水稻淀粉分支酶基因(RBE4)作为转基因水稻基体标准物质的内标准基因的研究

内标准基因(endogenous reference gene)是指具有物种专一性、不显示等位基因变化、拷贝数恒定的保守DNA序列,对基因定量分析时具有重要意义.本研究选取了5个水稻内标准基因:根部表达的水稻基因(rice root-specific,GOS9)、磷脂酶D基因(phospholipase D,PLD)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因(sucrose phosphate synthase,SPS)、水稻淀粉分支酶基因(rice starch branching enzyme,RBE4)、泛素蛋白基因(ubiquitin 5,UBQ5)和2个外源基因:苏云金芽孢杆菌CrylAb杀虫晶体蛋白基因CrylAb和cryl Ab/cryl Ac融合杀虫晶体蛋白基因(CrylA c/CrylAb),分别以转基因水稻(Oryza sativa L.)克螟稻2号和TT51-1为模板,比较各自的外源基因(CrylAb =KMD2和CrylA c/CrylA b=TT51-1)与5个内源基因的PCR产物量,筛选出和外源基因PCR产物量最接近的内标准基因为RBE4.在此基础上,数字PCR不依赖于已知浓度的标准曲线来定值,可以避免标准样品的标准曲线和样品目的基因的扩增曲线在扩增效率上的不一致等因素所带来的误差,定值结果更加准确、可靠,采用数字PCR分析外源基因拷贝数与内标准基因RBE4拷贝数的比值,荧光定量PCR方法分析内标准基因RBE4和外源基因的定量检测稳定性、灵敏度等.结果表明,外源基因拷贝数与内标准基因RBE4拷贝数的比值在转基因水稻克螟稻2号和TT51-1上都较接近于1∶1,分别为115.9％和105.3％.RBE4的荧光定量PCR体系重复性、定量检测稳定性和灵敏度好,符合作为转基因水稻基体标准物质定量分析的内标准基因的要求,RBE4定量体系在TT51-1和克螟稻2号的最小检出限(LOD)分别为5～11 copies/μL和3～12 copies/μL,最小定量限(LOQ)分别为11～22和12～24 copies/μL.RBE4是转基因水稻标准物质研制和产品定量检测的适宜内标准基因.研究结果为转基因作物标准物质研制和定量检测的内标准基因选取提供一定的参考.     

转基因水稻EB7001S事件特异性检测方法的建立

随着越来越多的转基因作物及其产品进入人类生活的各个领域,准确、快速、高效的检测转基因作物及其产品成为转基因研究和安全管理的基本要求。为了建立抗两种除草剂转基因水稻(Oryza sativa)EB7001S的事件特异性检测方法,本研究利用高效热不对称PCR(high efficient thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR,hiTAIL-PCR)和长距离PCR法(long-distance PCR,LD-PCR)扩增获得了转基因水稻EB7001S中外源基因插入位点的旁侧序列,其中:右旁侧序列1 515 bp,左旁侧序列1 460 bp,外源基因插入水稻基因组第7号染色体第1 470 725位。以左右旁侧序列为基础,建立了转基因水稻EB7001S的事件特异性定性PCR检测方法,采用该方法可从转基因水稻EB7001S中扩增到458和629 bp的2条特异性目的片段。该方法特异性强、稳定性好、灵敏度高,在模板中掺入EB7001S基因组DNA的量为0.1%时仍能通过普通PCR方法检测出来。以旁侧序列为基础,还建立了能快速、准确鉴定外源基因纯合株系的三引物PCR检测法。这些检测方法的建立,将为转基因水稻EB7001S的利用和检测提供关键技术基础。     

水稻OsGPDH1的克隆与功能鉴定

为了解水稻甘油-3-磷酸脱氢酶基因在水稻抗逆性中的作用,本研究从水稻品种日本晴中克隆了1个编码甘油-3-磷酸脱氢酶的基因,命名为OsGPDH1,该基因编码的蛋白酶具有NAD(P)+结合域和脱氢酶域,且这2个结构域在植物中高度保守。构建过表达OsGPDH1基因载体转化水稻得到转基因植株,RT-qPCR分析表明,OsGPDH1基因在水稻孕穗期的叶、幼穗、茎、节、叶鞘中均有表达,说明该基因参与了水稻的生长发育过程。OsGPDH1基因也受到PEG6000、高盐、双氧水等逆境和甲基茉莉酸(mJA)、水杨酸(SA)等激素诱导表达,且诱导12h后,OsGPDH1的表达量达到最高水平,但对脱落酸(ABA)不敏感。盐胁迫下的发芽试验表明,过表达转基因水稻的发芽率高于野生型,说明OsGPDH1基因表达量的提高可增强转基因植株对盐胁迫的耐受性。对过表达OsGPDH1的转基因水稻进行苗期20%PEG6000胁迫处理后,转基因水稻的成活率显著高于野生型,说明OsGPDH1基因过表达可提高水稻苗期抗旱能力。本研究初步证明了OsGPDH1水稻抗盐胁迫和渗透胁迫的重要作用,为培育抗性转基因水稻新品种提供了新的基因资源。     

过量表达OsNPR1基因稳定提高水稻对白叶枯病的抗性

在拟南芥中,NPR1是系统获得抗性SA信号传导途径中的一个重要的调节因子,在水稻中已克隆到与之同源的OsNPR1基因。构建OsNPR1基因水稻过量表达载体,并将其转化粳稻TP309得到转基因植株;通过自交纯合,得到17个纯合株系;对T3、T4代纯合株系进行PCR鉴定,证实转基因纯合株系中外源伪OsNPR1基因具有遗传稳定性;检测了T1、T2代转基因株系和T3代转基因纯合株系对水稻白叶枯病病原细菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv．oryzae的抗病性,结果表明,在T1、T2代中70％以上的株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性显著提高,T3代中约67％的株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性显著提高,说明这种抗病性的提高具有遗传稳定性。OsNPR1基因可作为选育水稻抗白叶枯病新种质的一个良好的候选基因。     

环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)快速检测转基因玉米LY038

为了施行对转基因作物的监管,许多国家和机构制定了转基因标识制度的相关条例,因此建立针对转基因产品的检测方法是十分必要的.本研究运用环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)建立了对转基因玉米(Zea mays L.) LY038外源基因的快速检测技术,该方法依据cordapA基因的序列设计了4条特异性引物,结果表明,引物特异性良好,该检测体系在63℃恒定温度下,反应50 min,可检测到0.01％的样本,是常规PCR方法的5倍.该检测方法具有高度的特异性、灵敏性和稳定性,该方法不需要特殊仪器、快速简便,在基层和现场检测中有很好的应用前景.     

过表达野生大豆S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因GsSAMS提高水稻耐盐碱性

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶(SAMS)是生化反应中合成甲基供体的关键酶,在植物逆境响应中具有重要的作用。为了鉴定野生大豆S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶GsSAMS基因对水稻盐碱胁迫耐性的影响,本研究采用USER克隆技术构建植物过表达载体,以农杆菌介导法侵染水稻愈伤组织,经过PCR、半定量PCR(RT-PCR)等分子检测获得GsSAMS转基因水稻株系;通过对比野生型和转基因水稻盐碱胁迫处理后的表型、存活率及过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性等指标,发现GsSAMS转基因株系耐盐碱性显著优于野生型。通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析发现盐碱胁迫处理后,OsM6PR1、OsNAC5、OsPOX1基因在转基因株系中的表达显著高于野生型,说明GsSAMS可通过提高抗氧化物酶POD和CAT活性及相关基因的表达,增强转基因水稻盐碱胁迫耐受性。本研究获得的耐盐碱水稻新株系对盐碱地的开发利用具有重要意义。     

Bt 转基因抗虫恢复系选育及其杂种纯度快速鉴定

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)籼型(indica)恢复系密阳46与粳型(japonica)转基因抗虫供体克螟稻1号杂交和回交，选育了高抗螟虫和强配合力的优良籼型恢复系TT1和TT5。所配制的杂种F1仍保持高抗螟虫特性，且杂种优势明显，表明通过选育Bt转基因恢复系来培育抗螟虫杂交稻的方法是可行的。与常用大田种植鉴定法比较，对GUS组织染色法和潮霉素浸种发芽法鉴定转基因杂交稻杂种F1纯度方法作了探讨，发现种子GUS染色法是一种快速鉴定纯度的有效方法。     

Bt水稻杀虫蛋白时空变化及秸秆还田后在土壤中的持留规律

以Bt抗虫水稻华池B6、TT51及其非转基因水稻亲本嘉早935、明恢63,以及与它们亲缘较远但农艺性状相近的水稻品种中九B、R9311为试验材料,研究了田间种植条件下Bt抗虫水稻杀虫蛋白的时空变化及其在根际土中的持留规律,同时,还研究了秸秆还田后Bt蛋白在土壤中的持留规律。结果表明：1）Bt抗虫水稻华池B6植株各个部位...     

实时定量PCR检测转基因水稻科丰6号插入拷贝数和转基因含量

建立转基因成分灵敏、准确的定量标识是实施转基因安全阈值管理的一个基本步骤,其中实时定量PCR技术是检测产品中转基因含量的主要技术方法。本研究利用该技术确定了双价(cry1Ac+CpTi)转基因抗虫水稻(Oryzasativa)科丰6号中有3个拷贝的外源基因插入。通过对外源基因Bt和转化事件特异的边界特异序列为对象的绝对定量和相对定量检测方法的研究,发现以边界特异序列为对象的事件特异性检测和以目的基因Bt为对象的检测都能够满足相对定量检测的要求。在100ng基因组DNA中,Bt基因和特异性检测的相对定量检测限分别为0.1%和0.5%,在绝对定量检测中,特异性检测的检测限为5个拷贝。不同检测方法对4个已知转基因含量的样品检测结果与预期均一致。结果表明,以转基因产品占总产品比例为定义的转基因含量的测定中,多拷贝或单拷贝基因为对象的不同定量方法的检测对转基因产品的相对定量结果没有影响,本研究对转基因产品的定量阈值设定具有一定的借鉴意义。     

西红柿原系统素基因转化水稻的抗虫性研究

构建了两个含西红柿原系统素基因的双元载体pNAR304（UbiI5’+Prosystemin+NOS3’）和pNAR305 (UbiI5’+Prosystemin+NOS3’+ PinⅡ5’+PinⅡ+PinⅡ3’)，并用农杆菌介导方法将其转入水稻品种秀水63、合江19和日本晴。经潮霉素抗性、PCR和Southern blot确证，共获得转基因水稻14株。Northern blot检测表明，原系统素基因(Prosystemin)和马铃薯蛋白酶抑制剂基因(PinⅡ)在这些转基因植株中都能转录表达。然而，植株的二化螟和褐飞虱抗虫性鉴定表明：单独转入Prosystemin（pNAR304）不能提高转基因水稻的抗虫能力；Prosystemin和PinⅡ双价（pNAR305）转基因植株能明显提高水稻的抗虫性，但其抗性水平与PinⅡ单个基因的转基因水稻植株间并无显著差异。 这表明，Prosystemin基因转入水稻并不能有效调节转基因水稻PinII基因的表达量。据此试验结果推测，水稻中可能不存在类似于西红柿系统素的信号途径，很可能水稻的伤害信号转导是经由与双子叶植物系统素体系不同的其它途径来实现的。     

Characterization of the transgenic rice event TT51-1 and construction of a reference plasmid

Transgenic rice TT51-1 (BT63) is an insect resistant strain that was granted for safety certificate in China in 2009. This study characterizes the transgenic event TT51-1 using a GenomeWalker strategy. The organization of the transgenes indicated that the transgenes on two plasmids, pFHBT1 and pGL2RC7, had been integrated at the same locus. The sequence of the event TT51-1 spanned 8725 bp, including a truncated Cry1Ab/Ac cassette, an intact Cry1Ab/Ac cassette, two Amp gene segments, and an Hph gene segment. The 5' and 3' plant flanking sequences were isolated and used to locate the transgenes to chromosome 10 in TT51-1. The isolated TT51-1 fragment and a fragment of the rice PLD gene were integrated into a plasmid vector, to create plasmid pK-TT51 as a calibrator for detecting rice containing TT51-1. Analysis of unknown samples indicated that the reference plasmid was a reliable alternative to TT51-1 genomic DNA.     

种植绿肥与稻秸协同还田对单季稻田土壤有机碳库和酶活性的影响

种植绿肥和秸秆还田是稻田土壤培肥的重要措施。研究江汉平原单季稻田冬闲期种植绿肥及稻秸不同利用模式对土壤有机碳库和土壤酶活性的影响,为合理利用秸秆和土地资源提供科学依据。该研究基于3 a田间定位试验,以稻秸不还田不种绿肥(CK1)和不施肥空白(CK0)为对照,分析了冬闲期稻秸全量覆盖单独还田(RSM)、稻秸原位焚烧还田(RSB)、单种绿肥(GM)以及稻秸全量覆盖与种植绿肥协同还田利用(RSM+GM)等处理模式下土壤有机碳各组分含量、碳库管理指数、酶活性的变化及其与水稻产量的关系。结果表明:与CK1和CK0相比,RSB处理3 a后显著降低了土壤稳态有机碳含量,对土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量以及碳库管理指数均无显著影响;而GM、RSM及RSM+GM处理3a后显著提高了土壤活性有机碳含量、碳库指数、碳库活度、碳库活度指数和碳库管理指数,尤其是RSM和RSM+GM处理还可显著提高土壤总有机碳含量,且多数指标均以RSM+GM处理增幅为最大,其次是RSM处理。与CK1相比,RSB处理3a后显著提高了过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性,但对土壤脲酶活性无显著影响;而RSM、GM及RSM+GM处理模式3 a后均可显著增加土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,其中RSM+GM处理模式在1 a后即可显著提高土壤脲酶活性,2 a后显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性,3 a后土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性增幅均是最大。相比于CK1,RSM和RSB处理模式3 a的稻谷增产效果均不显著,而GM和RSM+GM处理模式连续3 a显著提高了稻谷产量,增幅分别为6.88%～11.67%和6.00%～13.40%。相关性分析表明,土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数、土壤酶活性与水稻产量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。综上,在江汉平原单季稻作条件下,冬闲期稻秸全量覆盖还田或种植绿肥均可改善土壤肥力,增加作物产量,但前者更有助于土壤有机碳积累,后者更利于作物产量提升。为了兼顾秸秆资源利用、土壤质量改善和作物增产稳产,稻田冬闲期稻秸全量覆盖与种植绿肥协同还田利用模式是一种较好的选择。     

杀螺胺乙醇胺盐在水稻和稻田中的残留及消解动态

为明确杀螺胺乙醇胺盐在稻田系统的使用安全性,采用田间试验方法,研究了杀螺胺乙醇胺盐在长沙、杭州、贵阳三地水稻中的消解动态和最终残留。结果表明,该化学灭螺药在三地的稻田水、土壤、稻秆中消解半衰期分别为1.69～3.01、8.66～13.86d和5.33～7.70d。施药后62d糙米中杀螺胺乙醇胺盐的最终残留量均〈1.00mg·kg-1,水稻稻秆中含量最高。在水稻中使用杀螺胺乙醇胺盐70%可湿性粉剂,按推荐剂量900g·hm-（2630a.i.g·hm-2）,最多施药2次,杀螺胺乙醇胺盐在水稻上的安全期为62d。     

华恢1号衍生系旱恢3T的选育及抗虫表现

水稻作为世界上主要的粮食作物之一,容易受到螟虫、稻飞虱、稻象甲等主要害虫为害造成减产.为改良节水抗旱稻的抗虫性,以华恢1号(TT51)为cry1Ab/Ac基因供体,与节水抗旱稻恢复系品种旱恢3号杂交,利用分子标记辅助选择技术对目标基因进行筛选,最终获得BC3F4纯合、稳定株系.通过对Cry1Ab/Ac蛋白的定性和定量检...     

cry1Ac/cpti转基因大米水稻土中微生物群落的多样性研究

Two types of cry1Ac/cpti transgenic rice(GM1 and GM2)and their parental non-cry1Ac/cpti rice(CK1 and CK2)were planted in the field at Wufeng,Fujian Province,China for four years to investigate the influence of genetically modified rice on diversity of bacterial and fungal community in the paddy soil.The community composition and abundance of bacteria or fungi in the paddy soil were assessed at different growth stages of rice by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time polymerase chain reaction based on 16S rRNA gene or SSU rRNA gene in the 4th year after the experimental establishment.The composition of bacterial or fungal community changed during rice growth,while no significant differences were observed between the fields cultivated with GM1and CK1,or between the fields cultivated with GM2 and CK2 in either bacterial or fungal community composition.The copy numbers of bacterial 16S rRNA gene in the soils with CK1,CK2,GM1 and GM2 ranged from 5.64×1011to 6.89×1011copies g-1dry soil at rice growth stages,and those of fungal SSU rRNA gene from 5.24×108to 8.68×108copies g-1dry soil.There were no marked differences in the copies of bacterial 16S rRNA gene or fungal SSU rRNA gene between CK1 and GM1 or between CK2 and GM2at any growth stage of rice.Planting cry1Ac/cpti transgenic rice had no significant effect on composition and abundance of bacterial and fungal community in paddy soil during the rice growing season at least in the short term.     

Evaluation of four genes in rice for their suitability as endogenous reference standards in quantitative PCR

The genetically modified (GM) food/feed quantification depends on the reliable detection systems of endogenous reference genes. Currently, four endogenous reference genes including sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), GOS9, phospholipase D (PLD), and ppi phosphofructokinase (ppi-PPF) of rice have been used in GM rice detection. To compare the applicability of these four rice reference genes in quantitative PCR systems, we analyzed the target nucleotide sequence variation in 58 conventional rice varieties from various geographic and phylogenic origins, also their quantification performances were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR and GeNorm analysis via a series of statistical calculation to get a "M value" which is negative correlation with the stability of genes. The sequencing analysis results showed that the reported GOS9 and PLD taqman probe regions had detectable single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the tested rice cultivars, while no SNPs were observed for SPS and ppi-PPF amplicons. Also, poor quantitative performance was detectable in these cultivars with SNPs using GOS9 and PLD quantitative PCR systems. Even though the PCR efficiency of ppi-PPF system was slightly lower, the SPS and ppi-PPF quantitative PCR systems were shown to be applicable for rice endogenous reference assay with less variation among the C(t) values, good reproducibility in quantitative assays, and the low M values by the comprehensive quantitative PCR comparison and GeNorm analysis.     

Development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction method for simultaneous detection of eight events of genetically modified maize

In this study, we developed a novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for simultaneous detection of up to eight events of genetically modified (GM) maize within a single reaction. The eight detection primer pairs designed to be construct specific for eight respective GM events (i.e., Bt11, Event176, GA21, MON810, MON863, NK603, T25, and TC1507) and a primer pair for an endogenous reference gene, ssIIb, were included in the nonaplex(9plex) PCR system, and its amplified products could be distinguished by agarose gel and capillary electrophoreses based on their different lengths. The optimal condition enabled us to reliably amplify two fragments corresponding to a construct specific sequence and a taxon specific ssIIb in each of the eight events of GM maize and all of nine fragments in a simulated GM mixture containing as little as 0.25% (w/w) each of eight events of GM maize. These results indicate that this multiplex PCR method could be an effective qualitative detection method for screening GM maize.     

Rapid and reliable detection and identification of GM events using multiplex PCR coupled with oligonucleotide microarray

To devise a rapid and reliable method for the detection and identification of genetically modified (GM) events, we developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with a DNA microarray system simultaneously aiming at many targets in a single reaction. The system included probes for screening gene, species reference gene, specific gene, construct-specific gene, event-specific gene, and internal and negative control genes. 18S rRNA was combined with species reference genes as internal controls to assess the efficiency of all reactions and to eliminate false negatives. Two sets of the multiplex PCR system were used to amplify four and five targets, respectively. Eight different structure genes could be detected and identified simultaneously for Roundup Ready soybean in a single microarray. The microarray specificity was validated by its ability to discriminate two GM maizes Bt176 and Bt11. The advantages of this method are its high specificity and greatly reduced false-positives and -negatives. The multiplex PCR coupled with microarray technology presented here is a rapid and reliable tool for the simultaneous detection of GM organism ingredients.