地衣芽孢杆菌对仿刺参生长、消化和免疫功能的影响

为探讨益生菌制剂对仿刺参生长、消化和免疫功能的影响,选用分离自仿刺参肠道的地衣芽孢杆菌作为潜在的益生菌株进行仿刺参投喂试验.选择初始体质量为(7.17±0.86)g的仿刺参为试验对象,设计空白对照组及益生菌处理组进行投喂.益生菌在饲料中的添加密度分别为105、107、109、1011 cfu/g,每10 d测定相关指标...     

枯草芽孢杆菌对杂交鲟幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活性及非特异性免疫的影响

在杂交鲟(Acipenser baeri ♂×Acipenserschrenkii♀)幼鱼日粮中添加不同质量分数(0、0.05％、0.1％、0.25％、0.5％)的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillussubtilis)粉剂,分别在培育实验的第15天和第30天采集样本,分析其对幼鱼摄食、生长、肠道消化酶活性及非特异性免疫指标的影响.实验结果:饲料中添加0.25％枯草芽孢杆菌粉剂时,杂交鲟生长最好,增重率和特定生长率较对照组分别提高了54.31％(P＜0.05)和28.61％(P＜0.05),饵料系数降低了36.02％(P＜o.05),也显著低于其他各实验组(P＜0.05).各实验组肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性均高于对照组;实验第15天时各种消化酶活性均大于第30天,其中第15天添加0.25％组的肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性最高,显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),且该实验组的血清溶菌酶(LSZ)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)均显著高于对照组和其他实验组(P＜0.05).研究表明,饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌可提高杂交鲟幼鱼的生长性能、肠道的消化酶活性及血清非特异性免疫能力,适宜添加水平为0.25％,添加的适宜持续时间为15d左右.     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌MSP05对泥鳅生长、消化及免疫的影响

为探究饲料中添加贝莱斯芽孢杆菌MSP05对泥鳅幼鱼生长、消化及非特异性免疫的影响,选取360尾初始平均体质量为(3.24±0.14) g的泥鳅幼鱼,分为4组,每组3个平行,对照组及3个试验组分别饲喂添加0、1×10⁶、1×10⁷、1×10⁸ cfu/g贝莱斯芽孢杆菌MSP05的日粮,养殖8周。试验结果显示：贝莱斯芽孢杆菌MSP05显著提高了泥鳅幼鱼的质量增加率和特定生长率(P<0.05);随着添加量的增加,蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性先升后降,并在1×10⁷ cfu/g组达到最大值,脂肪酶活性则不断升高;1×10⁶ cfu/g组泥鳅前肠、中肠形态指标提升效果最显著,1×10⁷ cfu/g组后肠形态最佳;相较于对照组,试验组血清过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高,丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05);贝莱斯芽孢杆菌MSP05还显著降低了嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后泥鳅幼鱼的死亡率(P<0.05)。综上,饲料中添加贝莱斯芽孢杆菌MSP05能...     

饲料粗脂肪水平对大泷六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii消化酶活性的影响

在水温(19±0.5)℃下,将体质量(66.5±1.1)g的大泷六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii饲养在实际水量为60L的水槽中,投喂粗蛋白为50%左右,脂肪水平分别为4.17%(L1)、6.73%(L2)、10.33%(L3)、12.85%(L4),及15.72%(L5)的5种饲料,研究饲料中脂肪水平对大泷六线鱼消化酶活性的影响。7周的饲养结果表明:随着饲料脂肪水平的增加,大泷六线鱼各消化组织中蛋白酶活性无显著性差异(P0.05),但淀粉酶活性却随着脂肪水平的增加而降低(P0.05)。L1组鱼胃、幽门盲囊和肠的淀粉酶活性最大,显著高于L4和L5组(P0.05),但与L2和L3组没有显著性差异(P0.05);L1组肝胰脏淀粉酶活性最大,与L3、L4和L5组有显著性差异(P0.05)。脂肪酶活性随着饲料脂肪水平的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势。L3组鱼胃和肠的脂肪酶活性最大,显著高于其他组(P0.05);L3组鱼幽门盲囊脂肪酶活性最高,与L1、L2和L5组有显著性差异(P0.05),但与L4组差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,大泷六线鱼饲料中最适脂肪添加水平为10.33%。     

温度和盐度对大泷六线鱼仔鱼存活与生长的影响

研究了温度和盐度变化对大泷六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii Jordan et Starks仔鱼存活与生长的影响.结果表明,大泷六线鱼初孵仔鱼及10日龄仔鱼在温度4～16℃范围内都能存活与生长,存活率均在84％以上,温度为20℃试验组的存活率均低于50％.盐度渐变条件下,盐度10～30范围内存活率都大于90％,在盐度为5及以下时仔鱼的存活率降为0,仔鱼对高盐度的适应能力较差.盐度突变条件下,盐度25和30的试验组仔鱼的存活率都在95％以上,盐度10～20的试验组仔鱼出现不同程度的死亡,存治率可达56％～75％.大泷六线鱼仔鱼的最适生长温度为12～16℃,最适生长盐度为25～30.     

大泷六线鱼仔、稚、幼鱼期消化酶活力的变化

以大泷六线鱼为研究对象,研究了其从初孵仔鱼到幼鱼（0~100d）4种消化酶活力的变化。结果表明,大泷六线鱼的早期生长发育阶段4种消化酶呈现不同的变化趋势,随着鱼苗的生长发育,胃蛋白酶活力逐渐增大;胰蛋白酶活力整体呈现逐渐上升的趋势,0~30d内于20d时达到峰值后下降,40d后胰蛋白酶活力再次增大,并于60d时达到最大值;淀粉酶活力于20d时达到最大值后下降并呈现较平稳的变化;脂肪酶活力于5d达到最小值,40d后脂肪酶活力逐渐升高。     

大泷六线鱼仔鱼摄食及生长的研究↑（*）

本文以大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammosotakii)人工孵化所得的卵黄囊期仔鱼为材料,对仔鱼早期阶段的摄食及生长情况作了实验研究。结果表明:在13.5～14℃条件下,大泷六线鱼仔鱼6日龄开始摄食,约8日龄卵黄囊耗尽,10日龄饥饿仔鱼进入PNR期,混合营养期为2d;饥饿仔鱼的开口率(初次摄食率)开始较低,此后上升,到卵黄囊耗尽时达高峰(63%),以后又下降。仔鱼前期的生长率平均为0.254mm/d,饥饿仔鱼生长几乎停止,同期喂食仔鱼的生长率亦下降为0.102mm/d;摄食仔鱼在孵化后20d内的全长(L)和日龄(d)的相关式为L=0.085d 7.04。仔鱼存在昼夜摄食节律,在1昼夜中有2个摄食高峰,分别出现在14:00和20:00。     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

锌对凡纳滨对虾生长、非特异性免疫指标、抗病力及肠道菌群结构的影响

为研究不同锌水平对凡纳滨对虾生长、非特异性免疫指标、抗病力以及肠道菌群结构的影响,实验以ZnSO_4·7H_2O作为锌源,在对虾基础饲料中分别添加0(对照组)、20、40、60、80、100、150 mg/kg有效锌配制成7种等氮等脂饲料,分别投喂初始体质量为(0.45±0.01) g的健康凡纳滨对虾幼虾8周。结果显示:(1)随着饲料中锌水平的提高,对虾增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、存活率(SR)和蛋白质效率(PER)呈先上升后下降的趋势,饲料系数(FCR)呈先下降后上升的趋势。其中60 mg/kg组WGR和SGR均显著高于对照组;80 mg/kg组FCR最低,PER和SR最高,均显著优于对照组。(2) 80～150mg/kg组虾体粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组;40～80 mg/kg组虾体粗灰分含量显著高于对照组。(3) 40～150 mg/kg组对虾血清总蛋白(TP)、总胆固醇(TC)及甘油三酯(TG)含量均显著高于对照组。(4)饲料中添加锌提高了血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酚氧化酶(PO)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),同时显著降低了血清中的丙二醛(MDA)含量,表明锌可改善凡纳滨对虾的非特异性免疫功能。(5)在人工急性感染哈维氏弧菌的实验中,随着锌水平的提高,对虾存活率呈先上升后下降的趋势,锌添加组存活率均显著高于对照组,且80 mg/kg组存活率最高,抗病力最强。(6)在对虾肠道物种多样性分析中,40和100 mg/kg组对虾肠道有效OTU数目显著高于对照组。随着锌水平的增加,Ace指数和Chao1指数均显著提高,而Shannon指数和Simpson指数无显著变化。研究表明,在本实验条件下,添加适宜水平的锌可促进凡纳滨对虾幼虾的生长、提高抗病力;当饲料中缺乏锌时,对虾的生长和抗病力较差;而过量的锌在一定程度上抑制了对虾的生长,但未出现不良病症。以增重率作为评价指标,饲料中添加94.46 mg/kg锌可显著改善凡纳滨对虾幼虾的生长;以抗病力作为评价依据,凡纳滨对虾幼虾饲料中锌的最适添加量为80 mg/kg。     

温度对大泷六线鱼（Hexagrammos otakii）消化酶活力的影响

本文研究了温度对大泷六线鱼消化酶活力的影响。结果表明：不同温度条件下酶的活力不同。胃、肠和肝胰脏蛋白酶的最适的温度分别为30、30和40℃;胃、肠和肝胰脏淀粉酶最适温度分别为35、40和30℃;胃、肠和肝胰脏脂肪酶的最适温度分别为30、40和30℃。     

Lemon,Citrus aurantifolia,peel and Bacillus licheniformis protected common carp,Cyprinus carpio,from Aeromonas hydrophila infection by improving the humoral and skin mucosal immunity,and antioxidative responses

The role of dietary lemon peel (LM) and/or Bacillus licheniformis (BL) on the growth, immunity, and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp, Cyprinus carpio was investigated in this study. LM and BL were included in diets at 0% (T0), 10⁸ CFU/g BL (T1), 1.5% LM and 10⁸ CFU/g BL (T2), and 3% LM and 10⁸ CFU/g BL (T3). Fish fed with T1, T2, or T3 had higher weight gain, specific growth rate, white blood cells count, and blood total protein with lower feed conversion ratio than T0 group (p < .05). The albumin increased significantly (p < .05) in fish fed both BL and LM (T3). The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, lysozyme, and bactericidal activities were significantly increased in fish fed both BL and LM (T2 and T3), while serum glutathione peroxidase increased in fish fed BL (T2) (p < .05). Fish fed T1, T2, and T3 diets displayed higher SOD and lower malondialdehyde than fish fed T0 (p < .05). After the A. hydrophila challenge, the mortality rate was significantly lower in T1, T2, and T3 groups than the T0 group (p < .05). The obtained results revealed that LM and BL could be used to increase resistance against A. hydrophila infection in carp. However, further field studies should be performed to confirm the obtained results.     

地衣芽孢杆菌De株对黄鳍鲷生长及其养殖池塘主要环境因子的影响

运用综合对比分析法,对黄鳍鲷（Sparuslatus）养殖中定期泼洒地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus lichenformis）De的应用效果进行了探讨。结果表明,施用地衣芽孢杆菌De可在一定程度上优化水体环境和养殖生产性能,使养殖黄鳍鲷的成活率、体长增长率和体质量增长率分别提高18．2％、21．0％和312％;显著降低水中氨氮（NH3-N）、亚硝酸盐（NO2^-N）、活性磷酸盐（PO;一一P）质量浓度及底泥中有机碳的质量分数（P〈0．05）,其中养殖前、后期的底泥有机碳质量分数分别较对照组降低49．77％和22．63％,NO2^-N、PO4^3-P质量浓度则总体较对照组降低25．82％和41．00％,NH3-N质量浓度在养殖前、中和后期较对照组降低36．33％、18．10％和14．28％;水体中弧菌数量在养殖后期较对照组降低61．76％,底泥中的总异养细菌数量在养殖中、后期较对照组提高38．61％,整个养殖期间水体及底泥中的芽孢杆菌数量分别较对照组提高15．34％和26．37％。     

Administration of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis induces growth,immune and antioxidant enzyme activities,gut microbiota assembly and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Litopenaeus vannamei

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of dietary Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 11946 (BL) on the growth, immune and antioxidant activities, intestinal morphology and microbiota, and susceptibility to Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP_AHPND) in juvenile pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (LV). Juvenile LV (initial weight = 0.63 ± 0.001) were fed diets containing varying BL concentrations (0 (BL0), 10⁶ (BL1), 10⁷ (BL2) and 10⁸ (BL3) CFU/g feed) for 8 weeks. Growth performance, immune and antioxidant enzyme activities, and intestinal morphology significantly improved in the probiotic‐treated groups than the untreated. Regardless of the treatment group, the two dominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, whereas the two dominant genera were Ruegeria and Vibrio. Increasing inclusion of probiotics in diets led to significant increase in beneficial bacterial genera (Ruegeria, and Pseudoalteromonas) and a significant decrease in some known opportunistic pathogens (Vibrio, Tenacibaculum, Photobacterium, Kangiella and Spongiimonas) with the BL3 group witnessing the best. A 7‐day challenge study with VP_AHPND showed significantly high protection in the probiotic‐treated groups, with the BL3, BL2 and BL1 obtaining 51%, 34% and 22% relative percentage survival, respectively. In conclusion, BL at 10⁸ CFU/g feed should be used to help in shrimp production since it attained the most significant improvement.     

Dietary administration of Bacillus (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) and isomaltooligosaccharide influences the intestinal microflora,immunological parameters and resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus in shrimp,Penaeus japonicus (Decapoda: Penaeidae)

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of oral administration of probiotics (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) in combination with prebiotic isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) on the intestinal microflora and immunological parameters of Penaeus japonicus and its resistence against Vibrio alginolyticus. A basal diet was supplemented with 0% probiotics and prebiotic (control), 10⁸ colony forming unit (CFU) g^?1B. licheniformis and 0.2% IMO (T1), 10⁸ CFU g^?1B. subtilis and 0.2% IMO (T2), 10⁸ CFU g^?1B. licheniformis in combination with 10⁸ CFU g^?1B. subtilis and 0.2% IMO (T3). The results showed that the total bacterial counts significantly increased (P<0.05) and Vibrio counts significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the intestine of shrimp with supplementation of dietary synbiotics. Shrimp fed the diet with both Bacillus probiotics and IMO (T3) produced significantly higher immune parameters (phenoloxidase activity, lysozyme activity and nitric oxide synthase activity and superoxide dismutase activity) than the control group (P<0.05). Significant lower cumulative mortality after challenge with V. alginolyticus was also observed in shrimp fed diet with both Bacillus probiotics and IMO (T3) than that in the control group (P<0.05). The results indicated that the oral administration of probiotics (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) and prebiotic IMO has positive effects on bacterial flora in P. japonicus gut, and can activate non‐specific immunity of shrimp.     

Improvement of growth performance,digestive enzymes and body composition of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) following feeding on probiotics: Bacillus licheniformis,Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The individual and combinational effects of probiotics on Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) were evaluated through assessing the growth performance, proximate body composition, digestive enzymes and intestinal morphology. On the basis of feeding with experimental diets, the fish were assigned into four groups denoted as follows: control (basal diet), D‐Pro (basal diet + Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis), D‐Pro/Yeast (basal diet + B. subtilis and B. licheniformis + Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Yeast (basal diet + S. cerevisiae). Maximum mean weight and length were measured for the fish fed with D‐pro regime. weight gain (WG), body weight gain (BWI%),  feed efficiency (FE%), protein efficiency rate (PER), lipid efficiency rate (LER), and condition factor (CF) demonstrated the highest values for the fish fed with the diets containing D‐Pro and/or D‐Pro/yeast. LER and food conversion ratio (FCR) showed the highest performance for the fish received the D‐Pro diet. The diets containing D‐Pro exhibited higher performance in enhancing the activity of protease and lipase than the one supplemented only with the yeast, whereas the regimes treated with the yeast exhibited higher amylase activity. The fish received D‐Pro exhibited the highest protein and fat contents, yet did the lowest contents of moisture and total ash. Taken together, the findings revealed that the dietary administration of the D‐Pro and D‐Pro/Yeast could improve the growth performance of A. persicus.     

硒和维生素E对牙鲆生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加维生素E(VE)(60mg/kg标为e或300mg/kg标为E)和硒(Se)(0mg/kg标为s或2.5mg/kg标为S),制成4种试验饲料(s/e,s/E,S/e,S/E)分别饲喂初始体重为38.5±0.15g的牙鲆70d,观察其对生长性能、肝脏及血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、非特异免疫力以及抗病力的影响。结果表明,饲喂添加高剂量VE的两组饲料(s/E,S/E),牙鲆的特定生长率和吞噬率明显地提高(P0.05)。饲喂添加硒的两组饲料(S/e,S/E),牙鲆血液和肝脏的GSH-Px活性显著升高(P0.05)。70d投喂实验结束后,利用鳗弧菌进行攻毒试验,不添加硒和低剂量VE(s/e)使牙鲆的累积死亡率明显高于其他3组。