速冻调理紫薯薯条及其生产工艺研究

为了研究紫薯全粉的加工特性,同时为了提高紫薯薯条的酥脆感,将豌豆淀粉按照不同比例添加到紫薯全粉中,通过加水、和面、揉成团、制条、冷冻、油炸等工艺流程制作紫薯薯条,再利用响应面优化试验进行优化。结果表明,以紫薯全粉为基准,紫薯薯条工艺的最佳条件为豌豆淀粉添加量8.2%,用水量56%,黄油添加量1.5%,白砂糖添加量5%,油炸温度180℃,油炸时间129 s,冷冻时间6 h,在此条件下制得紫薯薯条的感官评分最高。     

基于Box Behnken法的油炸金线鱼鱼饼配方优化的研究

为了研究油炸金线鱼鱼饼的配方,分别考查大豆分离蛋白添加量、马铃薯淀粉添加量、食盐添加量对油炸鱼饼感官评分的影响,以油炸金线鱼鱼饼的感官评价分值为响应值,采用Box Behnken响应面法对油炸金线鱼鱼饼的工艺进行优化。结果表明,油炸金线鱼鱼饼的最佳工艺参数为大豆分离蛋白添加量3.57%,马铃薯淀粉添加量10.17%,食盐添加量1.38%,在此条件下,油炸鱼饼的感官评分为95.275 6分。     

干制即食海参的加工工艺优化研究

以长岛刺参为试材,采用正交试验优化干制即食海参的加工工艺,并与普通淡干海参进行比较。结果表明,干制即食海参的最佳加工工艺条件为:一煮温度80℃,盐渍时间24 h,保温时间14 h,干燥时间72 h,此最佳工艺条件下加工而成的干制即食海参在60~80℃热水中复水时间仅为5 h,复水过程简单,泡发时间短,泡发倍数大,海参水发后呈黑褐色,体壁完整,刺结实,肉质弹性好,口感好有韧性,具有海参特有的气味,感官品质综合评分和营养价值均高于普通淡干海参。     

即食薇菜加工工艺研究

以薇菜干为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化即食薇菜加工工艺条件。结果表明,即食薇菜的最佳加工工艺条件为:薇菜干质量为100%,食盐添加量7%,腌制时间30 min,油炸时间80 s,食用油添加量25%,在该工艺条件下制得的即食薇菜色泽均匀,无水分渗出且饱满,有较淡香味,口味独特,与调料融合均匀,硬度适中,咀嚼性较好。     

乳酸菌发酵人参香肠理化特性及其工艺优化

将人参添加到发酵香肠中,使用植物乳杆菌与鼠李糖乳杆菌质量比为1∶1的复合发酵剂进行发酵。探究了人参添加量对发酵香肠pH值、DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率、TBARS含量、质构和色差的影响。以pH值和感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对发酵香肠的加工工艺进行优化。结果表明,最适人参添加量为2%,发酵香肠最佳工艺条件为发酵温度32℃,发酵时间48 h,干燥温度50℃,干燥时间2 h,在此条件下发酵香肠的感官评分为90.8分。     

响应面法优化马鲛鱼的干腌工艺

为确定马鲛鱼的最佳干腌工艺,以感官评价为指标,研究不同风干时间、食盐添加量和风干温度对干腌马鲛鱼感官品质的影响,并采用响应面分析法优化干腌工艺条件。结果表明,马鲛鱼的最佳干腌条件为食盐添加量4.02%,风干温度15.11℃,风干时间4.3 d。在此条件下制得的干腌马鲛鱼感官评分与模型预测值基本一致。     

响应面法优化草本风味核桃加工工艺

为研制草本风味即食手剥核桃,以新疆纸皮核桃为原料,着重对杀青条件、浸泡和烘烤条件进行研究。以单因素试验为基础,选择浸泡时间、烘烤温度和烘烤时间3个影响因素的水平,根据Box-Benhnken试验设计,以感官评分为响应值,运用响应面法确定草本风味手剥核桃最优工艺条件。结果表明,核桃的最佳杀青条件为80 ℃杀青8 h。通过响应面分析建立的回归模型显著,各因素对核桃感官评分的影响顺序为烘烤温度＞烘烤时间＞浸泡时间。确定草本手剥核桃最佳工艺条件为：烘烤温度80 ℃,烘烤时间7 h,浸泡时间2.5 min。按照优化的工艺条件加工的草本风味核桃感官品质最佳,核桃色泽美观,核桃仁金黄,草本风味佳,无苦涩味,口感酥脆。研究结果为核桃制品的开发及其产业化利用提供了技术支撑。     

响应面法优化低糖核桃营养派制作工艺研究

以核桃仁为原料,木糖醇为甜味剂,辅以燕麦片、麦芽糖、重瓣干玫瑰花瓣以及黑芝麻制作低糖核桃营养派.以核桃仁去皮浸泡时间、核桃仁烘烤时间、燕麦片添加量和木糖醇添加量为影响因素,利用感官评价和质构分析研究对成品品质的影响.在单因素试验的基础上,根据Box-Behnken响应面试验设计方法对低糖核桃营养派进行配方和工艺优化,结果表明:低糖核桃营养派的最佳工艺参数为:核桃仁添加量100 g,核桃仁去皮浸泡时间23 min,核桃仁烘烤温度160℃,核桃仁烘烤时间18 min,麦芽糖添加量10 g,燕麦片添加量20 g,木糖醇添加量13 g.在此条件下制得的低糖核桃营养派感官评分为95分,经过优化后的配方和工艺加工而成的低糖核桃营养派具有营养全面,搭配合理,风味独特的优点.     

三种霉菌发酵燕麦的工艺优化

以燕麦为材料,采用米根霉、米曲霉和毛霉3种霉菌分别对燕麦进行发酵,研究了3种霉菌的接种量、发酵时间、发酵温度及水分添加量对发酵燕麦制品甜度和口感的影响,并以感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化3种霉菌发酵燕麦的最优工艺。结果表明,米根霉发酵燕麦(RFO)的最优工艺为米根霉接种量0.5%,发酵时间36 h,发酵温度33℃,水分添加量10%,在此条件下,产品的感官评分为95.37±2.09分(满分100分);米曲霉发酵燕麦(AFO)的最优工艺为米曲霉接种量0.01%,发酵时间36 h,发酵温度25℃,水分添加量10%,在此条件下,感官评分为94.21±1.32分(满分100分);毛霉发酵燕麦(MFO)的最优工艺为毛霉接种量0.01%,发酵时间36 h,发酵温度30℃,水分添加量12%,在此条件下,感官评分为91.64±2.25分(满分100分)。试验优化了3种霉菌发酵燕麦的最优工艺,充分利用了燕麦资源,为新型燕麦产品的研发提供新的思路和途径。     

响应面法优化富含L-乳酸小米发酵饮料的工艺研究

以小米为原料,采用打浆、糖化、液化、发酵等工艺制备富含L-乳酸的小米发酵饮料。研究发酵剂接种量、大豆分离蛋白添加量、发酵温度、发酵时间等因素对L-乳酸含量及感官评分的影响,采用响应面法优化工艺参数,确定最佳的工艺参数为发酵温度36.6℃,发酵剂接种量3.15%,氮源添加量2.86%,发酵时间7.76 h。由此得到L-乳酸含量为10.53 mg/mL,感官评分为88.3分。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.