南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究：I.赤红壤水 …

阐述了南亚热带低山,丘陵,台地赤红壤总库容,贮水库容,通透库容的占有情况,探讨了水库容的有效性以及不同利用方式的赤红壤有效水库容与无效库容的差异,并对影响赤红壤水分有效性的因素作了分析。结果表明,赤红壤贮水库容小,尤其是有效水库容小,赤红壤水分有效性主要与土壤有机质相关。     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性研究

根据对丘陵缓坡地和低丘梯地的系统观测资料 ,阐明了赤红壤贮水库容、有效贮水库容较小 ,而通透库容较大 ;降雨集中 ,地表径流明显 ;赤红壤贮水量季节性变化明显 ,有效贮水量低等特征 ;同时对SPAC连续体系中的水分势能和水流阻力的分布规律进行了分析 .     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究：II.丘陵赤？…

根据定位观测资料,阐述了南亚热带丘陵红壤水分循环的动态特征,研究结果表明,南亚热带丘陵赤红壤贮水量存在年际变化和显著的季节变化,雨季（４～９月）土壤贮水量相当于田间持水量９０％以上,个别月甚至超过同藏水库容量,但旱季月土壤贮水量低,相当于田间持水量的５０％～８０％,需要补充水分才能及时满足植物所需的水分。     

丘陵赤红壤降雨入渗产流模型及其变化特征

在分析南亚热带丘陵赤红壤降雨入渗和产流过程基础上 ,依据田间实测资料 ,建立了丘陵赤红壤降雨入渗产流数学模型 ,分析了南亚热带丘陵赤红壤地表径流的动态变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明 ,丘陵赤红壤区 ,4～ 9月每次降雨产生的径流量变化范围为 0 .2～ 5 1.0 4m m,径流率变化范围为 0 .5 6 %～ 47.5 8% ,10月至次年 3月一般不产生地表径流 ;地表径流量与降雨量拟合关系式为 R0 =0 .0 2 5 9.Pn1 .40 34 ,径流率与土壤表层初始含水量拟合关系式为 R′0 =9.8788W7.770 2 ,而降雨强度对径流量的影响要比降雨量、土壤表层初始含水量小得多。     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究：VIII.丘陵？…

依据田间实测资料,在分析丘陵赤红壤水分性质的基础上,建立了土壤有效含水量与土壤物理粘粒含量之间的数学模型,土壤水分特征曲线数学模型,土壤月的贮水量与月降雨总量之间的数学模型和径流率与土壤表层初始含水量之间的数学模型,研究了土壤水分循环与平衡数学模型及各分量与参数的确定方法。     

南亚热带丘陵赤红壤水分循环特征及其意义

根据定位点的实测资料，阐述了南亚热带亚陵赤红壤试区的降雨，蒸散，地形径流，深层贮水和土壤贮水量的动态变化在土壤水分分循环中的作用，研究结果表明，在丘陵赤红壤水分循环中，降雨量多和降雨强度大起着极重要的作用，降雨量多但分配不均匀表成明显的干湿季节，降雨强度大于土壤入渗速率是产生地表径流的关键条件，由大雨而暴雨并持续10 h以上的降雨过程且降雨超过50mm，将产生深层贮水，在干旱季节（1－2）月和10－12月），降雨量仅占年降雨量11．61％－16．46％，而蒸发量却占年总蒸发量33．22％－43．08％，尤其是每隔每年左右的1月或11月前后，常出现持续40多天未下雨的现象，0－100cm土层的蒸散量大于降水渗入量，土壤贮水减量，因此，在雨季防止或减少地表径流，在干旱减缓土壤水分蒸发，提高土壤水分利用率，或以喷灌方式补充土壤水分，是丘陵区发展“三高农业”不可忽视的问题。     

福建赤红壤旱地土壤水分特性及调控

福建不同母岩上发育的赤红壤旱地土壤水总库容在熟化度大致相当的情况下相差不大。玄武岩上发育的赤红壤旱地贮水库容、有效水库容分别比花岗岩发育的赤红壤旱地贮水库容、有效水库容要高 ,前者的保水性强于后者。不同利用方式主要通过影响土壤的有机质状况及熟化度 ,进而影响土壤结构 ,导致土壤持水容量不同。赤红壤旱地的比水容量达到 10 2 数量级在 - 10kPa～ 30kPa就开始出现 ,而红壤旱地出现在- 30kPa以下 ,表明赤红壤旱地的失水速度快 ,保水供水性能弱于红壤旱地。为此 ,福建省赤红壤旱地土壤水分调控管理的方向和措施有 :增加降水入渗、调整农业结构 ,采用复合农业技术、增施有机肥和改进灌溉等。     

赤红壤丘陵区坡地果园集流槽和覆盖试验研究初报

以广东省五华县赤红壤丘陵区坡地果园为例，进行了集流槽和覆盖试验。结果表明，集流槽和覆盖措施对土壤的水热状况有良好的调节作用，能有效改善土壤物理性状，具有增加土壤贮水、降低土壤水分蒸发、调节土壤温度、提高水分利用效率、保护果树根系的作用。该措施在水土流失区赤红壤丘陵坡地果园管理实践中具有一定的推广价值。     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究：VI.丘陵赤？…

依据田间实测资料,分析了南亚热带丘陵赤红壤－果树－大气连续中的能量变化及其分布规律,结果表明,土壤基质势的年度变化特征说明南亚热带丘陵赤红壤存在明显的湿季和旱季,果树叶水势随基质势,大气水势,气温及大气相对湿度的变化而变化,荔枝,龙眼叶水势的变化比芒果叶水势的变化大,以荔枝,芒果和龙眼作为供试植物,水分从土壤到达植物根表皮,进入根系并通过物茎到达叶片,其能量降低分别约为０．９６０３～１．７４２８,     

福建赤红壤旱地与红土壤旱地水分特性的比较

释放80％的有效水时赤红壤旱地的t值（当释放的土壤有效水占有效水库容的比率为80％时的土壤水吸力值）较小，表明赤红壤旱地持水性较红壤旱地更差，植物更容易受到干旱的协迫。赤红壤旱地贮水库容比红壤旱地少，赤红壤旱地的比水容量达到10^-2数量级（难效水）在－19kPa～-30kPa就开始出现，而红壤旱地出现在－30kPa以下，表明赤红壤旱地的失水速度愉，保水供水性能弱于红壤旱地。最后，讨论了影响旱地土壤水分性质的因素。     

广东丘陵红壤土壤水分性能特征比较研究

对不同植被、不同利用方式下广东丘陵红壤水分性能进行了比较研究.结果表明,与自然地带性植被下的赤红壤比较,次生植被、人工植被下红壤类土壤导水性、持水能力和供水能力一般均较低.在同样的吸力下,次生植被、人工植被下红壤类土壤持水量较少,在同样吸力段.土壤释放的水量较少.玄武岩砖红壤持水量较大,但土壤水分有效性低.研究表明.广东丘陵旱地土壤局部干旱的发生,与其本身的土壤水分性能有密切关系,改良土壤水分性状,是调控广东丘陵旱地土壤水分的重要环节.     

西藏南迦巴瓦峰地区土壤地理分布规律的研究

西藏东南部的南迦巴瓦峰地区，面积约６．４３×１０＾４ｋｍ＾２。章探讨了土壤垂直带谱的性质和结构特点，土壤水平地带与垂直带的关系，土壤垂直带的结果类型；论述了湿润程度，逆温、人类活动对土壤垂直带影响，以及山体高度和大小与山地土壤分布的关系。     

Nitrogen and organic matter of volcanic ash soils of Santa Bárbara Association in Chile

Santa Bárbara association is a group of Andosols widely distributed on the western foothills of the Andes Mountains in the Central Valley of Chile from about 36° to 40° south latitude. The soils of this association may be divided into two groups—south and north—by the characteristics of soil organic matter, although they are much alike in morphology. The line of demarcation between the groups lies at about 38° south latitude.

The potential nitrogen fertility or , the content of easily decomposable organic nitrogen is greater in the south soils than in the north soils of which humic matter is at a more advanced stage of humification, as compared with that of the south soils. Dry summers have caused the north soils to lessen in their potential nitrogen fertility and to stimulate humification of organic matter, altering the organic matter in quantity as well as in nature. It is evident that the analysis of soil organic matter is an effectual measure for the characterization of Andosols, and hence for the classification of the soils.

It is very probable that a considerable water erosion has occurred in the soils of this association, transporting the fine soil particles from the mid-slope to the foot of the hills.     

不同利用方式下红壤结构的形成

本文应用顺序脱胶法,对砖红壤、赤红壤和红壤在不同利用方式下的水稳性团聚体的有机和无机胶结物组成进行了分析研究。水稳性团聚体共分>5,3-1,1-0.5和<0.25毫米四级。结果表明,红壤开垦后随着粘粒活度的增加和无机胶结物含量的降低,土壤团聚体的水稳性和土壤结构系数逐渐降低。但是,一旦采用合理的施肥和管理方法,这些物理参数又会逐步恢复和增加。此外,还研究了土壤结构稳定性与土壤地带性的关系。作者认为在中亚热带的红壤上施用有机物料以增强它的结构稳定性比热带砖红壤上施用更为重要。     

EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM AND YIELDS OF COTTON ON CERTAIN CLAY SOILS OF SUDAN

Within Sudan there are extensive areas of Vertisols in the Nile River valley south of Khartoum. These soils have clay contents ranging from 40 to 60 per cent, very slow permeability, exchangeable sodium percentages up to 35 or more in the upper 60 cm, and pH values between 8.0 and 9.6. Under present management, satisfactory yields of long staple cotton are obtained under irrigation on soils having exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of up to 35 in the upper 60 cm. It is proposed that soil characteristics such as type of clay, cracking and exchangeable sodium in the hot, dry climate of Sudan influence soil structure and water availability and thus the yields of cotton.     

热带地区强风化土壤表面的化学反应以及土壤管理的合理建议

Highly weathered soils are distributed in the humid and wet-dry tropics, as well as in the humid subtropics. As a result of strong weathering, these soils are characterized by low activity clays, which develop variable surface charge and related specific properties. Surface reactions regarding base exchange and soil acidification, heavy metal sorption and mobility, and phosphorus sorption and availability of the tropical highly weathered soils are reviewed in this paper. Factors controlling surface reactivity towards cations and anions, including ion exchange and specific adsorption processes, are discussed with consideration on practical implications for rational management of these soils. Organic matter content and pH value are major basic factors that should be controlled through appropriate agricultural practices, in order to optimise favorable effects of colloid surface properties on soil fertility and environmental quality.     

中国主要类型土壤若干重金属临界含量和环境容量区域分异的影响

本文通过八年研究结果，分析了土壤区域，地带性土壤类型分布，土壤ｐＨ，碳酸盐，有机质等因素对Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ａｓ四种元素土壤临界含量和环境容量区域分异的影响，其中以土壤ｐＨ和土壤类型分布是主要影响因素。Ｃｄ和Ｃｕ的土壤临界含量，环境容量和土壤ｐＨ间呈负相关性，并随土壤类型由北到南的分布而减小。土壤Ａｓ的临界含量和环境容量随土壤ｐＨ增大和土壤类别由南到北的分布而增大。但它们之间无相关性。     

Acidity Changes of Foreign Acidic Soils Introduced into Calcareous Soil Environment

Abstract

Many tropical plant species originated in areas with acidic soils and do not grow well in calcareous (high pH) soils. It is impossible to acidify soils that have high contents of calcium carbonate in south Florida. Replacing calcareous soils with acidic soils obtained from distant regions is an alternative. Unfortunately, such introduced acidic soils may eventually be neutralized by irrigation and ground water that is saturated with calcium carbonate. The objective of this investigation was to examine the acidity changes and buffering capacities of three types of acidic soils (silica sand soil, red loamy sand soil, and a mixed soil) used to establish tropical plants in a rainforest exhibition at Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, FL. The three areas were excavated to remove native calcareous soil, limestone bedrock, and filled with acidic soils. Various rainforest plants were planted. Soil samples were collected in contiguous 10 cm‐deep segments from the soil surface to the bedrock shortly after deposition of the soils and one year later. Soil pH, EC, particle distribution, buffering capacity were determined. Results showed that both silica sand and mixed soils had been neutralized and the soil pH values had risen over 7 in all soil depths after one year. However, less than 10 cm of the surface and bottom soil layers of red loamy sand had been neutralized and the soil pH in the middle of soil profile remained unchanged due to its higher buffering capacity. A column leaching study showed that the acidity in the red loamy sand soil would be neutralized by irrigation water and by capillary movement of groundwater with a high concentration of calcium bicarbonate. Buffering curves indicate that it is easier to maintain acidity in sandy soil than of loamy sand and mixed soils with acidified irrigation water. Indeed it is difficult to acidify the mixed soils with high organic matter content after these soils have been neutralized.     

Temporal changes in soil aggregates and water erosion after a wildfire in a Mediterranean pine forest

The evolution of soil structure after a forest fire was studied on two zones representatives of a typical Mediterranean Pine forest. These zones were in opposite slope orientation but with similar topographical and pedological characteristics. Changes in soil macro-aggregation and water stable micro-aggregation were monitored seasonally during a year after the fire. The water erosion patterns were also studied from August 1993, immediately after the fire, to the end of 1996.The first 5 cm of soil depth were the most affected by fire temperature, showing clear differences on aggregate distribution and temporal variability between zones. In the north-facing soil, a substantial and gradual recovery on soil aggregation was observed mainly in the fraction greater than 5-mm diameter; this reached an increase of 27% in mass of aggregates. In the south slope, the evolution of aggregation was smooth and restricted to the fraction minor than 0.1 mm. These differences between zones are reflected also in their values on soil cohesiveness and compaction, being lesser in the south-oriented soils. Values of erosion parameters show that both zones have the higher soil losses during the immediate period (4 months) after the fire, being more important in the south zone. This zone produced more sediment and runoff (52.42% and 29.95%, respectively) than north-facing soils for the whole period studied.