Soil salinity is a major limitation to legume production in many areas of the world. The salinity sensitivity of soybean was studied to determine the effect of salinity on seed germination, shoot and root dry weights, and leaf mineral contents. Three soybean cultivars, Lee, Coquitt, and Clark 63, were planted in soils of different salinity levels. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soils used in this experiment was 0.5 dS m^?1. The soil salinity treatments were 0.5, 2.5 4.5, 6.5 and 8.5 dS m^?1. Saline drainage water from a drainage canal with an EC of 15 dS m^?1 was used to treat the soil samples in order to obtain the desired salinity levels. Germination percentages were recorded 10 days after planting. Shoot and root dry weights of 45‐day‐old plants were measured. Nutrient concentrations for Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Cl^? were determined. Germination percentages were significantly reduced with increasing salinity levels. The cultivar Lee was less affected by salinity stress than Coquitt and Clark 63. At 8.5 dS m^?1 a significant reduction in plant height was found in all three cultivars. However, Lee plants were taller than plants of the other two cultivars. Salinity stress induced a significant increase in leaf sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^?) in all cultivars. However, the cultivar Lee maintained lower Na⁺ and Cl⁺ concentrations, a higher potassium (K⁺) concentration and a higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratio at higher salinity levels than Coquitt and Clark 63. Saline stress reduced the accumulation of K⁺, calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) in the leaves of the cultivars studied. This study suggests that Lee is the most tolerant cultivar, and that there is a relationship between the salt tolerance of the cultivar and macronutrient accumulation in the leaves.     

河南栽培大豆的RAPD品种鉴定和聚类分析

用CTAB法提取了10个大豆品种总DNA,使用RAPD技术对其进行了品种鉴定和聚类分析。从73条随机引物中筛选出12条扩增出较稳定DNA条带的引物扩增这些品种总DNA,共扩增出67条带,大小0．2-5 kb,每种引物扩增出4-9条带;多态性条带共51条,多态性比例为76．12％。利用SPSS11．0软件所做的统计分析和聚类分析结果表明,10个品种间的相似系数在0．528-0．776之间,平均相似系数为0．641 6;可聚成3类:豫豆24号、周豆11号、周豆 12号、豫豆11号、周豆13号、豫豆6号,可聚为A类;中作98-3和豫豆15号可聚为B类;豫豆26号和豫豆22号聚为 C类。同一类品种间体现了一定的相关性。     

多年超干贮存对大葱种子生理生化特性的影响

大葱种子的贮存效应随着贮存温度和种子含水量的不同而变化。超干含水量的大葱种子(MC2 8% )在 2 0℃温度下密封贮存 11年后 ,种子发芽率和苗长没有明显降低 ,脱氢酶活性、SOD活性及细胞膜完整性均得到较好的维持。 2 8%和 5 3%的大葱种子在 0℃温度下密封贮存 13年后 ,也具有一定的种子发芽率和苗长 ,而 7 4 %和 2 6 %的大葱种子活力全部丧失。这意味着利用超干技术保存大葱种质是可行的     

大豆幼胚子叶体细胞胚诱导主要影响因素的研究

本研究选用东北地区4个主栽大豆品种的幼胚子叶, 探讨了培养基中氮源、生长素和蔗糖, pH值和低温预处理对体细胞胚诱导的影响; 并首次将低温预处理和pH=7.0的培养基应用到体细胞胚诱导中. 结果表明, MSB培养基附加40 mg/L 2,4-D和6%蔗糖, 其体细胞胚诱导率和诱导效率最高, 分别为49%和2.94%. 于4℃低温预处理的材料, 在pH=7.0     

豌豆种皮结构和成分对种子透水性的影响

为探索豌豆种皮的结构和成分对种子透水性的影响,借助扫描电镜对种皮表面和横断面结构进行观察,并采用显微化学鉴别法、红外光谱分析法以及能量色散型x射线荧光分析仪对种皮成分进行了定性和定量测定.结果表明,豌豆种脐是水分进入种子的主要通道,而种皮结构中的角质层、栅栏层是水分和其他外源物质进入的主要障碍.种皮成分中纤维素、木质素、角质、含碳化合物和Sr元素等的积累增加了种皮的机械强度,从而降低种子的透水性,而种皮中K、Fe、Ca元素的积累可能有利于种皮透水.此外,研究还发现,皮壳率越高,种子透水性越好,且保持种子种皮完整性对种子吸水和保水具有重要作用.