火龙果果皮果胶提取工艺及性质研究

以火龙果果皮为原料,用纤维素酶提取其中的果胶,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了火龙果果皮果胶提取的最佳工艺参数,并对提取的果胶性质进行了分析。结果表明,火龙果果皮果胶的最佳提取工艺参数为:纤维素酶与果皮粉质量比1∶2,浸提时间1 h,料液比1∶50(g/m L),提取温度40℃,提取p H 4.0。该条件下火龙果果皮果胶的平均提取率为37.105%,提取的果胶为低酯果胶,酯化度为28.35%,总半乳糖醛酸含量为107.45%,干燥减重为9%,二氧化硫含量为19.2 mg/kg,酸不溶灰分含量为0.488%,铅含量为0.907 mg/kg,符合国家标准GB 25533—2010的要求,适宜作为食品添加剂。     

火龙果果皮中提取果胶的工艺研究

通过单因素与正交试验,研究料液比、萃取pH值、萃取温度、萃取时间对火龙果果皮中果胶提取量的影响。结果表明,从火龙果果皮中提取果胶的最佳工艺条件为：料液比1∶8,萃取液pH2.0,萃取温度100℃,萃取时间120min。火龙果果皮中果胶提取量达1.48%。     

大豆皮果胶的酶法提取及其理化性质研究

采用纤维素酶水解法提取大豆皮果胶,在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验优化酶法提取大豆皮果胶的最佳工艺条件,并分析测定大豆皮果胶的理化性质。结果表明,酶法提取大豆皮果胶的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶15(g/m L),加酶量2%,提取温度50℃,缓冲液p H 4.6,提取时间150 min;在此提取条件下,大豆皮中果胶物质的平均提取率为7.2%。经鉴别试验和相关理化性质测定,酶法提取的大豆皮果胶具有GB 25533—2010规定的果胶凝胶特征,总半乳糖醛酸含量为71.2%,酯化度为57.2%,属于高甲氧基果胶。     

南瓜果胶盐析法提取工艺的研究

南瓜中富含的果胶,占南瓜干物质的7%～17%,尤其是南瓜皮,其中的果胶含量可达20%以上,南瓜皮是一种理想的低酯果胶原料。研究了从南瓜皮中提取果胶的一种全新思路,既可以废物利用,变废为宝,提高经济效益,又可以减少环境污染。采用盐析法从南瓜皮中提取食用果胶,在单因素试验的基础上用正交试验进行工艺参数的优化,得到其较佳工艺条件:液料质量比为1∶70,萃取液pH值为2.0,萃取温度为90℃,萃取时间为90min,并选用硫酸铝作沉淀剂。在此工艺条件下,南瓜皮的果胶提取率达14.30%。与其他方法相比,盐析法提取果胶具有成本底、得率高和果胶制品纯度高等特点。因此采用盐析法从南瓜皮中提取果胶是一种技术上可行的生产工艺。     

微波法提取番木瓜皮果胶工艺研究

采用微波法对番木瓜皮中的果胶进行了提取。采用咔唑反应比色法测定果胶含量,通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了各因素对果胶提取率的影响。结果表明,适宜的工艺条件是提取液的pH值为2.0,料液比为1∶25,辐射功率为460 W,辐射时间30 s,提取的果胶产率为20.0%。     

菠萝皮渣可溶性膳食纤维的提取及物化特性研究

以干菠萝皮渣为原料,运用纤维素酶解法提取菠萝皮渣中的可溶性膳食纤维,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定最优的提取工艺为纤维素酶添加量0.9%,料液比1∶35(g∶m L),酶解液pH值6.0,酶解时间75 min。在此工艺条件下,菠萝皮渣中可溶性膳食纤维的提取率可达10.03%,样品的持水力、持油力和溶胀性分别为8.698 g/g,5.07 g/g,12.02 m L/g,同时对胆固醇也具有一定的吸附能力。     

超声辅助提取红心火龙果果肉花青素工艺的优化分析

试验以红心火龙果为材料,采用超声辅助法提取果肉中的花青素。通过单因素试验考察提取时间、料液比、乙醇体积分数和超声功率对提取工艺的影响。在单因素试验基础上,利用正交试验优化超声辅助提取花青素的工艺条件。结果表明,超声辅助提取红心火龙果果肉花青素的最优工艺条件为提取时间20 min、料液比1∶10(g/mL)、乙醇体积分数80%、超声功率160 W,该工艺条件较稳定,适用于红心火龙果果肉花青素的提取。     

芦柑皮果胶提取工艺的研究

以烘干芦柑皮的粉末作为原料,采用酸水解乙醇沉淀法提取粗果胶.在参考料液比、pH值、浸提温度、浸提时间4个单因素提取效果的基础上,进行了L9(34)正交试验.优化试验以及方差分析结果表明,芦柑皮果胶提取的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1:10,pH值2.0,浸提温度85℃,浸提时间60min.在上述条件下,制备的果胶样品颜色呈乳...     

不同稳定剂对火龙果汁酸奶稳定性的研究

以火龙果汁、全脂奶粉为主要原料,研究不同稳定剂对火龙果汁酸奶饮料的稳定作用。结果表明,0.1%果胶与0.1%黄原胶进行复配,或0.2%黄原胶与0.2%卡拉胶进行复配,产品稳定效果好。通过一系列单因素试验和正交试验,确定产品最佳生产工艺条件和配方。搅拌型火龙果汁酸奶最佳工艺条件和配方为发酵温度42℃,发酵时间4 h,奶粉与水配比1∶8,白砂糖添加量8%,火龙果汁添加量8%,发酵剂添加量4%。通过试验制得的火龙果汁酸奶饮料呈微红色,质地均匀,口感细腻,无分层、无乳清的析出,具有独特的风味和较高的营养价值。     

响应面法优化籽瓜皮果胶提取工艺

以籽瓜皮为原料,采用响应面法,应用Box-Behnken方法建立数学模型,对其果胶超声波辅助酸法提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,影响籽瓜皮果胶得率各因素的主次顺序为:浸提温度超声功率p H超声时间;采用超声波辅助酸提法提取籽瓜皮果胶的最佳工艺参数为:液料比50∶1(m L/g),p H 1.9,超声功率140 W,浸提温度67℃,超声时间54 min。在此条件下籽瓜皮果胶得率的理论值为13.85%,验证试验的果胶得率为13.58%,二者接近,表明该数学模型优化的籽瓜皮果胶提取工艺是可行的;采用超声波辅助酸法提取籽瓜皮果胶,可比传统的酸提取法节省时间40%以上。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.