丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus caledonium)对铜污染土壤生物修复机理初探

利用盆栽试验,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus.caledonium)在不同程度铜污染土壤上对玉米苗期生长的影响。结果表明,即使在土壤施铜量达150mg/kg时,菌根真菌对玉米仍有近55%的侵染率;接种菌根真菌,能显著促进玉米根系的生长。菌根玉米的根系生物量和根系长度,平均较未接种处理分别提高108.4%和58.8%;接种处理的植株地上部生物量达到每盆(3株)10.58g,显著高于不施铜的非菌根玉米。这些结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌对铜污染具有较好的抗性;并且由于菌根的形成,使宿主植物明显地改善了对磷的吸收和运输,并能通过抑制土壤酸化、降低土壤可溶态铜的浓度等机制,增强宿主植物对铜污染的抗(耐)性。在150mg/kg施铜水平时,与非菌根玉米相比,菌根玉米地上部和根系铜浓度分别降低24.3%和24.1%,吸铜量分别提高了28.2%和60.0%,表明菌根植物对铜污染土壤具有一定的生物修复作用。     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿吸收土壤中镉和锌的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了镉（Cd）、锌（Zn）污染土壤中,8种不同丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）Glomus lamellosum（G.la）、Acaulospora mellea（A.m）、Glomus mosseae（G.m）、Glomus intraradices（G.i）、Glomus etunicatum（G.e）、Glomus constrictum（G.c）、Diversispora spurcum（D.s）、Glomus aggregatum（G.a）对紫花苜蓿（Medicagosativa L.）吸收Cd、Zn的影响。结果表明,Cd、Zn污染下AMF仍然明显侵染紫花苜蓿,并促进紫花苜蓿对Cd、Zn的吸收积累,但不同AMF影响的效应和植株不同部位对重金属的吸收积累规律存在差异。AMF处理下紫花苜蓿根部Cd、Zn含量和积累量明显增加,但地上部Cd、Zn的含量则降低,地上部Zn的积累量也减小,这表明AMF处理减弱了Cd、Zn由根部向地上部的运移,减轻了植物地上部毒害。接种AMF条件下,植株尤其是根部生物量增加是Cd、Zn在其体内含量和积累量增加的重要因素,不同种类AMF促进植株生物量增加的幅度不同,导致植株对Cd、Zn的积累和抗性存在差异。     

南京栖霞重金属污染区植物富集重金属效应及其根际微生物特性分析

以南京栖霞重金属污染区5种植物及其根际土壤为研究对象,对植物富集重金属特征以及重金属含量与根际土壤细菌数量、土壤酶活性等的相关性进行了调查分析。结果发现,植物根际重金属污染物以Zn和Cd为主;重金属污染地区的植物有较强的吸收重金属能力,龙葵和茼草具备了超积累植物的基本特征;植物根际细菌和Pb抗性细菌的数量达到了107CFU g-1土;根际土壤酶活性未受到重金属的毒害或受到的毒害很小;植物体中重金属含量与土壤重金属含量及其存在状态、土壤酶、土壤重金属抗性细菌有显著的正相关性。根际土壤细菌尤其是具有重金属抗性的活性细菌可能会促进土壤重金属的活化,由此促进植物体对重金属的吸收和转运。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对小麦根内氮转运蛋白基因表达的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在低氮(不施氮)和高氮(施氮0.2 g·kg~(-1))水平下接种不同种类丛枝菌根(AM)真菌[Funneliformis mosseae(BGC-NM03D)、Claroideoglomus etunicatum(BGC-NM01B)和Rhizophagus intraradices(BJ09)]对小麦生长、氮吸收及根内4个硝态氮转运蛋白(NRT)基因、1个辅助蛋白(NAR)基因和2个铵态氮转运蛋白(AMT)基因表达的影响。结果表明,3种AM真菌均能够侵染小麦根系,以R.intraradices菌根的侵染率最高;接种R.intraradices或C.etunicatum能够显著提高小麦的生物量或地上部氮吸收量;无论是高氮还是低氮处理,接种AM真菌后均显著下调了小麦根内NRT、NAR和AMT基因的表达水平,且不同AM真菌调控小麦根内氮转运蛋白基因表达的能力具有明显差异。     

植物修复金属污染土壤上丛枝菌根真菌与植物之间的交互作用

Metal contamination in the environment is a global concern due to its high toxicity to living organisms and its worldwide distribution.The principal goal of this review is to examine the current strategies and technologies for the remediation of metalcontaminated soils by metal-accumulating plants and assess the roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi in remediation of soils under hyperaccumulator or non-accumulator plants.The use of plants to remove metals from the environment or reduce the toxicity,known as phytoremediation,is an environmentally sustainable and low cost remediation technology.The mechanisms of the use of hyperaccumulator plants for phytoremediation included solubilization of the metal in the soil matrix,the plant uptake of the metal,detoxification/chelation and sequestration,and volatilization.Recently,some ecologists have found that phytoremediation with the aids of mycorrhizae can enhance efciency in the removal of toxic metals.AM fungi can facilitate the survival of their host plants growing on metal-contaminated land by enhancing their nutrient acquisition,protecting them from the metal toxicity,absorbing metals,and also enhancing phytostabilization and phytoextraction.Such information may be useful for developing phytoremediation program at metal-contaminated sites.     

磷胁迫下AMF对玉米生长的影响

研究在低磷的南方酸性红壤中,3种磷水平(20、40、60 m g/kg)下,接种丛枝菌根真菌G.m osseae和G lom us versif orm e对玉米营养生长的影响。结果表明,菌根的形成可使玉米的株高、鲜重增加,促进玉米的营养生长;在低磷水平下,菌根侵染率最高,玉米的株高、鲜重增加也最显著,其中接种G.m osseae的处理其株高和茎叶鲜重的增加达到极显著水平。     

丛枝菌根真菌在湿地生境中的分布及其在人工湿地中的应用研究进展

Over the last three decades, the presence and functional roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in wetland habitats have received increasing attention. This review summarized the mycorrhizal status in wetlands and the effect of flooding on AM fungal colonization. Plants of 99 families living in 31 different habitats have been found to be associated with AM fungi, even including submerged aquatic plants and several plant species that were thought to be nonmycorrhizal (Cyperaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Plumbaginaceae). The functions of AM fungi in wetland ecological systems could be concluded as their influences on the composition, succession, and diversity of the wetland plant community, and the growth and nutrition of wetland plants. Affecting the composition, succession, and diversity of the wetland plant community, AM fungi have positive, negative, or neutral effects on the performance of different wetland species under different conditions. The factors that affect the application effect of AM fungi in constructed wetland (CW) include flooding, phosphorus, plant species, aerenchyma, salinity, CW types, operation modes of CW, and wastewater quality. The generalist AM fungi strains can be established spontaneously, rapidly, and extensively in wastewater bioremediation technical installations; therefore, AM fungi can be considered ideal inhabitants of technical installations for the plant-based bioremediation of groundwater contaminated by organic pollutants or other contaminants. In the future, roles of AM fungi and factors that affect the purifying capacity of AM-CW system must be understood to optimize CW ecosystem.     

土壤因子对西藏高原草地植物AM真菌的影响

于西藏高原中部地区就土壤因子对草地植物AM真菌的影响进行的研究表明：AM真菌孢子密度与菌根侵染率、菌根侵染强度无相关性；土壤质地对AM真菌孢子密度的影响明显大于土壤类型，壤土、粉砂土中AM真菌对植物根系的侵染率高于砂壤土；土壤pH与植物根围土壤孢子密度、菌根侵染率分别呈显著正相关和正相关，与菌根侵染强度则呈负相关；土壤有机质与AM真菌孢子密度呈负相关，菌根侵染效果则随土壤有机质含量的增加而提高；高磷土壤环境对AM真菌产孢和侵染均具不同程度的抑制作用，其中植物菌根侵染率随土壤有效磷含量的提高而呈显著下降；AM真菌对莎草科植物矮生嵩草、扁穗莎草根系具有良好的侵染效应。     

AM真菌和水分条件对稀土尾矿堆中植物生长的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究了不同水分处理下接种3种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌（Diversispora spurcum、Glomus aggre gatum和Glomus constrictum）后对稀土矿砂中黑麦草（Lolium perenneL.）和狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon（L.）Pers.）植物株高、地上和地下部分干重及植株内Pb和Zn含量的影响。结果表明：不同水分处理下黑麦草和狗牙根与AM真菌均有一定的结合。在干旱胁迫（W1和W2）下,接种3种AM真菌均提高了黑麦草的株高、地上和地下部分干重,其中,接种Glomus aggregatum促进作用最为显著,重度干旱胁迫（W1）处理下接种后黑麦草株高、地上和地下部分干重比对照分别提高了76.16%、202.86%和481.82%;接种Glomus constrictum显著提高了狗牙根的株高、地上和地下部分干重,W1处理下狗牙根接种后的株高、地上和地下部分干重比对照分别提高了119.17%、290.63%和247.37%。接种AM真菌的植株内Pb和Zn含量与AM真菌种类、植物品种、水分处理及重金属性质等相关,在W1处理下接种Glomus constrictum显著降低了黑麦草植株内Pb的含量,而对Zn的含量影响不大;而对于狗牙根,在W1处理下接种Glomus constrictum显著增加了其Pb和Zn的含量。此外,还测定了植物叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸含量,结果显示接种AM真菌明显降低了干旱处理下黑麦草和狗牙根叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸含量,表明接种AM真菌能有效提高植物的抗逆性。     

Nitrogen availability mediates the effects of roots and mycorrhizal fungi on soil organic carbon decomposition: A meta-analysis

Plant roots and their associated mycorrhizal fungi critically mediate the decomposition of soil organic carbon (C), but the general patterns of their impacts over a broad geographical range and the primary mediating factors remain unclear. Based on a synthesis of 596 paired observations from both field and greenhouse experiments, we found that living roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi increased organic C decomposition by 30.9%, but low soil nitrogen (N) availability (i.e., high soil C:N ratio) critically mitigated this promotion effect. In addition, the positive effects of living roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi on organic C decomposition were higher under herbaceous and leguminous plants than under woody and non-leguminous plants, respectively. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi in their effects on organic C decomposition. Furthermore, roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi significantly enhanced the decomposition of leaf litter but not root litter. These findings advance our understanding of how roots and their symbiotic fungi modulate soil C dynamics in the rhizosphere or mycorrhizosphere and may help improve predictions of soil global C balance under a changing climate.     

喀斯特不同植被恢复阶段土壤AMF组成及多样性研究

选择贵州花江、织金、花溪3个典型喀斯特地段的不同恢复阶段(乔木、灌木和草本)土壤丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)为研究对象,基于AMF孢子的形态鉴定,计算AMF孢子密度、分离频度、物种丰度、重要值、物种均匀度指数及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,研究喀斯特不同恢复阶段土壤AMF物种组成及多样性。结果表明:3个采样地段共分离AMF菌种4目8科10属68种,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)数量最大达35种,其次是无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)为17种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigspora)、类球囊霉属(Paraglomus)及原囊霉属(Archaeospora)各1种;不同采样地段各植被恢复阶段的优势种不同,所有样地中层状球囊霉Glomus lamellosum具有最大的相对丰度、分离频度和重要值;AMF种分类水平上,花江样地不同恢复阶段AMF丰度表现为乔木灌木草本,织金样地为灌木草本乔木,花溪样地为灌木乔木草本;不同植被恢复阶段土壤AMF均匀度指数和香农多样性指数在花江和织金多表现为乔木灌木草本,花溪样地Shannon-Wineer指数则是灌木显著高于乔木和灌木阶段。研究表明,喀斯特土壤中因异质生境条件的差异AMF菌种组成和物种多样性具有较大的差异。     

三峡水库蓄水对消落带土壤重金属的影响

河岸带土壤重金属已成为国内外研究的热点问题之一。随着水库蓄水,长江水流速度降低,水体稀释扩散能力下降,水体中污染物浓度增加,水库大面积长时期淹水容易造成污染物在土壤中滞留时间加长[5],此外,水库两岸排放的污染物也将在水流缓慢的消落带富集。另外,水库大     

转Bt基因作物对丛枝菌根真菌的影响研究进展

在过去的十年里，世界范围内转基因作物尤其是抗虫性转Bt基因作物的品种和种植面积迅速增加。同时，转Bt基因作物的环境安全性评价问题成为人们关注和研究的热点。丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）是生态系统中普遍存在的土壤微生物，能与绝大多数植物种类形成共生关系，在农业生态系统中起重要作用。转Bt基因作物环境释放后，其与AMF问的共生关系是否受所转入Bt基因的影响，以及影响机制需要及时研究。为此，综述了转Bt基因作物与AMF共生特征方面的研究进展，并根据Bt毒素发生的空间和时间规律提出了危害机制以及转Bt基因植物的规模化种植将降低农田系统中的AMF的生物多样性的观点。     

丛枝菌根对芘污染土壤修复及植物吸收的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了两种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和 Glomus etunicatum对三叶草(Trifolium subterraneum L.)和辣椒（Capsicum annuum L.）修复芘污染土壤的影响。供试土样中芘初始浓度为0 ~ 75.18 mg/kg。结果表明,接种AMF可促进供试植物对土壤中芘的吸收,并且显著提高三叶草根的芘含量、根系富集系数、根和茎叶的芘积累量,但对辣椒根和茎叶芘含量、根系富集系数的影响不显著,这主要与植物的菌根侵染率和“菌根依赖度”不同有关。接种AMF土壤中芘的削减率高于普通植物修复,但植物吸收积累对修复的贡献率小于0.2%;因此推测,AM作用下良好的根际环境对土壤微生物数量和活性的提高、进而对土壤中芘降解的促进可能是菌根修复的主要机理。     

Prospecting microbial biofilms as climate smart strategies for improving plant and soil health: A review

Microbes and their products play key roles in complementing chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals by eliciting defence mechanisms in crop plants, thereby providing immunity and resistance against diverse stresses. Among the different environmental technologies used to mitigate climate change,several microbiological interventions are promising, among which biofilms, both naturally-existing and laboratory-developed, and their application have gained momentum recently. Microbial biofi...     

Potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for soil health: A review

Soil health is an important component of “One Health”. Soils provide habitat to diverse and abundant organisms. Understanding microbial diversity and functions is essential for building healthy soils towards sustainable agriculture. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form potentially symbiotic associations with approximately 80% of land plant species that are well recognized for carbon flux and nutrient cycling. In addition to disentangling the signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms between the two partners, recent advances in hyphosphere research highlight some emerging roles of AMF and associated microbes in the delivery of soil functions. This paper reviews the contribution of AMF to soil health in agroecosystems, with a major focus on recent progress in the contribution of hyphosphere microbiome to nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and soil aggregation. The hyphosphere microbiome and fungal stimulants open avenues for developing new fertilizer formulas to promote AMF benefits. In practice, developing AMF-friendly management strategies will have long-term positive effects on sustainable agriculture aiming at simultaneously providing food security, increasing resource use efficiency, and maintaining environment integrity.     

西北地区赤霞珠葡萄根际土壤中AM真菌的多样性

对西北地区5个酿酒葡萄赤霞珠（Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon）葡萄园根际土壤060 cm土层的AM真菌空间分布进行了研究。结果表明,葡萄根系可形成丛枝菌根,且侵染率较高,最高达79%; 在西北地区的5个样地中共分离出AM真菌4属22种,其中球囊霉属（Glomus）15种,无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）4种,盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）2种,巨孢囊霉属（Gigaspora）1种。5个样地孢子密度大小顺序为: 陕西泾阳（JY）＞山西永济（YJ）＞陕西杨凌（YL）＞宁夏银川（YC）＞甘肃莫高（MG）。各样地葡萄根际土壤中AM真菌种的丰富度不同,陕西泾阳地区最高; 分布于葡萄根际的AM真菌按种类多少排序的属依次是: 球囊霉属无梗囊霉属盾巨孢囊霉属巨孢囊霉属,球囊霉属占据的比例保持着绝对优势; 根内球囊霉、摩西球囊霉、地表球囊霉在不同样地中均为优势菌株,副冠球囊霉,集球囊霉,细凹无梗囊霉是多数样地中的稀有种类。研究表明,葡萄与AM真菌具有良好的共生关系,二者协同进化产生了具有生态环境特异性的菌根真菌多样性; 葡萄根际存在较为丰富的丛枝菌根真菌资源,可供进一步开发利用。     

土壤中重金属离子竞争吸附的研究进展

本文主要对土壤中重金属离子竞争吸附的研究现状进行了综述。讨论了影响重金属离子竞争吸附能力的一些主要因子、吸附平衡模型及吸附反应的动力学过程。重金属离子的一级水解常数、离子半径、电负性等性质及其外界环境条件,如pH值、离子强度、有机质含量等因素影响着离子选择性吸附的强弱。竞争的Langmuir方程和扩展的Freundlich方程被用来对竞争吸附过程进行描述,同时指出竞争吸附过程中存在着一个"过饱和点"。最后,对竞争吸附的发展方向进行了展望,指出应加强理论模型和多因子综合作用影响的研究。     

球囊霉素及其在土壤生态系统中的作用

球囊霉素(Glomalin)是一种在土壤中大量存在的、由丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)产生的具有良好热稳性的特殊糖蛋白。球囊霉素因其在促进土壤团聚体形成,保持团聚体稳定性,增加土壤有机碳库,提高植物抗逆能力以及降低重金属在土壤中的毒性等方面的作用备受人们关注。目前由于提取方法的原因,人们一般将球囊霉素的命名改为球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(Glomalin related soil protein, GRSP)。随着研究的不断深入,人们对GRSP在生态系统中的作用展开了广泛的研究。GRSP对土壤颗粒有较强的胶结作用,其胶结能力为其他胶结物质的3～10倍;作为有机碳库的重要组成部分对土壤有机碳的贡献率为6.98%～31.3%,并且在土壤中周转时间较长为6～42年;GRSP还可以螯合不同的重金属,减少它们在土壤中的毒害作用以及降低潜在毒性。但想要更为深入的了解GRSP在生态系统中的作用需要对其结构进行进一步的了解、提取测定方法进行进一步的优化。本文重点总结了国内外研究中GRSP对土壤团聚体、土壤有机碳库的作用,GRSP研究中存在的主要问题以及未来...