全极化SAR图像的煤矿区土地覆盖信息分层提取方法研究

为弥补光学遥感在煤矿区资源与生态环境监测中应用的不足, 研究应用全极化SAR图像有效提取煤矿区土地覆盖信息的方法具有重要意义。针对全极化SAR图像极化信息丰富、斑点噪声多、局部异质性大等特点, 提出采用面向对象的影像分类方法对其进行分层土地覆盖信息提取。以徐州市西南部的煤矿区为研究区, 选取Radarsat-2的全极化SAR图像, 分析了研究区内全极化SAR图像中典型地物的灰度特征, 提出面向对象分类方法所涉及的最优分割尺度选择法, 给出全极化SAR图像分割对象后向散射特征的计算方法。对研究区的SAR图像进行试验, 首先对SAR图像进行多尺度分割, 选择各土地覆盖类型的最优分割尺度, 然后在该尺度下计算出土地覆盖类型的后向散射特征指数, 最后采用模糊逻辑分类法分层提取出研究区内的土地覆盖信息。结果表明: 在适于各土地覆盖类型提取的最优分割尺度下, 充分利用分割对象的灰度、形状、纹理以及类间相关特征, 并综合应用隶属函数法和最邻近分类法, 能有效地提取煤矿区的农田、道路、塌陷地、建筑物、山林这5类土地覆盖信息。与最大似然分类法相比, 该方法能够较好地消除"椒盐现象", 各种土地覆盖类型的提取精度都有所提高, 其总体分类精度可提高38.3%。     

基于三分量分解优化模型的农用地SAR影像提取方法

针对中国北方部分农区夏秋两季易受长时间云、雨、雾影响导致区域农用地信息难以实时准确获取的现状,在Freeman极化分解模型基础上,该文提出了一种三分量极化分解优化模型农用地合成孔径雷达(SAR)影像自动提取方法,并开展不同作物覆盖条件下农用地信息提取试验研究。该文首先通过引入体散射分量参数,二次散射分量参数和布拉格散射分量参数,对现有Freeman极化分解模型进行优化,使分解结果更符合农业区域不同地物散射特征;然后,在利用优化三分量极化分解方法提取极化分量基础上,结合模糊C均值聚类,实现农用地信息高精度自动提取。最后,该研究以中国重要黄淮海农业区河北衡水枣强县为试验区,以Radarsat-2影像为试验数据源,在作物全覆盖和作物部分覆盖2种条件下,通过将优化三分量-FCM分类和常用雷达分类方法 H-Alpha-Lambda分类的农用地提取结果与地面验证样方进行对比,完成该研究所提出SAR影像农用地提取方法的精度验证和评价。结果表明,在作物全覆盖条件下,利用优化三分量-FCM分类提取农用地信息的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为96.12%和0.857,较H-Alpha-Lambda分类方法分别提高了8.69个百分点和0.337;在作物部分覆盖条件下,利用优化三分量-FCM分类提取农用地信息的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为97.53%和0.902,较H-Alpha-Lambda分类分别提高了17.37个百分点和0.595。可见,无论在作物全覆盖还是部分覆盖条件下,优化三分量-FCM分类方法提取的农用地精度均优于H-Alpha-Lambda分类方法,证明了该算法提取农用地信息具有一定可行性和适用性,为SAR影像在农业遥感应用中的农用地信息提取提供了新的思路。     

喀斯特山区土地利用变化与土壤侵蚀耦合关系研究——以毕节试验区为例

利用RS与GIS技术,提取地类、坡度和植被等3个因子的数据信息,模拟1990—2010年毕节试验区的土地利用过程和土壤侵蚀变化过程,并运用叠置分析和转移矩阵分析的方法,分析了土地利用变化过程中土壤侵蚀的响应特征,揭示土地利用变化及土壤侵蚀变化的关系。结果表明:毕节试验区土地以林地、耕地、草地为主,耕地面积不断减少,林地和建设用地面积不断增加;土壤侵蚀以轻度、中度侵蚀为主,整体呈现改善的趋势,尤其是退耕还林后,土壤侵蚀的面积与强度均不断降低;土地利用变化与土壤侵蚀具有密切的联系,耕地是土壤侵蚀发生的主要土地类型,耕地的减少与土壤侵蚀呈正相关关系,林地面积变化与土壤侵蚀具有较好的相关性,但在退耕还林的初期,土壤侵蚀的强度略有增加,草地增加与土壤侵蚀负相关,增加草地有利于土壤抗侵蚀能力的增强。研究喀斯特山区土地利用与土壤侵蚀的耦合关系,有利于有限的土地资源的合理配置和喀斯特地区的生态保护,为区域土地规划及水土保持等宏观决策部门提供理论支撑。     

黔中喀斯特地区不同地类土壤土力学特征研究

土壤黏聚力、内摩擦角及紧实度在一定程度上影响着土壤侵蚀。通过对黔中喀斯特地区林地、灌草地和坡耕地3种地类土壤的剖面调查、紧实度测定、原状土剪切试验,研究了黔中喀斯特地区不同地类土壤的土力学特征,结果表明:不同地类A层土壤黏聚力c水平分布特征为林地(52.28kPa)灌草地(36.80kPa)坡耕地(25.05kPa),垂直变化不明显;A层土壤内摩擦角φ水平分布特征为林地(28.28°)坡耕地(17.94°)灌草地(16.52°),垂直变化特点为B层大于A层;A层土壤紧实度水平分布特征为林地(1019kPa)灌草地(914kPa)坡耕地(535kPa),A层与B层差异性显著,地类对A层影响明显,总体上表现为上松下紧的态势;土壤紧实度与黏聚力呈正相关关系。     

不同地貌环境下喀斯特石漠化与土地利用的关系

为探明不同地貌环境条件下喀斯特石漠化分布的土地利用类型异同特征,利用2008年SPOT影像数据(2.5m分辨率),在3S技术支持下,定量研究了喀斯特盆地、山地和峡谷3类环境石漠化分布的土地利用类型。结果表明:(1)旱地、灌木林地、疏林地、天然草地、荒草地和裸岩地可能发生石漠化。其中:灌木林地最严重,为中度石漠化;疏林地、天然草地和荒草地可能发生强度及以下石漠化;旱地可发生各等级石漠化,裸岩地100%为强度及以上石漠化。(2)不同环境条件下的同一土地利用类型石漠化发生率及强度存在差异。(3)总体上,高原峡谷环境石漠化发生率最高,等级最强,盆地次之,山地最小。(4)峡谷环境和盆地环境石漠化演变主要表现在强度升高上,喀斯特山地环境石漠化发生面积及强度都可能加大。     

基于CLUE-S模型的广西喀斯特山区生态系统服务价值变化研究

以广西2000年、2005年土地利用现状数据为基础,基于GIS平台,综合利用ArcGIS 10.1,CLUE-S模型以及SPSS 19.0等软件,结合谢高地等对中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表,修正计算得到了2015年广西壮族自治区生态服务价值空间分布图与生态系统服务价值表,并同1995年、2000年和2005年数值对比揭示了广西喀斯特山区生态系统服务价值时空变化规律,发现构成该区生态系统服务价值主要土地类型是耕地、林地、草地;如果保持2001—2005年的人类影响不变,2015年广西喀斯特地区生态系统服务价值将基本平稳,达到664.39亿元;生态服务价值高值区有扩大趋势,同时低值区也仍然在扩大,中值区有所缩小,特别西南地区、东北地区低值区有所扩大,要警惕建设用地扩张与辐射作用,由此可见喀斯特地区生态环境保护形势依旧十分严峻。     

喀斯特石漠化及土地利用变化的地貌分异特征——以贵州省关岭贞丰花江石漠化综合示范区为例

[目的]探讨石漠化地区土地利用变化的地貌分异特征,揭示不同地貌条件下的土地利用时空变化的特征和规律,为石漠化地区土地的合理利用提供科学参照。[方法]以贵州省关岭贞丰花江石漠化综合示范区为例,运用GIS和RS技术,基于2005,2010和2013年3个时期的土地利用数据、石漠化数据和地貌数据,运用地形分布指数、土地利用程度综合指数,对研究区土地利用变化的地貌分异进行研究。[结果]①在2005—2013年间,喀斯特地区草地、建设用地、林地、未利用地和水域的面积有所增加,耕地、园地的面积在减少;石漠化的面积有所减少,石漠化程度正在逐渐减轻。②不同地貌条件下,每一个土地利用类型都有其存在的优势分布区;各土地利用类型的地貌分异基本稳定。③土地利用程度的地貌分异特征趋于稳定;2005—2013年,土地利用程度大小表现为:侵蚀台地峰丛洼地丘峰台地Ⅴ型峡谷溶蚀—侵蚀陡坡。④不同地貌条件下不同石漠化等级在各土地类型中的分布方面,由侵蚀台地、峰丛洼地、丘峰台地、Ⅴ型峡谷、溶蚀—侵蚀陡坡地貌的石漠化土地类型分布来看,石漠化主要发生在耕地、林地、园地和未利用地4种土地利用上,水域不存在石漠化现象;2005—2013年,石漠化在不同地貌条件的地类中总体呈较好转变。[结论]每一土地利用类型都有其分布的优势地貌区;不同地貌条件下,石漠化在不同土地利用类型上的分布存在差异,主要发生在耕地、林地、园地和未利用地4种土地利用类型区域。     

土地利用/覆被变化对鄂尔多斯市草地生态系统净初级生产力的影响

[目的]探究土地利用/覆被变化对鄂尔多斯市草地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)的影响,为该区退牧还草措施的高效实施和草地资源的合理管理提供理论依据。[方法]基于多源遥感影像数据、多期土地利用/覆被数据和气象数据等,运用光能利用率模型(CASA),模拟鄂尔多斯市草地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP),并进行分析和探讨。[结果](1)鄂尔多斯地区草地NPP总量在2001年(5 700.16Tg)到2015年(7 634.61Tg)间增加了1 934.46Tg;空间分布上存在明显的地域差异性。(2)该市2001—2015年耕地面积持续减少;15a间,林地面积增加了4 593km~2;草地净减少量为786.38km~2,其中草地与未利用地之间的相互转化最大,有大量耕地、林地转变为草地,面积达到376.5km~2。(3)该市2001—2015年草地类型未发生变化地区NPP增长量为1 999.42Tg;草地转为其他土地类型共引起草地NPP减少量为303.98Tg,其中转为耕地、林地和未利用地导致其NPP减少量分别为35.08,69.81和118.28Tg;其他土地类型转化为草地导致NPP的总增加量达128.96Tg,其中由耕地、林地、水域、未利用地转化带来的草地NPP增量分别为36.30,31.39,17.58,151.38Tg。[结论]土地利用/覆被对草地NPP影响较大,耕地和林地向草地的转化、未利用地的重新利用使得草地碳汇总量增加。草地向未利用地、水域、城乡工矿居民用地的转化使得草地生态系统碳汇能力减弱。     

基于地形特征分异的土地利用分布研究--以珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区为例

为了协调地形特征显著区域的土地利用与生态保护活动,以珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区为例,利用DEM和Landsat OLI数据,研究土地利用在高程、坡度和地形位级上的分布指数,并构建土地利用垂直带谱,进而分析了研究区2017年基于地形特征分异的土地利用分布特点和规律。结果表明:各高程级上地类表现出垂直分布规律,由低到高各主导地类表现为林地、耕地、建设用地-耕地、水域、建设用地-草地、水域、裸地-草地、裸地、冰川及永久积雪-冰川及永久积雪;各坡度级上地类分布较为复杂,随坡度级升高,分布着耕地、水域、建设用地-耕地、草地、裸地、建设用地-耕地、草地、林地、裸地、冰川及永久积雪、建设用地-草地、林地、裸地、冰川及永久积雪-草地、林地、冰川及永久积雪;各地形位级的地类分布呈现出层级性,随地形位级增加,主导地类基本分布规律为水域-耕地、建设用地-耕地、草地、裸地-林地、草地、冰川及永久积雪-林地、冰川及永久积雪。研究区土地利用受地形因子影响较大,不同地形级别上的土地利用以自然地类为主导,分布格局相对稳定,但高原土地利用活动对土地利用结构的形成也产生着深远影响。     

基于合成孔径雷达的农作物后向散射特性及纹理信息分析——以吉林省农安县为例

及时掌握农作物类型、时空分布和结构信息,是合理调整农业结构的重要科学依据。针对光学遥感依赖于太阳辐射,在农作物生长周期内常受制于云雾的影响而无法获取到光学遥感数据的问题,本文采用全天时全天候、不受云雾等天气影响的合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）影像,探讨典型农作物的后向散射特性和纹理特征,为采用合成孔径雷达影像实现高精度农作物大面积监测提供科学依据。以吉林省农安县为例,利用12景Sentinel-1B双极化SAR影像数据,经影像预处理和统计分析,研究不同极化的农作物后向散射特性和纹理信息。结果表明：3种作物（大豆、玉米、水稻1和水稻2）同极化（VV）的SAR后向散射系数在生长周期内均高于交叉极化（VH）,农作物植株形态改变极化方式的能力为-25~-15 dB。3种作物在整个生长期内,后向散射系数呈现较大波动,各阶段后向散射特征差异明显。在生长初期,土壤对后向散射特征起主要作用,在SAR图像上表现为暗色调;随着作物生长,冠层散射叠加土壤散射作用占据主要位置,散射值随作物生长呈现逐渐增加的趋势,在SAR图像上表现为亮色调;拔节（分枝）后（7月10日后）作物的后向散射信号除冠层散射作用外,还主要受到土壤含水量及其与作物相互作用的影响,因此拔节后两种水稻后向散射系数下降幅度较大。水稻对雷达波的吸收强于玉米和大豆,整体上后向散射系数第2种水稻<第1种水稻<玉米<大豆,尤其在VH极化方式下表现更明显。对作物SAR纹理信息的研究表明纹理信息的均值、方差和协同性对于农作物的SAR识别更有效,最佳纹理信息为VH极化均值,有利于识别3种作物;VV极化方差和VV协同性有助于区分两种水稻;SAR影像识别作物的最佳时相为5月23日至7月10日。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.