吉林省梨树县不同作物产能及产能水分利用效率研究

东北地区旱地作物水分来源是降水,基于产能及产能水分利用效率比较分析吉林梨树可替代玉米种植的主要作物对该地区未来种植结构调整具有重要意义。该文基于吉林省梨树县4种作物(大豆、小麦、谷子和马铃薯)2 a田间试验,结合各作物在不同降水年型条件下全生长季和各生育阶段的耗水规律及水分亏缺程度,以作物产能和产能水分利用效率为研究指标,对各作物在雨养及灌溉处理条件下的产能水分利用效率和水分经济效益差异性进行了比较。结果表明,在平水及丰水年,马铃薯产能显著高于其他作物,其他作物无显著差异,雨养条件下马铃薯及谷子均超过100 000 GJ/hm~2,不同降水年型条件下灌溉对马铃薯产能提升效果显著但提升幅度存在差异。比较各作物不同年型条件下的产能降水利用效率、产能灌溉水利用效率和产能农业水分利用效率,马铃薯均达到20 GJ/mm以上,显著高于其他作物,且不同作物的产能水分利用效率受降水年型及水分处理影响的程度不同。对比作物需水量与降水量的耦合程度,马铃薯水分亏缺最严重,其次为大豆和小麦;谷子产能降水利用效率及丰水年产能农业水利用效率仅低于马铃薯,且在全生育期各生育阶段发生水分亏缺现象较少,具有极好的抗旱能力。比较而言,基于作物产能、产能水分利用效率及经济效益的作物结构调整,马铃薯和谷子相对于小麦和大豆有更大优势;基于作物抗旱能力,谷子具有绝对优势。     

延安降水对农作物生长适宜性的模糊分析

采用２１年逐日降水、月径流及作物生育期需水量资料,运用模糊数学分析了降水对小麦,玉米,谷子,马铃薯等四种作物生长的降雨量、时效,有效程度三种适宜度,并对三种适宜度累积加权平均得到雨量,雨时,雨效的三个适宜态,进而得出降雨效能指数,用来整体评价降水的作物适宜性,其评价结果表明延安地区降雨对玉米,谷子种植效能指数最高,其次为马铃薯。而小麦种植由于生育期降雨量偏少,其降雨效能指数很低,只有在有补充灌溉的     

玉米/大豆间作条件下作物生物量积累模型

通过不同间作比例的玉米/大豆间作试验,建立了基于辐射截获与利用的玉米/大豆间作群体生长和产量的模拟模型。作物总生物量和产量为光合有效辐射(PAR)、辐射截获率(F)以及辐射利用效率(RUE)的函数,根据太阳辐射(SR)与PAR的比例可估算PAR,采用Keating和Carberry建立的公式计算F值,利用生长度日(GDD)确定作物的出苗、开花与成熟时期。模拟结果表明模型能够较为准确地模拟水分充足条件下间作群体的总生物量和产量。     

北京市主要农作物水分利用的系统参数评价

以北京市顺义区典型平原灌溉农田和延庆县典型山区旱作农田为研究对象,依据田间试验数据、气象统计资料,采用农户调查和数学模型等方法,从作物的降水满足率、需水和降水耦合度、水分生态适应性、水分利用率等方面对北京市主要农作物水分利用情况进行系统分析。结果表明:北京市主要农作物水分生态适应性指数排序依次为:灌区夏大豆>灌区春大豆>旱作春大豆>旱作春谷子>灌区夏玉米>灌区春玉米>旱作春玉米>旱作马铃薯>旱作苜蓿>灌区水稻>灌区苜蓿>灌区冬小麦,水分利用效率排序依次为:灌区苜蓿>旱作春玉米>旱作苜蓿>灌区春玉米>旱作春谷子>旱作春大豆>灌区春大豆。     

利用MODIS_EVI图像时间序列提取作物种植模式初探

作物种植模式对于高效、可控农业管理具有非常重要的意义,通过遥感手段获取种植模式信息是目前亟待解决的难题.以华北平原为试验区,收集了2003年全年每16天合成的MODIS_EVI时间序列图像,从种植模式的MODIS_EVI时间谱分析入手,提取了表征冬小麦及其后茬夏玉米与其他同季生长作物物候差异性特征,分析表明返青期和峰值时期对冬小麦提取贡献最大,而峰值时间和大小以及表征营养生长向生殖生长转化时生物量累积差异的参量(偏斜度)对玉米提取贡献最大.建立了冬小麦和夏玉米的提取模型,各省17个县的抽样表明,冬小麦的总体提取精度为88.38%最后形成了小麦─玉米、小麦─水稻和小麦─其他种植模式的分布图,与作物熟制气候分布图具有较好的一致性.     

玉米间隔耕作秸秆条带还田增密集成技术光热资源利用效率评估

本研究以2019年辽宁省铁岭县蔡牛镇玉米间隔耕作秸秆条带还田增密集成技术示范区和普通农户种植区玉米为研究对象,分析了两个区域玉米的光温资源利用率、光能利用率和热量利用效率,并从叶片和冠层尺度净光合速率、光合生产能力与光合参数、地上生物量累积等角度分析了集成技术光热资源利用效率提高的原因。结果表明,玉米间隔耕作秸秆条带还田增密集成技术与农户技术相比,光温资源利用率、光能利用率和热量利用效率分别提高了8.6、0.25个百分点和19.4%。示范区各层叶片光合生产能力和光合作用参数均显著高于农户技术;吐丝期至籽粒形成期示范区冠层日净同化量累积较农户技术高35.5%;开花吐丝期前后示范技术地上生物量累积显著高出农户技术19.4%,利于籽粒形成,提高株籽粒数和产量。因此,玉米间隔耕作秸秆条带还田增密集成技术冠层结构设计合理,叶片和冠层尺度光合能力均优于传统农户技术,产量关键期(开花吐丝期前后)地上生物量累积速度快,是一种能有效提高玉米光热资源利用效率的技术模式。     

为什么夏季追肥的效率比较高

夏季高温多雨,有利于各种作物的生长,而且阳光充足,有利于叶片的光合作用。作物光合作用所产生的碳水化合物需要大量的氮素才能形成氨基酸、蛋白质和核酸。对于小麦、玉米和水稻等粮食作物而言,夏季是作物营养生长与生殖生长交替进行的旺盛生长季节,作物快速生长阶段对养分尤其是氮素和钾素的需求量大,因此需要追肥。这是作物营养规律和气候特点所决定的。     

中国北方主要旱地作物需水量的计算与分析

论述了作物需水量的概念及其计算模式,根据作物,土壤和气候资料,计算了中国北方主要旱地作物小麦、玉米、谷子、甘薯和马铃薯的作物需水量,并对这些作物的需水规律与作物生长关系进行分析。     

玉米光能利用率和产量对密度、施氮量及其互作的响应

  【目的】  合理密植和施肥是提高雨养农业区作物产量和肥料利用效率的有效途径。我们研究了半湿润雨养黑土农业区玉米不同种植密度和施氮量及其互作对光能利用率和产量的影响,为进一步挖掘东北玉米产量潜力提供理论依据和数据支撑。  【方法】  于2017—2019年以郑单958 (ZD958)为供试品种进行了田间试验。试验采用裂区设计,种植密度为主区,分别为4.5×104株/hm2 (M4.5)、6.0 ×104株/hm2 (M6.0)、7.5 ×104株/hm2 (M7.5)和9.0 ×104株/hm2 (M9.0),施氮量为裂区,分别为N 120 kg/hm2 (N120)、180 kg/hm2 (N180)和240 kg/hm2 (N240),各处理均设3次重复。分析了玉米光能利用率(LUE),玉米地上部干物质累积量、籽粒产量、净光合速率(P_n)和叶面积指数(LAI)等指标。  【结果】  年度间玉米产量、干物质量、LAI、净光合速率(P_n)和光能利用率(LUE)差异均达显著水平。2017、2018、2019年玉米的光能利用率(LUE)平均分别为1.58%、1.99%和2.20%。种植密度对玉米产量、干物质量、LAI、光合速率(P_n)和LUE的影响均显著(P<0.05),在密度M7.5处理下,LUE和平均产量最高(2.07%和12219 kg/hm2),在光合辐射较低年份(如2019年)可通过适当增加种植密度来提高玉米的光能利用率(LUE)和产量。施氮量对玉米干物质量和LAI有显著影响(P<0.05),LUE在N180处理下最高,平均为2.0%。密度与施氮量互作对玉米产量、干物质量、LAI、光合速率(P_n)无显著影响,但对LUE影响显著,以M7.5+N240处理LUE平均值最高(2.16%),且密度对光能利用率(LUE)的影响(9.93%)大于施氮量的影响(6.01%)。  【结论】  在半湿润雨养黑土农业区,密度、密度与施氮量交互作用均显著影响玉米的光能利用率,密度的影响大于施氮量。适当增密(7.5×104株/hm2)和合理施氮量(N 180～240 kg/hm2)是实现玉米高产的重要措施。     

谷豆覆膜条带种植技术及其光合水分变化研究

通过谷豆条带种植技术、谷子覆膜穴播栽培技术、大豆膜际条播栽培技术的进一步集成, 形成一套新的高产高效种植模式.该模式发挥了3种技术的优势, 能够充分利用自然光热资源, 明显改善谷子和大豆的光合、呼吸及水分交换环境.谷子光合速率(Pn)分别比普通条带谷子和单作谷子提高19.2%、32.4%, 气孔导度(Cleaf)分别提高6.3%、42.2%, 蒸腾速率(E)与单作谷子相近; 大豆光合速率分别比普通条带大豆和单作大豆提高5.6%、56.1%, 蒸腾速率分别提高3.1%、46.1%, 气孔导度分别提高31.3%、148.9%; 谷子水分利用效率(WUE)分别比普通条带谷子和单作谷子提高32.3%和31.9%, 大豆水分利用效率分别比普通条带大豆和单作大豆提高2.6%和7.0%.模式总产量显著高于单作大豆, 与单作谷子相近, 比普通谷豆条带种植模式高17.7%; 总效益比单作谷子增加1 413.75元·hm-2, 比单作大豆和普通谷豆条带种植模式分别增加2 242.5元·hm-2、1 542.0元·hm-2.模式具有显著的增产、增收、节水效果.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.